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Comment by iki kia kiak on June 26, 2021 at 8:18pm

陳明發《榴槤·婆羅洲·華萊士》

2013年，是紀念華萊士逝世一百週年的特別年份。全球熱愛婆羅洲大自然的學人與民眾，出席了由砂拉越大學、砂拉越森林機構與砂拉越博物館在十一月七至八日，假古晉舉行的華萊士國際大會。並重走華萊士在1854年11月至1856年元月在砂拉越、沙巴大森林裡走過的探險之旅。（見婆羅洲郵報）

1855年，也就是在白人拉惹詹姆斯·布魯克的邀請下，探索砂拉越洪荒莽野後一年，正在山都望政府渡假村做客的華萊士，花了三個晚上寫了一篇論文，提出聞名後世的“砂拉越定律”（Sarawak Law）。

此定律說明了： 每一個物種的存在，在時間上與空間上，與密切關聯的物種都是一致的（Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with closely allied species）。

                  （華萊士著作《馬來群島》書中插圖，他所走過的研究探險版圖）

這個研究結論很有趣，和進化論學者達爾文在《物種起源》中所宣告的“物競天擇”、“弱肉強食”原理，基本上是背道而馳的。

華萊士後來的著作都反復說明，物種之間的互相競爭，其實最終會造成大多數物種彼此間的相互合作；整個地球因而是一個和諧的統一體。

華萊士曾在1848-1852年間在巴西阿瑪遜河流域做過研究。1854年到新加坡，緊接著到砂拉越，1856年到蘇拉威西群島、馬來亞半島、東帝汶一帶做研究。

為時八年，路遙二萬三千公里，跋涉過漫無人煙、命運難測的無數蠻荒曠野，採集過十二萬五千個鳥類、甲蟲與動物的樣本，很有趣的是，最令華萊士的兩種植物，居然是婆羅洲森林的竹子與山榴槤。

華萊士生前發表過800多篇學術報告/文章以及22部著作，其中最廣泛流傳、翻譯，至今仍然常青的一部書，就是根據他在東南亞探險所寫成的《馬來群島》（The Malay Archipelago，1869）。

2013年，華萊士逝世百年；沙巴有一位年輕企業家劉一章，用他特別的方式來紀念這位偉大的自然學家與生物地理學家，創造了系列以ARW（華萊士名字簡寫）榴蓮王產品，包括榴槤冰沙 、炸榴槤與榴槤酥。（原載 August 20, 2014愛墾網）

Comment by iki kia kiak on June 6, 2021 at 11:03am

陳明發：心智结合上技術

我們在心智上所認知、理解或領悟的事物，技術能力將其在實際行為上發揮出來。它牽涉到一系列的操作活動，例如，一位劇場售票員的工作技能包括劃位、打印入場券、算錢、收錢與找錢。而一位石雕師所需要的技術能力，就複雜得多；從找尋與鑒定石材，到動手粗雕輪廓、精刻細部、打磨、修補等等，各需不同訣竅與過程。（收藏自14.12.2006馬來西亞《南洋商報》經濟版專欄）

陳明發院士 《文創技能系列 29》：選榴槤的儀式

愛懇榴槤專頁

                                                             （Feature Photo：Durian by Sanjan Grero）

Comment by iki kia kiak on May 7, 2021 at 10:41pm

潘受·榴槤

犯瘴沖炎角長雄，真成王者果林中。

何妨魏武形骸陋，差與桓溫氣味同。

滄海爭誇餐巨棗，美人笑擘損春蔥。

紛紛典盡都縵日，抵死留連尚諱窮。

《潘受詩集》

Comment by iki kia kiak on May 7, 2021 at 8:48pm

潘潔夫·蕭山啖榴槤

驅車越嶺過蕭山，一縷香風撲鼻間，

乍惹口垂涎幾尺，那慳囊里幣三鍰，

却憐荔子難爭美，話到留連頓展顏，

南國果王尊號當，餘芬猶帶夕陽還。

潘潔夫《餐英樓詩稿》

Comment by iki kia kiak on May 7, 2021 at 12:06pm

管震民·讀陳亞士《咏榴蓮》詩有感，叠成二韻以和

榴槤音韻叶留連，多少忘家滯海天。

銅臭鑽心雜我擾，金光耀目問誰憐？

薰蕕易地情仍異，橘柚踰江味亦遷。

獨慕東平甘守拙，灌園日日祝瓜緜。

咏物詩成擬惠連，果中佳品艷南天。

猙獰面目人都畏，柔軟心腸我亦憐。

下墜不虞和露重，髙懸時見逐風遷。

凝脂如乳還如蜜，更愛香濃肉似緜。

管震民《綠天廬詩文集》

Comment by iki kia kiak on March 28, 2021 at 4:55pm

Alfred Russel Wallace as a geographer

                                                                                       Map shows the Wallace Line.

THE old saying, ‘History is about chaps and geography is about maps’, is hardly true,

for when Wallace landed in Borneo in his quest to explore the natural history of the Malay Archipelago, there was hardly an accurate map of Borneo to be found anywhere in the world.

My first interest in Geography stemmed from my inheritance of my grandmother’s geography school textbooks that she used in the 1890s as a primary school teacher. These books, now 155 years old, saw Geography merely as a list of places with estimated populations and a lengthy but boring catalogue of the commodities that each country produced. Little was written about the landscapes, climate, vegetation and peoples of each country.

Wallace’s revelations

On June 8, 1863, Wallace presented his paper entitled ‘On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago’ to a learned audience at the Royal Geographical Society in London. Remember that, by then, Wallace had already explored the Amazon Basin and later Sarawak and Indonesia, no doubt utilising the knowledge of landscapes from his earlier days as a land and estates surveyor. This was the year after he returned to England from his Malay Archipelago exploratory adventures and six years before his famous book was published.

In his opening speech, he set out to convince the assembled throng that, “No (other) part of the world can offer a greater number of our facts for our contemplation, or furnish us with more extensive and varied materials in almost every department of human knowledge” than the Malay Archipelago.

Today, 154 years later, this still rings true. Wallace maintained that this archipelago was truly continental in its extent and should be recognised as a ‘sixth continent’. To give an idea of the size of Borneo island to those who had never viewed it, he pointed out that it “would contain the whole of Great Britain and Ireland”.

Comment by iki kia kiak on March 28, 2021 at 4:55pm

Geological knowledge

He linked volcanic activity to earthquake frequency highlighting “a vast fiery girdle some 5,000 miles in length with 50 or so continually active volcanoes with hundreds more in a dormant

state”. He mentioned examples of crater lakes and the remains of the explosive volcanic vents in Java. “The great eruption of Toruboro, in Sumbawa, saw the loss of 12,000 lives and the ashes darkened the air, and fell thick upon the earth and sea for 300 miles around”.

Note that this was written 10 years before the great eruption of Krakatoa, east of Java, in 1873, which could be heard in northern Australia. It created a tsunami, and emitted so much volcanic gases into the upper atmosphere that the world’s climates were upset for several years. Wallace detailed volcanic activity on Java mentioning that this island “contains more volcanoes, active and extinct than any other known district of equal extent”.

His geological knowledge came to the fore as he distinguished between active, dormant and extinct volcanoes, and the reasons for the different shapes of volcanic cones. Wallace acknowledged the fact that there was no evidence of volcanic action for “the great mass of Borneo” but he had little or no knowledge of the earthquake activity, which rattled settlements even then in the Ranau and Kundasang areas of Mount Kinabalu.

He quoted evidence of land upheaval and depression with particular reference to “upraised coral-rock, exactly corresponding to that now forming in the adjacent seas”, especially on the island of Amboyna. His interest in mining is best illustrated in his indirect mention of the deposits at Labuan’s coalfield, which he determined as “of tertiary age” and was no doubt inherited from his early days in surveying the route of the planned railway line to transport coal from the mines in the Welsh valleys to Neath in South Wales.

Comment by iki kia kiak on March 28, 2021 at 4:53pm

Climatologist and biogeographer

Relating vegetation types to monsoonal rain patterns, Wallace focussed, in this lecture, mostly on tropical rainforest and kerangas areas. In particular, he mentioned “the larger half of Borneo as having a dry season from April to November, with the South East monsoon”. Indirectly he inferred the influence of the ‘Coriolis effect’ in deflecting winds to the right in the northern hemisphere by simply stating “the same wind (South East Trade) bends round Borneo, becoming the South West monsoon into the China Sea and bringing the rainy season to Northern Borneo”.

Wallace’s full explanation, based upon his natural history observations, revealed what is now called ‘The Wallace Line’, delineating those Indo- Malayan species of plants and animals from the Austra-Malayan varieties. This, he dramatically illustrated in a one paragraph summary,

“Nowhere does the ancient doctrine that the peculiar animal and vegetable productions of the various countries of the globe are directly dependent on the physical conditions of those countries

(such as climate, soil, elevation etc.,) meet with more direct and palpable contradiction. Borneo and New Guinea, as physically alike as two countries can be, are zoologically wide as the Poles are asunder; while Australia …. produces the quadrupeds and birds which are mostly allied to those … that are found in the tropical rainforests of New Guinea.”

He illustrated these differences by referring to the vegetation and animals of South America and Africa, which may have triggered Alfred Wegener’s theory, some 52 years later in 1911, of Continental Drift. He emphasised that it was “preceding geological change” that produced the patterns he had observed in the Malay Archipelago.

Early conservationist

Whilst a collector of various insect, animal and bird species, during his Malay Archipelago investigations, to despatch to British and European natural history museums, he concluded in his speech – perhaps in self-justification – an amazing foresighted final statement.

It reads thus, “Future ages will certainly look back upon us as people so immersed in the pursuit of wealth to be blind to higher considerations. They will consider us with having culpably allowed the destruction of some of those records of Creation which we had on our planet to preserve; and while professing to regard every living thing as the direct handiwork and best evidence

of a Creator, yet, with a strange inconsistency, seeing many of them perish irrecoverably from the face of the earth, uncared for and unknown.”

How true these wise words from the 19th century are in our 21st century.

Wallace cried out for preservation and conservation to maintain the biodiversity of our planet and his thoughts are replicated by conservationists today.

He was, indeed, a superb physical geographer explaining, in understandable terms, his vast knowledge of geology, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, pedology and biogeography with appropriate turns of phrase. Alfred Wallace was, without doubt, a scientist well before his time when, later other scientists developed his ideas yet further.

Certainly, as a physical geographer, he has given me much thought as to how I view what has subsequently happened around our world. His down to earth style of writing, perhaps embellished by his Victorian vocabulary, still inspires further scientific and geographical investigations and enquiry today.

(JULY 9, 2017, SUNDAY https://www.theborneopost.com) 

Comment by iki kia kiak on May 9, 2016 at 11:28pm

陳寶兒·大馬榴槤出口商機

被喻為馬來西亞「果王」之稱的榴槤，如今也成功打開了中國市場。據農業及農基工業部長拿督斯里依斯邁沙比里早前公佈的資料顯示，今年1月至3月，大馬出口170萬美元（612萬令吉）的榴槤到中國。

大馬榴槤出口商公會秘書長黃奕順鼓勵我國榴槤園主，向大馬農業部申請良好農業規範（GAP）認證，成為合法的中國出口榴槤供應商。

他指出，中國商檢局規定大馬出口到他國的冷凍榴槤的數項條件當中，其中要求其果肉來源，果園必須具備大馬農業部的良好農業規範認證。

他解釋，若有園主向農業部作出該項認證的申請，有關當局會派遣官員前往作出多方面的檢驗，包括水果品質、種植環境等。若果園獲其認證批準，園主才能把榴槤賣給加工廠，並加以加工再出口。

需2個月完成檢驗

「中國對這項要求非常嚴格，它要檢驗大腸桿菌、種植過程、數量、土地或果肉，是否殘留重金屬成分，分分鐘需要2個月的時間，才能完成檢驗。」

他強調，成為榴槤出口供應商的2項步驟，分別就是有農業部批準的良好農業規範認證，以及尋找同樣為中國商檢局的9家榴槤加工廠。

黃奕順表示，我國農業部長為冷凍榴槤設置二維碼防偽標籤，大大提升中國客戶對我國榴槤品質保證的信心。

他提及，由於出口到中國的榴槤需求量日益增多，有許多未經過檢驗或加工的榴槤，就被非法地運送到中國。

為此，他指出，我國出口的冷凍榴槤現在就增設追蹤系統的二維碼防偽標籤，外國客戶可透過包裝上的標籤，到大馬農業部官方網站上瞭解，並發掘口中榴槤的「家底」。

「就是說，就算中國人不懂分別榴槤品種，但是大馬農業部就為它做了保證，這就是貓山王。」

防偽標籤品質保證

他說，首相對華特別大使黃家定在去年中國南寧東盟會的開幕禮上，為該冷凍榴槤的防偽標籤推介，不但增加中國人對大馬榴槤的信心，今年訂單確實如期增多。

黃奕順表示，我國農業部長為冷凍榴槤設置二維碼防偽標籤，大大提升中國客戶對我國榴槤品質保證的信心。

他提及，由於出口到中國的榴槤需求量日益增多，有許多未經過檢驗或加工的榴槤，就被非法地運送到中國。

詢及如何看待我國出口榴槤到中國的未來趨勢，他則笑著回應，若中國有10%的人都吃榴槤，那時就會發生大馬人自家沒有榴槤吃的情況。

他提及，除中國以外，有許多國家如美國、澳洲等都也正在作榴槤供應的需求。大馬現在就已出現供不應求的情況。為此，他鼓勵園主向農業部生產認證證明，甚至可以考慮接枝栽種貓山王榴槤品種，以滿足冷凍榴槤出工供應的需求。

冷凍榴槤保留最鮮美味道

黃奕順指出，大馬目前共有9家冷凍榴槤加工廠，分別為一家為液氮冷凍技術工廠，8家急速冷凍技術工廠。

「液氮冷凍技術是把液氮冷凍技術放入-90度的環境30分鐘，榴槤就能夠完全被冷凍。而急速冷凍技術則是在-45度的環境，但冷凍需要6小時。」

「相較急速冷凍技術，液氮冷凍技術更來得昂貴，但其效率確是相對地快3倍。口味是一樣的，是成本和效率的差異。」

他進一步說明，液氮冷凍技術僅需一天的時間，就可把冷凍榴槤裝滿一個半的貨櫃。反之，急速冷凍技術則需要3天才能填滿一個貨櫃。

黃奕順提及，榴槤從樹上跌下來、續後到冷凍、最後則是到包裝，整個過程不花超過6個小時的時間。

「加上榴槤氧化，味道也越來越淡。如此說來，冷凍榴槤更能吃出它最原本鮮美的味道。」

專家補充：今年銷售額料超過300萬

大馬榴槤出口商公會秘書長黃奕順表示，本月份將會有約50個貨櫃的冷凍榴槤被運往中國，預計今年的銷售額將超過300萬令吉。

他指出，中國人民在數年前，開始對大馬榴槤產生喜好，而我國農業部也在與中國政府進行了接近10年的洽談。直到2012年，中國才正式許可大馬出口冷凍榴槤到中國。

他說，冷凍榴槤在2012年的銷售量，就比今年首季的150萬令吉的銷售量來得多。但來到2013年，由於起初對於榴槤的管制不夠嚴謹，發生許多非法流入中國市場的情況。

嚴管非法榴槤流出

「當時走私入國的榴槤，一粒的價格要200令吉，或以每公斤100人民幣售賣。但我們合法包裝的冷凍榴槤則為250至300人民幣左右。」

他提及，值得慶幸的是，我國農業部在去年對於非法榴槤的流出加以管制，直到去年情況出現好轉，冷凍榴槤的銷售量也年年增加。

此外，他表示，榴槤加工品更是在中國受到大眾歡迎，其銷售額是冷凍榴槤的4倍左右。其中包括榴槤蛋卷、榴槤咖啡、榴槤泡芙、榴槤酥，以及榴槤餅等，榴槤起司蛋糕的價位更是高達1000人民幣。

開講嘉賓：黃奕順（大馬榴槤出口商公會秘書長）
電臺主持人：鄧佩銀、蘇進川

（收藏自 2015年07月11日 東方日報）

Comment by iki kia kiak on April 22, 2016 at 8:42pm

王琡華·榴槤樹木簡介及賞樹情報

作者 台和園藝/王琡華

一到夏天，市場上就會出現一種大家都非常熟悉的熱帶水果－榴槤，許多對榴槤的味道如癡如醉的饕客們，每年都在期待這個時節的來臨，第一次初嚐榴槤的滋味是在十三年前的時候，小舅神秘兮兮的從冷凍庫中取出一包黃黃用塑膠袋包住的東西，說這東西是多麼的人間美味，記得只淺嚐了一口，那如瓦斯般的味道直衝我腦門，心裡想：這像大便的玩意你也吞的下去，還說好吃，你腦筋是不是有問題阿！後來年紀漸長才發現，其實榴連那味道，只能用那是屬於大人的滋味來形容，小朋友是不會懂的，那時覺得很恐怖的食物，現在也漸漸變的可以接受了。

榴槤的中文名稱是來自於馬來語Durian音譯而來，Duri為刺，an為語尾，意思指的就是「帶刺的東西」，其性屬燥熱，在泰國是產後婦女常食用的補品，早年其價格高昂，泰國人覺得此種水果可算是上等補品，常餽贈於人，但隨著栽植面積逐漸廣大，榴槤的價格已不復當年，高熱量及高含糖量的榴槤在現代人文明病氾濫下，也被醫師明確建議不可過量攝取。

原產於東南亞的榴槤，有南洋果樹之王之稱，其植株高大，性喜高溫，溫度低於22℃時會停滯生長，通常需栽培多年方能結果，花著生於老枝，果實從生長至成熟需3-4個月，成熟後的榴槤果肉金黃，風味撲鼻，由於榴槤的特殊味道是因為果實成熟時產生硫化物的關係，所以越熟過頭的果實味道越重，許多人無法接受這樣的味道，這道理就跟臭豆腐一樣，因此泰國政府明文規定不論是在飛機、飯店、公共汽車上等公共空間是禁止攜帶榴槤的，以保障不喜歡榴槤味道者不受味道襲鼻之苦。

榴槤樹木簡介小檔案

學名：Durio zibethinus
科名：木棉科
英名：Durian
別名：流連、留連、
用途：食用
原產：馬來西亞、婆羅洲
葉：長橢圓形，葉被密生褐色鱗片
花：花由樹幹生出，為總狀花序，花瓣級萼片各五枚，乳酪色。
果：球形或長橢圓形，表面具木質化之三角突起。 - See more at: http://blog.igarden.com.tw/2006/08/5M60833.html#sthash.RsInps6N.dpuf

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