文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
德勒茲與瓜達西(以下簡稱「德-瓜」)挪用一植物學的專有名詞–「塊莖」–來闡明其以域外來做異質連結與多樣性的連結概念。此一概念所直指的敵人,便是「樹」。
例如在《聖經》中,樹便是一顆智慧之樹,並能分辨善與惡的樹。笛卡兒在其<《哲學方法》前言信>(Lettre-préface aux Principes de la philosophie)指出,「所有哲學猶如是一顆樹,其根是形而上學,其樹幹是物理學(physique),其分枝便是樹幹不同學科/科學(sciences)的延伸。」[1]。
在<《形而上學是什麼?》導言>[2]中,海德格也承襲如此的哲學/形上學傳統,認為:「存有之真理就可以說是基礎 (Grund),作為哲學之樹根的形而上學即被保存在這個基礎上,從中獲取它的養料」(366)。接著,他說:「作為樹之根,形而上學把一切養分和活力輸送到樹幹和樹枝之中。根在土壤深處蔓延,由此,樹才能為了生長而從土壤深處生出,並因而離開土壤深處。哲學之樹從形而上學所植根的土壤中長出」(366)。[3]根據程黨根的說法,其樹的隱喻所指的便是,人的心靈按照基礎、本質、系統、層級原則來分類、組織、儲藏各種知識。樹的形象是根。它有著直根(主根)、樹幹、樹枝、樹葉的層層遞進系統,而二元邏輯(binary logic)便是從樹根到樹葉的演進原則。[4]
德–瓜在《千重臺》的首章概要地描述出此書的梗概。他們所提出的塊莖概念,是一種以反對樹的概念,反對其由「一」變「多」的統一、同質的概念。其塊莖的概念不再是找尋其開始抑或終點,而是界於中間(in the middle/au milieu; between-ness/ entre-deux):開始,係為傳統哲學所欲探尋/循的本原;終點,係為目的論(teleology)。申言之,界於中間係指從二元論的討論上逃逸,使既有概念的唯一真理鬆動。
再者,德–瓜也批判了自稱是「進步」(advanced)的學科,可以以一的法則作無限的發展、由一變二、由二變四。抑有甚者,在我們英文系大學訓練的語言學課程裡,我們都會將一個句子──有的甚至有其多樣性、歧義性的句子──用一種樹狀的結構來分析,邏輯化:任何的句子都可以由S這一點來出發,並延伸其分枝,杭斯基(Chomsky)的樹狀圖。就此而言,任何的句法都是從S這單一點為起源所開始,並且無限地延伸(ATP 5)。
But the book as a spiritual reality, the Tree or Root as an image, endlessly develops the law of the One that becomes two, then of the two that become four. . . Binary logic is the spiritual reality of the root-tree. Even a discipline as "advanced" as linguistics retains the root-tree as its fundamental image, and thus remains wedded to classical reflection (for example, Chomsky and his grammatical trees, which begin at a point S and proceed by dichotomy).
德–瓜批判西方的各個學科,纏繞著一種鬼魅──一種叫樹狀思維的鬼魅:
It is odd how the tree has dominated Western reality and all of Western thought, from botany to biology and anatomy, but also gnosiology (真知學), theology, ontology, all of philosophy . . . : the root-foundation, Grund(基礎), racine, fondement. (ATP 18)
[1] 原文是<Ainsi toute la philosophie est comme un arbre dont les racines sont la metaphysique, le tronc est la physique et les branches qui sortent de ce tronc sont toutes les autre sciences . . . >(轉引自 Antonioli, Geophilosophie 95; 【自譯】)
[2] 譯文擷自孫周興之版本。詳見Martin Heidegger. Wegmarken. 馬丁‧海德格,《樹標》,臺北:時報文化,1997。
[3] 其英譯本是Miles Groth的版本: We can therefore call the truth of be[ing] the ground in which metaphysics as the root of the tree of philosophy is supported, by means of which it is nourished.。接下來一句是 As the root of the tree, it sends nourishment and strength out into its trunk and branches. A root branches out into the land [Grund und Bogen] and so, for the good of the tree, goes out of it and thus can take leave of it. The tree of philosophy grows out of the rootbed of metaphysics.
[4] 參考:程黨根,《遊牧思想與遊牧政治試驗:德勒茲後現代哲學思想研究》(北京:中國社會科學出版社) 146-147.
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