文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
現在讓我們來看這兩場戰爭的歷史背景和具體情況。先說西北戰爭。周王朝與西北戎狄之間的戰爭,有著深刻的歷史和地理原因。夏朝末期,周族先人避夏桀之亂,即“自竄於戎狄之間”(《國語·周語》),開始了與戎狄交錯相處的歷史。其間雖有彼此相容的時期,但糾紛和沖突卻是迄未間斷,自建國前的公劉時代,經古公亶父、伯昌到建國後的穆王、懿王、厲王、宣王,直到西周末期申侯聯合西戎殺幽王以滅西周,可以說它們之間的戰爭貫串於周人全部的歷史。這種情況先秦諸子和史書多有記載,《漢書·匈奴傳》云:
夏道衰,而公劉失其稷官,變於西戎,邑於豳。其後三百有余歲,戎狄攻太王亶公,亶父亡走於岐下。豳人悉從亶父以邑焉,作周。其後百有余歲,周西伯昌伐畎夷。後十有余年武王伐紂而營雒邑,復居於酆鎬,放逐戎夷涇、洛之北,以時入貢,名曰荒服。其後二百有余年,周道衰,而周穆王伐畎戎,得四白狼四白鹿以歸,自是之後荒服不至,於是作《呂刑》之辟。至穆王之孫懿王時,王室遂衰,戎狄交侵,暴虐中國。中國被其苦,詩人始作,疾而歌之,曰:“靡室靡家,玁狁之故”,“既不日戎,玁狁孔棘”。至懿王曾孫宣王,興師命將以征伐之,詩人美其大功,曰:“薄伐玁狁,至於太原”,“出車彭彭”,“城彼朔方”。是時,四夷賓服,稱為中興。至於幽王,用寵姬褒姒之故,與申侯有隙,申侯怒而與畎戎共攻殺幽王於麗山之下,遂取周之地,鹵獲而居於涇洛之間,侵暴中國。
可以看出,在漫長的歷史歲月里周人與戎狄之間的戰爭,周人是敗多勝少。具體說來,在夏、商至周穆王之前,周人與戎狄互有勝負,而自穆王之後則形勢逆轉,周人失敗越來越多,直至最後被戎狄消滅。總之,“西周的末期數王,西北邊患幾乎未曾斷絕”(注:許倬云:《西周史》,288頁,三聯出版社,1994。),周人戰敗,戎狄入侵,災難和痛苦隨之而至。嚴重的災難和巨大的痛苦引發了對於國家民族命運的關切,憂患意識油然而生。這種經過漫長歲月所培植起來的意識和感情由於具有深刻的歷史根源而在人們的心靈中深深紮根。
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