前言

在俄國形式主義學派中，將語言學和詩學聯系起來的觀點是顯而易見的。把詩看成是對語言的操作，並使用從語言學中借用的方法，這或許是最基本的形式主義的觀點。詩歌語言和日常語言的關係，語言學和詩學的關係，因而也是貫徹於整個形式主義的核心問題。

The idea of linking linguistics and poetics is evident in the Russian Formalism school. Seeing poetry as the deformation of everyday language and using methods borrowed from linguistics is perhaps the most basic formalist view. The relationship between poetic language and everyday language, the relationship between poetics and linguistics was thus one of the central issues that carried over into the whole of formalism.

就這個問題，形式主義有兩種不同的回答。位於聖彼得堡的OPOJAZ (Society for the Study of Poetic Language)認為詩歌語言和日常語言是兩種不同的東西，詩學應該是獨立於語言學的學科。這一派的代表人物是什克洛夫斯基和艾亨鮑姆。而位於莫斯科的莫斯科語言學學會則認為詩歌語言的詩性是一般語言的一種功能，而詩學是語言學的一部分。這一派的代表則是羅曼雅各布森。

There are two different answers to this question in formalism. The St Petersburg-based OPOJAZ (Society for the Study of Poetic Language) believes that the language of poetry and everyday language are two different things and that poetics should be a separate discipline from linguistics. This school is represented by Viktor Shklovsky and Boris Eikhenbaum. The Moscow linguistic circle in Moscow, on the other hand, believes that the poetic nature of poetic language is a function of language in general, and that poetics is part of linguistics. This school is represented by Roman Jacobson.

在這場貫徹了形式主義的辯論中，一般認為雅各布森站在一般語言和語言學的一邊。但是他同樣是一位形式主義者，追求詩的獨立和詩學的獨立。在結束語，語言學和詩學這篇文章中，雅各布森提出了一種六要素的理論，為這場爭論提供了自己的最終解答。他試圖彌合兩個對立的立場，為獨立的詩學提供一種語言學的基礎——雖然他的努力並不成功。

In his concluding essay, Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics (1960), Jakobson summarized and developed this thesis by proposing a linguistic theory of six elements, provided his own final answer to this controversy. He attempts to bridge the two opposing positions and provide a linguistic basis for a type of independent poetics - although he is not successful in his efforts.

本文將分析這篇重要文本，介紹雅各布森的六要素理論，並隨後加以批判和闡發。
This article will analyze this important text, introduce Jakobson's six-element theory, and subsequently critique and re-elaborate it.

1 雅各布森的六要素理論 Jakobson's six-element theory
在《結束語語言學和詩學》這篇文章的開頭，雅各布森就開門見山地宣布：他要就詩歌和語言的關係問題做總結。

Jakobson opens his article, Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics (1960), with an announcement: he wants to conclude on the question of the relationship between poetry and language.

"詩學涉及的首要問題是，究竟是什麽東西使得一段語言成為藝術品，詩學正是確定了語言藝術和其他語言行為的區別的一門學科，因此是文學研究之首。詩學研究語言結構的問題，正如對畫的分析要涉及畫的結構一樣，既然語言學是一門關於語言結構普遍性的科學，詩學就該被視為語言學不可分割的組成部分。"[1]

"Poetics deals with the question, What makes a verbal message a work of art? Because the main subject of poetics is the differentia specifica of verbal art in relation to other arts and in relation to other kinds of verbal behavior, poetics is entitled to the leading place in literary studies. Poetics deals with problems of verbal structure, just as the analysis of painting is concerned with pictorial structure. Since linguistics is the global science of verbal structure, poetics may be regarded as an integral part of linguistics."[1]

雅各布森定義了詩學，他認為詩學是所有文學研究中最重要的學科，它解釋了文學為什麽不同於其他的語言行為。在這裏，他非常明確地表明自己作為形式主義者的身份：追求詩的獨立和詩學的成熟。但是更重要的是，它是語言學的一部分，因此我們必須把語言學和詩學結合起來。因此雅各布森要用語言學來為獨立的詩學奠基。具體而言，語言學包含六個要素，以及與之相對應的六個功能。而詩學所研究的語言的詩性功能，是六個功能中的一種。

Jakobson defines poetics as the most important discipline of all literary studies, explaining why literature differs from other acts of language. Here he makes his identity as a formalist very clear: the pursuit of poetic independence. But, more importantly, it is part of linguistics, so we must combine linguistics and poetics. Jacobson therefore wants to use linguistics to lay the foundations for an independent poetics. Specifically, linguistics consists of six elements and the six functions that correspond to them. And the poetic function of language, which poetics studies, is one of the six functions.

在討論語言的詩性功能之前，他認為有必要了解詩性功能和語言其他功能的關係，以及它在整體功能框架中所處的位置。

Before discussing the poetic function of language, he argues that it is necessary to understand the relationship between the poetic function and the other functions of language, and where it fits into the overall functional framework.

一個言語事件由六個必要的要素所構成。

A speech event is made up of six necessary elements.

信息，總是從發送者傳遞給接受者。信息、發送者，接受者，這是三個要素。A對B說話，A就是發送者，B就是接收者，所說的話就是信息。

A Message, which is always transmitted from the Addresser to the Addressee. A speaks to B. A is the addresser, B is the addressee, and what is said is the message.

（原題：〈語言學和詩學：對雅各布森六要素理論的批判和新解〉更多精彩内容請點擊 》知乎）