要完成這一傳遞過程，也就是語言行為，還需要一些客觀條件。首先是接觸，信息的傳遞需要媒介，不管這種媒介是視覺的還是聽覺的，是聲音現象還是光現象，是紙質的還是電子的。比如A和B面對面說話，聲音通過空氣的傳遞就是接觸。其次是信碼，信息必須以某種信碼的形式被編寫出來，而發送者和接收者都掌握這套信碼。比如A和B通過英語說話，英語就是信碼。最後是語境，發送者和接受者必須指稱的是同一個事物，聯系某種語境，才能相互理解對方。只有當兩人都處於相同的語境中，信息才具有兩者都能理解的意義。

To complete this transmission process, the act of speech, a number of objective conditions are also required. Firstly, there is the Contact; the transmission of a message requires a medium, whether this medium is visual or auditory, a phenomenon of sound or light or, for that matter, paper or electronic. For example, if A and B speak face to face, the transmission of sound through the air is the contact. Secondly, there is the Code, the message must be written in the form of a type of code, and both the addresser and the addressee have this code in their possession. For example, if A and B speak through English, English is the code. Finally, there is the Context, where the addresser and the addressee must refer to the same thing, in relation to some context, in order to understand each other. Only when both are in the same context does the message have a meaning that both can understand.

信息從發送者到接收者，經由接觸、信碼和語境而實現。這就是雅各布森提出的語言的六要素理論，可以用以下圖示來表現。

The Message moves from the Addresser to the Addressee through the Contact, the Code and the Context. This is Jakobson's linguistic six-elements theory, which can be represented in the following diagram.


語言學的六要素

這六個要素又分別對應語言的六種功能。在語言活動中，信息所承擔的並不是單一的功能，而是復合的多樣的功能。在交流過程中每種功能都是必要的。但在不同的具體情境下，一條信息的支配性功能是不同的，可能傾向於某個或者某些特定要素和功能。

These six elements correspond to the six functions of language. In linguistic activity, the Message undertakes not a single function, but a complex variety of functions. Each function is necessary in the process of communication. However, the dominant function of a message varies in a different specific situation and may favor one or some specific elements and functions.

雅各布森隨後詳細解釋了這六種功能。發送者對應的功能是情緒的。講話的人總是要表達自己對自己所談事情的情感態度。接收者對應的功能是意動的。接收者總要判斷他所聽到的這句話對自己的作用，是單純傳達信息的陳述句，還是對自己有所要求的祈使句。接觸對應的是語言的交際功能。「你聽得見我說話嗎？」這句話目的就是確認接觸是否良好。信碼對應的是元語言的功能。「你剛才提到的貓這個詞，在英語是啥意思？是cat。」這段對話僅僅確認了詞在不同語言中的對應關係。語境對應的是指稱的功能。說的話總是指向某個具體事物，比如晚上吃什麽就指向了具體的食物。

Jakobson then explains these six functions in detail. The function corresponding to the Addresser is that Emotive. The speaker always expresses his or her emotional attitude to what he or she is talking about. The function corresponding to the Addressee is that Conative. An imperative sentence is a sentence that asks the hearer to do something, which is conative. In contrast, a declarative sentence simply conveys information. Contact corresponds to the Phatic function of language. "Can you hear me?" The purpose of this sentence is to confirm that the contact is good. The Code corresponds to the Meta-linguistic function. "What does the word you just mentioned, 貓, mean in English? It's cat." This conversation simply confirms the correspondence of words in different languages. Context correspondence is a Referential function. Words spoken always point to something specific, for example what to eat in the evening points to a specific food.

而信息這個要素對應的就是語言的詩性功能。「指向信息本身和僅僅為了獲得信息的傾向，就是語言的詩性功能。」[2] 一條信息能夠吸引聽眾注意力，有可能只是因為它具有特別的表達方式。它或許押韻了，或許是使用了諧音，或者念起來很有力度。換了一種表達方法，就能引起聽眾注意到信息本身，而不是被信息指稱的事物，雅各布森認為這就是語言的詩性功能的體現。

The element of Message corresponds to the Poetic function of language. 「The set (Einstellung) toward to the MESSAGE as such, focus on the MESSAGE for its own sake, is the POETIC function of language.」[2] It is possible that a message can capture the attention of an audience simply because it has a particular way of expression. It may rhyme, perhaps use harmonies, or be pronounced with great force. A change of expression draws the listener's attention to the message itself, rather than to the thing to which it refers, and Jakobson sees this as a manifestation of the poetic function of language.

（原題：〈語言學和詩學：對雅各布森六要素理論的批判和新解〉更多精彩内容請點擊 》知乎）