文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
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29. "Creativity is piercing the mundane to find the marvelous." – Bill Moyers
Bill Moyers is an American journalist and political commentator, and former White House Press Secretary. He's been involved in public broadcasting for many years, producing documentaries and news journal programs.
Moyers' quote emphasizes the idea that creativity is about finding the extraordinary within the ordinary. This perspective encourages us to look at the world with a fresh perspective and to find inspiration in everyday life.
30. "True happiness comes from the joy of deeds well done, the zest of creating things new." – Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Antoine de Saint-Exupery was a French writer and aviator, best known for his novella, The Little Prince (1943).
This quote reflects his view that happiness isn't derived from the result of our actions, but from the process of creation itself. His idea of creation isn't limited to the arts, but extends to all kinds of human endeavors where something new is brought into existence.
Key takeaways: quotes about creativity
After reading these powerful quotes about innovation and creativity, you may have come to some of your own conclusions about the creative process.
We’ve also put together a few key takeaways that we’ve learned from getting lost in the world of creativity quotes:
Your unique perspective is your creative gold.
Bringing the spirit of fun, excitement, and child-like wonder is extremely valuable to being creative.
The more you live a life that inspires you, the more access you have to your creativity.
You’re not always going to be inspired. Sometimes you must sit down and work despite how you might feel.
Self-doubt is normal. Create anyway.
It takes time and effort. Small wins are stepping stones to success.
Create for yourself, not for the approval of others.
Be curious about life.
Creativity is not a moment—it's a flow.
Creativity can come from your inner world, or be inspired by things around you.
Refining and simplifying your creations lead to beautiful finished products. It’s a skill that must be learned.
Being creative is as important for solving real-world problems as literacy.
Creatives in all industries—marketers, designers, artists, business leaders, etc.—need to feed their inspiration to keep creativity alive. We do this through lifestyle, learning, practice, and community.
(Source:30 insightful creativity quotes to inspire innovation By Ben Barnhart @ https://www.linearity.io;About the author:Ben Barnhart is a Content Lead for Linearity living in Berlin. His hobbies include board games, cooking, reading, and writing.
Cultural hubs: How to create a multidimensional experience by Art Insights
What is a cultural hub?
A clustering of cultural venues such as museums, galleries and performance spaces with secondary attractions including food and retail.
Did you know cultural hubs are on the rise in the UK? As museums and galleries increasingly pool resources, content and marketing, cultural consumers are also demonstrating an appetite for experiences that are multidimensional and incorporate more than one venue.
In recent years we have seen the launch of several interesting museum partnerships and marketing initiatives, such as the Cornwall Museums Partnership, Bath Museums Partnership, Coastal Culture Trail, London’s Museum Mile, Yorkshire Sculpture Triangle and Art in Yorkshire.
What we haven’t known until now is the scope of UK audiences’ appetite for these kinds of groupings, or the scale of opportunity they present to attract and increase visitors – whether formally as ‘hubs’ or through a more informal setup.
In 2015 we commissioned research to discover how organisations could best capitalise on cultural hubs in order to grow audiences.
We hope the results provide actionable insights you can use when collaborating with your peers to create a hub.
Aims and approaches
Our aim:
To grow your audiences through a shared vision Our research was designed to find out how, by teaming up and collaborating, you may be able to find creative, cost-effective ways to engage new visitors – and take your organisation from venue to multidimensional experience.
Our approach
The research project comprised three stages:
1. Stakeholder research Quantitative survey among cultural marketers
2. Visitor research In-depth qualitative research using focus groups comprised of
different cultural consumers – Classically Cultured, Contemporary Cultured and
Leisure Magpies – across four regions of the UK
3. Testing Quantitative survey among cultural consumers to test significance of findings
Cultural Consumers
1 Classically Cultured Cultural consumers with a fairly traditional and classical repertoire
2 Contemporary Cultured Cultural consumers with a voracious, diverse and
progressive repertoire
3 Leisure Magpies More mainstream cultural consumers with a varied leisure repertoire
Insights and observations
Current engagement is varied Our research found that, at this stage, even cultural marketers aren’t fully engaged with the term ‘cultural hub’.
In 2015 just over a third of people working in museum or gallery marketing departments claimed to be aware of the term in isolation. But when the concept was described there was more recall, and over half of marketers thought there were currently more than 10 cultural hubs in the UK.
Related:
Hubs can champion smaller venues
How to create a multidimensional experience
The concept has real appeal
While the term ‘cultural hub’ isn’t particularly confidently known by
cultural consumers, the concept has significant appeal.
Among consumers, 42% say they are definitely not aware of the term and 46% say they think they are aware of it. Only 12% say they are definitely aware of it.
However, cultural consumers, particularly in London, do plan visits to multiple venues in a single visiting window. While they might not use the term, the concept is recognised – and attractive.
We asked: Which of the following cultural hubs are you aware of?
Hubs can satisfy diverse interests
Cultural hubs comprising organisations with distinct and differentiated offerings can offer variety to visitors.
Meanwhile, thematic hubs such as Yorkshire Sculpture Triangle offer depth around a single subject and can also provide an opportunity to engage with smaller, less well-known venues in a grouping.
Ultimately, hubs can deliver volume of content for the voracious cultural consumer as well as encourage piecemeal and spontaneous engagement with a particular site.
Visitors want to 'culture stack'
There is consensus around the ideal hub mix. Visitors expect at least one or two iconic, high-quality venues, which act as the main draw.
They don’t accept one single site or venue with a diverse cultural offering as a hub, although some organisations try to brand themselves as such.
Visitors want to ‘culturestack’ – to engage with a number of venues during a single visit.
When visitors culture-stack, their engagement tends to be more around permanent collections than temporary, paid-for exhibitions – for reasons of expense as well as an unwillingness to commit to several detailed exhibitions over a short period.
We asked: How appealing do you find a clustering of cultural venues and activities such as galleries, museums, performance venues and iconic architecture, etc?
Cultural Hub: Define a distinctive brand
Word of mouth is by far the most influential means of communicating about a cultural hub.
Brand recognition is critical, so your hub needs a brand idea that clearly positions its offer, for example ‘The Knowledge Quarter’. To be credible, your hub has to genuinely live up to that brand idea. The idea should act as a checker to measure all programme and communications activity against.
Speak with one voice Our research found that simply using consistent branding as badging, while each venue communicates on its own, doesn’t work. Cultural consumers want to find out about an experience in its entirety; just listing the components isn’t enough.
Your hub will have a cohesive proposition; a single thought in which it is rooted. It needs to be communicated clearly and with one voice across all participating venues.
Be authentic
A hub needs to be legitimate, and its offer truthfully communicated. Communicate a sense of space In marketing materials, it’s helpful to give a sense of your hub’s lively atmosphere and to visualise people on site. A bit of wit goes a long way and further humanises the hub and its venues.
When respondents were given some existing materials, they were critical of artists’ representations that make venues look very similar or unrealistically close to each other.
All participating venues must communicate the existence of a hub, for example through flags or banners – but this should not be overbearing. Tourists find it helpful to see some indication that they are in a cultural quarter, but residents don’t need this for any practical purpose.
The presence of these materials performs a branding and communication function only Empower your visitors with tools to navigate Cultural hubs need to be altruistic and flag up secondary attractions that will appeal to audiences, like architecture, food markets, refreshments and retail.
Develop a dynamic digital presence
All audiences now use social media to plan cultural outings. Social platforms allow your hub venues to talk as one, particularly if you don’t have a joint website, and allow you to deliver content and event messaging with immediacy.
To navigate these, audiences expect joint print materials such as posters and leaflets – and maps are an essential inclusion to describe the footprint of the hub and allow route-planning.
Your maps should be bespoke, and provide plenty of supporting detail such as scale, distance, ourney times between venues, and parking.Our research also showed that there is significant desire among consumers for a hub app that would detail programming, suggested itineraries and walks – similar to our Art Guide.
Reward your visitors’ loyalty
Your visitors are key to making a hub work. For it to become a genuine communal space, it needs to feel like one. Our research found that it’s important to reward your visitors for their participation.
Respondents react very positively to the notion of a loyalty card that involves all hub venues. When a certain number of check[1]ins at venues is reached, rewards are released – and these rewards should go beyond a free coffee, which is seen as too mundane and something high street coffee shops already offer.
(Source: Cultural hubs~How to create a multidimensional experience by Art Insights)
Related: 10 ways to develop a cultural hub
多彩“海絲”故事詮釋“天涯若比鄰”
新華社福州10月15日電(記者鄧倩倩)福州馬尾,東海之濱。歷史上世界各國的海船紛至沓來,看到馬尾港的羅星塔便知到了中國。如今,來自美國、法國、英國、馬來西亞等國家和地區的海洋文化研究專家學者相聚馬尾,在日前舉辦的世界海洋文明交流互鑒論壇上,共話東西方文明交流的歷史與未來。
福州曾以茶港馳名中外。以馬尾羅星塔爲比賽起點、終點在倫敦或紐約等地的船塢,發生在19世紀下半葉的“運茶比賽”至今爲海內外熟知。
1871年抵達福州參與運茶比賽的英國快速機帆船“卡蒂薩克號”,如今停泊在英國格林威治碼頭,已接待逾170萬名遊客。英國格林威治皇家博物館卡蒂薩克館館長露易斯·馬可法萊恩在論壇上發表了自己對卡蒂薩克號的研究成果。根據船舶日誌、報紙、外交部通信等材料,她還原了卡蒂薩克號到訪福州的過程。她認爲,從福州出發的運茶比賽也成爲英國運茶快船發展進入高潮的標誌性事件。
“德化的白、武夷的綠,南下東南亞,北上恰克圖,遠銷世界各地。”中國航海博物館副館長王煜説,“海絲”遺珍因此打上了許多福建印記,源自福建的媽祖信仰,已經廣佈海內外,至今香火旺盛;從廈門港出發的“泰興號”古船,以及衆多的海底沉船,依然像時間膠囊一般,等待着探尋和發掘。
隨舟所至,華人足跡遍佈全球。“中國東南沿海的先民早在16世紀以前,就已有組織地下南洋,形成‘海絲’沿線的各地華人聚落。他們以中華傳統文化作爲集體認同,並將信俗生態帶到當地。”馬來西亞道理書院院長王琛發説。
“海絲”沿線的文明互鑒比比皆是,明清時期中國與琉球的交流往來便是其一。福建師範大學社會歷史學院教授賴正維在論壇上回溯了這段歷史:通過琉球使團、閩人三十六姓及其後裔、中國冊封使團等人員密切往來,福建先進的造船航海技術及商品、文化源源不斷傳入琉球,極大促進了琉球海外交通和中介貿易的發展,同時促進了福建造船工藝的提高及商品經濟的繁榮。
海上絲綢之路串聯起的國度和地域,至今仍有着千絲萬縷的聯繫。例如,在日本,有與福建同名的黃蘗山、萬福寺,以“黃蘗”爲名的事物40多種。其源頭正是1654年福清黃蘗山萬福禪寺隱元禪師從福建東渡長崎,在日本開創黃蘗宗,其影響跨越四個世紀。
本次世界海洋文明交流互鑒論壇是2023世界航海裝備大會分論壇之一,2023世界航海裝備大會於10月12日至15日在福州市舉行,由福建省人民政府、工業和信息化部、交通運輸部主辦,福州大學與福建省海洋文化研究中心承辦。論壇期間,以“潮起東南 海歌閩聲”爲主題的福建海洋文化展也在中國船政文化城拉開帷幕。
(2023-10-15;來源:新華社客戶端)
一臺六分儀·簡評段義孚《戀地情結》
著名地理學家段義孚(TuanYi-Fu)的代表作《戀地情結》(Topophilia),簡體中文版已經在2018年由商務印書館發行,這一著作的合作譯者是志丞、劉蘇兩位老師。
國內地理學界對段義孚不會陌生,他是人文主義地理學(Humanistic Geography)的重要代表人物。段義孚早年學習地貌學,但很快便將學術興趣轉向人地關係與人文主義地理學。他將地理學、現象學、符號學、生理學、歷史學等多門學科融會貫通,采用了一種全新的方式進行地理學研究。《戀地情結》就是這樣一本代表了他的研究特色和研究水準的學術著作。這本書由15個部分組成,分別從生理感受、心理狀態、宇宙哲學、民族中心主義、個體、文化、環境、土地、景觀、城市等方面與地理學的關係來闡述「戀地情結」這一主題。是書一經出版,便在西方地理學界名聲大噪,成為美國很多地理院系的參考書目。
「戀地情結」一詞的所有權屬於美國詩人W. H. Auden,他於1948年在一篇推介英國詩人John Betjeman的作品時首次使用這個詞語。[1]這個詞被用來表達人、場所、環境之間的感情連結。這本書所代表的人文主義地理學力求在唯物主義、唯心主義中達到一個平衡點,相信這對於習慣了接受唯物主義思想的我們來說,初次閱讀的沖擊力相當大(當然,學界早已走出了那個一味崇尚唯物主義而批判唯心主義的時代)。如今,越來越多的學科注重跨學科研究與合作,尤其是心理學的作用日益凸顯。[2]原因顯而易見,因為人並非完全受理性控制,而所有科學在21世紀又都呈現出社會科學化的趨勢。[3]地理學也不例外,在這本書的開頭,段義孚就以感官為切入點,通篇強調感官感覺、心理狀態對於認知世界的重要性。段義孚認為,要研究人地關係,就首先要研究人類自己,「人文問題,無論是經濟的、政治的還是社會的,都受到心理動機、價值觀與態度的深刻影響」。[4]人作為一個個體,他認識世界,就是從調動各個感官去感知環境開始的。通過調動所有感官,人們才形成了空間(space)與地方(place)的概念。在談到這兩個地理學最核心的概念時,段義孚用直觀感受對二者進行描述定義,認為二者相互依存,無法拋開一個談論另一個。這對於地理學理論方法不得不謂之是一大創新。這對於歷史地理、環境史等學科研究也有借鑒意義。
空間與地方的觀念在段氏另一巨著《空間與地方》中有專門的研究。[5]段義孚以感覺來定義空間與地方。段認為,空間與地方本身的定義十分模糊,不存在嚴格的邊界,二者並非是不可轉化的。人們對地方的依戀來自於對地方的歸屬感和安全感。因此地方本身應是封閉的——封閉使人感到安全;空間則是開放的、無邊界的——空曠使人感覺到憂懼。也正是因為這一點,當人們長期處於一個空間,並對其越來越熟悉之後,那空間就會轉變為地方。[6]
人地關係是這些學科的重要關注領域,但長期以來,從業人員一味追求量化研究,與自然科學接軌,卻忽視了對人本身的關懷,這種觀念趨勢學者對所謂「真實客觀」趨之若鶩,幾乎要回到蘭克史學的老路子上去,但這種趨勢有時,甚至在大多時候,都嚴重阻礙了研究工作的進展。以方位觀念研究為例,對於歷史學者來說,大多數人很難說清楚「東西南北」與「中」之間的關係。段義孚則拋棄文獻的桎梏,以矛盾的觀點來處理二者之間的關係,認為「『中央』這個概念也作為明晰的四面八方的概念的調和者而存在」。[7]當然,這個理論究竟正確與否還有待進一步檢驗,但書中所提供的新思維新理論卻是值得我們參考借鑒的。
人文主義地理學之所以受到學界重視和推崇,就是在於它使得地理學再次有了人文關懷,[8]在以往的各種地理學流派中,幾乎都將人類本身從研究主體中剝離出去。[9]在上世紀中後期的地理學界中,學者越來越傾向於利用數理技術來處理研究對象,[10]甚至一度淪為程式化分析。究其根本原因,就是地理學嚴重的「空心化」現象。地理學作為一門古老的研究地域的科學,最早它只回答what和where——一種文學色彩很濃的解答方式。但在洪堡(A. Humboldt)和李特爾(Ritter)兩位地理學大師之後,廣義的地學(Erdkunde / Erdbeschreibung)開始分裂,很多研究領域紛紛獨立出去:氣象學、地質學、地球化學、地球物理學、水文學……等這一切完成之後,人們回過頭再看他們的鼻祖——地理學,竟發現地理學已經被肢解得體無完膚,似乎地理學自己已經不剩下什麽研究領域了。為了捍衛地理學,執業者不得不放棄老一套的研究方式,轉向回答how和why,要回答這些問題,就不得不將文學傳統轉移至數理方法,因此,3S(GPS & RS & GIS)技術的及時出現可謂拯救了地理學。但量化研究解決不了所有地理學問題,尤其是涉及人地關係的問題。因此,段義孚重拾對人的重視,回歸到地理學本來的傳統,這不得不說是又一次地理學的革命,也讓大眾了解到,地理學並非是一門高深莫測的學科。
[1] 志丞、劉蘇:《戀地情結▪譯後記》,商務印書館,2018年,第402頁。
[2] [美]王晴佳:《為什麽情感史研究是當代史學的一個新方向?》,《史學月刊》2018年第4期,第5-6頁。
[3] 孫俊:《知識地理學:空間與地方間的敘事轉型與重構》,北京:科學出版社,2016年,第65-73頁。
[4] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》,志丞、劉蘇譯,商務印書館,2018年,第1頁。
[5] [美]段義孚:《空間與地方》,王志標譯,北京:中國人民大學出版社,2017年。
[6] 可參看王健等:《地方感何以可能——兼評段義孚〈Space and place: The Perspectives of Experience〉一書》,《民族學刊》2016年第5期,第15-19頁。詳細內容可參看段義孚《空間與地方》第5章內容。
[7] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》,第22頁。
[8] 唐曉峰:《還地理學一份人情》,《中學地理教學參考》2003年第6期,第56-57頁。
[9] Tim Cresswell, Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction, Malden:Blackwell Publishing, 2013, p.105.
[10] 張雷:《張雷評段義孚:無土時代的戀地情結》,《上海書評》2018年11月2日。
重新發現人、回歸人本位的趨勢同樣值得歷史學界注意,多年以來,歷史學界沈迷於制度史研究,同樣偏離了對人的關注。制度史研究並非不好,恰恰相反,它很大程度上促進了歷史學發展,但與此同時,學界不應該輕視傳統上對人的研究。歷史學界與社會大眾的脫節有目共睹,為什麽社會上那麽多歷史愛好者和中學生都口口聲聲說自己喜歡歷史,卻討厭歷史學,大抵原因就在於此。
地理學對人的研究自然體現在不同區域人的差異上。段義孚在書中《戀地情結與環境》這一部分的觀點值得重視。他在書中區別了兩種愛國主義:地方性的和帝國性的。地方性的愛國主義必定以地理事物為基礎,而帝國性愛國主義的基礎是「自我中心主義和自豪感」,完全沒有現實存在的地理事物為支撐。他強調,「人的生理需求是建立在一個尺度適當的地域中的」,「人的情感無法覆及一個帝國」。[11]因此,一個國家中,不同地域居民對疆域、國家的認同感也是不同的。以日本為例,即使所有日本居民都支持日本對北方四島的主權要求,但北海道居民對北方四島的情感一定會比九州島居民的情感更強烈,因為他們在地理上更接近。在歷史學、邊疆學的研究中,族群認同一直是一個經久不衰的議題。葛兆光、姚大力、黃興濤等學人在這一領域用力頗多,取得了顯著的成果,但我們也應當指出,如果能夠注意到政權內部不同區域人群的認同差異,那麽研究將更上一層樓。
《戀地情結》出版於上世紀70年代,這正是「景觀」(landscape)這一概念,在西方地理學界,尤其是美國地理學界,最盛行的時候。[12]段義孚的書也多圍繞景觀展開。段義孚在第十章《從宇宙到景觀》中提及了中國人的景觀與藝術。與巫鴻一樣,[13]段義孚將目光投向中國古代的山水畫,他指出「與其說畫作裏展示的是一處景觀或一片地方,不如稱其為『山水』,是對山和水的重新組織」[14]。段在研究中注意到,中國的山水畫藝術與西方畫作不同,它根本沒有一種嚴格的直線透視法,在山水畫中可以存在不同的透視點。這使得山水畫更像是眾多不同景觀的堆棧。顯然,中國的攝影學也受到這種山水畫技法的影響,用攝影學的術語說,這是一種「集錦」手法。[15]這種對景觀的處理不僅只影響了藝術界,對於建築景觀設計也產生了重大影響。在任何一處具有重要意義的建築景觀中,每一個設計元素分別代表著不同的意義,所有元素的組合,即是其背後不同寓意的組合。這對於理解建築史、景觀學來說意義重大。
如果把人類社會看做是時間、空間兩個維度齊頭並進的話,那麽歷史學就是研究時間維度的科學,地理學就是研究空間維度的科學,但是歷史學不能不注重空間維度,地理學也不得不注重時間維度。但在地理學的實際研究中,卻或多或少地出現了對時間的忽視,這一點在國內學界尤其嚴重,最典型的代表就是國內地理學界對歷史地理學的忽視。《戀地情結》對這種現象提出了批評,重新發掘地理學中的時間。書中提出了兩個概念,即循環的時間觀與線性的時間觀。作者企圖用兩種時間觀來統一人類對宇宙的認識,但著墨不多,未能達到這一目的。
張雷為段義孚《戀地情結》寫作書評,使用了作家趙本夫的小說《無土時代》用作標題。顯然,在無土時代已經來臨的大背景下,如何平衡調整戀地情結與城市化之間的脆弱關係,恐怕是地理學迫切需要回應的問題。《戀地情結》中最後4章內容值得我們深思。城市化與鄉土、郊區的關係應該是怎麽樣的?旅遊城市的宣傳策略應該如何把握?如何合理規劃城市空間?這都是我們在發展中需要直面的問題。段氏的觀點為我們解決問題提供了另外一種可能。
《戀地情結》寫作的大背景是段義孚對地理學界20世紀中後期計量革命的反動,他敏銳地意識到僅僅依靠計量方法的地理學是無法讓社會滿意的,要想把人地關係研究透徹,就必須得關注人文,重拾敘述傳統。段義孚作為地理學家,但他的知識卻不局限於專業本身,在寫作中,他融會貫通了歷史學、哲學、心理學、生理學等多學科知識,讀來讓人大呼過癮,且不覺突兀,這不得不說是他多年學術功底的積澱。
如果要說遺憾,那就是這本書的中譯本問世太晚。作為一部70年代出版的著作,直到40多年後才譯成中文出版,不得不說是國內學界的遺憾。這一方面說明了中國地理學與西方地理學的鴻溝,另一方面也說明我們的遲鈍。希望今後我們國內學者也能出版一部這樣既經得住時間考驗又暢銷的地理學術著作。
[11] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》。第150頁。
[12] [美]普雷斯頓▪詹姆斯,傑弗雷▪馬丁:《地理學思想史》,李旭旦譯,商務印書館,1989年,第371-398頁。
[13] [美]巫鴻:《時空中的美術》,北京:生活▪讀書▪新知三聯書店,2016年。
[14] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》。第206頁。
[15] 這一手法的集大成者是中國著名風光攝影家郎靜山,對他的集錦手法研究可參看靳泉:《在當代文化語境下解讀郎靜山的集錦攝影》,《南京藝術學院學報(美術與設計版)》2005年第3期,第40-42頁;馬夢雅:《郎靜山集錦攝影藝術研究》,河北大學碩士學位論文,2011年;董良:《郎靜山和安塞爾▪亞當斯的風光攝影美學特征研究》,太原理工大學碩士學位論文,2014年。(發布於 2020-03-21 知乎)
渤泥·史籍記載
梁書
婆利國,在廣州東南海中洲上,去廣州二月日行。國界東西五十日行,南北二十日行。有一百三十六聚。土氣暑熱,如中國之盛夏。谷一歲再熟,草木常榮。海出文螺、紫貝。有石名蚶貝羅,初采之柔軟,及刻削為物乾之,遂大堅強。其國人披吉貝如帊,及為都縵。王乃用班絲布,以瓔珞繞身,頭著金冠高尺余,形如弁,綴以七寶之飾,帶金裝劍,偏坐金高坐,以銀蹬支足。侍女皆為金花雜寶之飾,或持白毦拂及孔雀扇。王出,以象駕輿,輿以雜香為之,上施羽蓋珠簾,其導從吹螺擊鼓。王姓憍陳如,自古未通中國。問其先及年數,不能記焉,而言白凈王夫人即其國女也。
天監十六年,遣使奉表曰:「伏承聖王信重三寶,興立塔寺,校飾莊嚴,周遍國土。四衢平坦,清凈無穢;臺殿羅列,狀若天宮;壯麗微妙,世無與等。聖主出時,四兵具足,羽儀導從,布滿左右。都人士女,麗服光飾。市廛豊富,充積珍寶。王法清整,無相侵奪。學徒皆至,三乘競集。敷說正法,雲布雨潤。四海流通,交會萬國。長江眇漫,清泠深廣。有生咸資,莫能消穢。陰陽和暢,災厲不作。大梁揚都聖王無等,臨覆上國,有大慈悲,子育萬民。平等忍辱,怨親無二。加以周窮,無所藏積。靡不照燭,如日之明;無不受樂,猶如凈月。宰輔賢良,群臣貞信,盡忠奉上,心無異想。伏惟皇帝是我真佛,臣是婆利國主,今敬稽首禮聖王足下,惟願大王知我此心。此心久矣,非適今也。山海阻遠,無緣自達,今故遣使獻金席等,表此丹誠。」普通三年,其王頻伽復遣使珠貝智貢白鸚鵡、青蟲、兜鍪、琉璃器、吉貝、螺杯、雜香、藥等數十種。
隋書
婆利國,自交趾浮海,南過赤土、丹丹,乃至其國。國界,東西四月行,南北四十五日行。王姓剎利邪伽,名護濫那婆。官曰獨訶邪拿,次曰獨訶氏拿。國人善投輪,其大如鏡,中有竅,外鋒如鋸,遠以投人,無不中。其余兵器,與中國略同,俗類真臘,物產同於林邑。其殺人及盜,截其手;奸者,鎖其足,期年而止。祭祀必以月晦,盤貯酒肴,浮之流水。每十一月必設大祭。海出珊瑚。有鳥名舍利,解人語。古宕 隋大業十二年,遣使朝貢,後遂絕。於時南荒有丹丹、盤盤二國,亦來貢方物,其風俗、物產,大抵相類雲。
舊唐書
婆利國,在林邑東南海中洲上,其地延袤數千里,自交州南渡海,經林邑、扶南、赤土、丹丹數國乃至焉。其人皆黑色,穿耳附榼。王姓剎利耶伽,名護路那婆,世有其位。王戴花形如皮弁,裝以真珠瓔珞,身坐金床。侍女有金花寶縷之飾,或持白拂孔雀扇。行則駕象,鳴金擊鼓吹蠡為樂。男子皆拳髮,被古貝,布橫幅以繞腰。風氣暑熱,恒如中國之盛夏。谷一歲再熟。有古貝草,緝其花以作布,粗者名古貝,細者名白赩。貞觀四年,其王遣使隨林邑使獻方物。
宋史
勃泥國在西南大海中,去阇婆四十五日程,去三佛齊四十日程,去占城與麻逸國各三十日程,皆計順風為則。其國以版為城,城中居者萬餘人,所統十四州。其王所居屋覆以貝多葉,民舍覆以草。在王左右者為大人。王坐繩床,若出,即大布單坐其上,眾舁之,名曰阮囊。戰鬥者則持刀被甲,甲以銅鑄,狀若大筒,穿之於身,護其腹背。
其地無麥,有麻稻,又有羊及雞魚,無蠶絲,用吉貝花織成布。飲椰子酒。婚聘之資,先以椰子酒,檳榔次之,指環又次之,然後以吉貝布,或量出金銀成其禮。喪葬亦有棺斂,以竹為輦,載棄山中。二月始耕則祀之,凡七年則不復祀矣。以十二月七日為歲節。
地熱,多風雨。國人宴會,鳴鼓、吹笛、擊鈸,歌舞為樂。無器皿,以竹編貝多葉為器盛食,食訖棄之。其國鄰於底門國,有藥樹,取其根煎為膏,服之及塗其體,兵刃所傷皆不死。前代未嘗朝貢,故史籍不載。
太平興國二年,其王向打遣使施弩、副使蒲亞里、判官哥心等賫表貢大片龍腦一家底、第二等八家底、第三等十一家底、米龍腦二十家底、蒼龍腦二十家底,凡一家底並二十兩;龍腦版五、玳瑁殼一百、檀香三橛、象牙六株。
表云:「為皇帝千萬歲壽,望不責小國微薄之禮。」其表以數重小囊緘封之,非中國紙,類木皮而薄,瑩滑,色微綠,長數尺,闊寸餘,橫卷之僅可盈握。其字細小,橫讀之。以華言譯之,云:「勃泥國王向打稽首拜,皇帝萬歲萬歲萬萬歲,願皇帝萬歲壽,今遣使進貢。
向打聞有朝廷,無路得到。昨有商人蒲盧歇船泊水口,差人迎到州,言自中朝來,比詣阇婆國,遇猛風破其船,不得去。此時聞自中國來,國人皆大喜,即造舶船,令蒲盧歇導達入朝貢,所遣使人只願平善見皇帝。每年令人入朝貢,每年修貢,慮風吹至占城界,望皇帝詔占城,令有向打船到,不要留。臣本國別無異物,乞皇帝勿怪。」其表文如是。詔館其使於禮賓院,優賜以遣之。
元豐五年二月,其王錫理麻喏復遣使貢方物,其使乞從泉州乘海舶歸國,從之。(下續)(百度百科)
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