文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
樹狀思維帶給西方的是一幕幕令人神傷的思想影像(a sad image of thought)。因為樹狀思維的結構所植基的,是以單一中心,抑或更高級的統一體來做無止盡的模仿(imitating)。同樣地,德-瓜急欲打破如此單一中心結構的思維。因為樹狀思維是等級式的,以「一」為基礎、超驗的(transcendent)的單一真理。而如此的思維,猶如像國家機器這個概念所體現的,它將以一種超驗式的思維將任何的他者性(alterity)強行地拖進同一性或認同(Recognition)的主體思維中;那是一條既定的路徑,並由前人或已知的概念所走過的路徑。任何的他者性,無論它如何地特異或異化,它永遠是被該認識主體所納入,區分,定義或認知下的「他者」。他者不再是有其特殊性或異質性,而是被單一化,減化、純化(gentrified)的「他者」。他者性原本或許可以引發一系列創造性思維可能的創新,一旦被納進已知的既定形式來規定他、規範它,則還是已知的思維本身,一切創造(creation)就不再可能了。猶如柏拉圖理型的概念,任何離理型愈遙遠的東西,就意味著它愈不符合理型或真理。所以德-瓜兩人急欲打破,並且跳脫出這種思維,並且召喚出一種「即將到來的思維」(une pensée à venir; a thought to come)。
德–瓜所卻提出的是一種永遠與域外產生連結,偶遇(encounter; rencontre)的思維,它總是差異自身的廻返。首先,他們說:
We're tired of trees. We should stop believing in trees, roots, and radicles. They've made us suffer too much. All of arborescent culture is founded on them, from biology to linguistics. Nothing is beautiful or loving or political aside from underground stems and aerial roots, adventitious growths and rhizomes. (ATP 15)
如上面的介紹所揭示,對於如此植基於較崇高統一體(higher unity)的思維,是排他的,所以,在這種世界裡,「沒有什麼是美麗的、有愛、有政治的──除了地下莖,氣生(aerial)的根,冒險的生長與塊莖。」
對於塊莖概念,他們提出六種原則:
這個概念對各個學科的啟發是意義深遠的:
l 對性別研究的啟發:
在性別研究中,樹纏繞在人們的思維裡;男/女二分的性別刻板印象是既定與規定的。德-瓜所召喚出的性別,不是植基於以男/女二分的性別標準,而是一千種性別。他/她/它流變為女人、流變為小孩、流動為動物、流變為不可感知。
[5] Any point of a rhizome can be connected to anything other, and must be (n'importe quell point d'un rhizome peut etre connecte avec n'importe quel autre, et doit l'etre)
[6] James Williams, Gilles eleuze's Logic of Sense : A Critical Introduction and Guide (Edinburgh : Edinburgh UP, 2008)
[7] 原文擷自:He [eleuze] is putting forward a philosophy of radical connection, but opposing a definition of connection as necessarily well-ordered and external, that is as ordered by reference to an external source such as a rule, a set of laws or a type. In his Difference and Repetition and later texts such as The Fold : Leibniz and the Baroque (1988), Deleuze describes his internal connection as the folding of ideas and things within one another. (Williams 16)
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