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Comment by Place Link on March 29, 2024 at 5:16pm

(續上)如广东雷州鄚玖的河仙政权,历代效忠越南阮朝,最初是在真腊国的恾坎(Man Kam)垦荒,以后开辟由越南河仙金瓯一直到柬埔寨的磅逊港口大片地区,对外海岸线便连绵200公里,后人撰写 的《河仙镇叶镇鄚氏家谱》便有形容说,此地是“……海外诸国, 帆樯连络而来,其近华、唐、獠、蛮,流民丛集,户口稠密”。

事实上,如果对照越南阮朝等时代的史籍文字,越南文献里头的 “华”或“汉”往往是自称越南人;由此或得设想,“唐人”作为先民集体自称,或者被越南京族等其他汉语体系的族群称为“唐人”,是种认同概念;由此延续至19世纪,越南史籍那时依旧沿用着“唐人”一词,更显然是种概括的总称,如此既能包括也能搁置 17世纪以来“明人”或“清人”之异同。

再以昔日老彭亨老北根老庙前边遗留的墓碑为据,其中咸丰元年(1851 年)的“陈大目”夫妇墓碑,上方横刻“儒士”两字,就能很清楚反映墓中的“清·考大目陈公,妣谥莲番氏”生前的身份;此外,志明“同治四年(1865 年)的“皇清显考十九世名燕盛 陈公”墓碑,是由“孝男开才,孝女丁 X”立碑;又有同治五年 (1866 年)袁连章夫妇碑未有子孙在当地立碑,却说明“世居西陇乡”。

这样便能确定,当时这诸多家庭组成的社会,地方上是既有儒家的教学与传播,主流思想观念与文化渊源也还是不忘世系的礼法规制,有些家庭可能还是维系着原来的“世居”传承与宗族/家族义务,历代祖孙来往两地,而又是在此终老,乃至入土为安。

而不论是陈大目的夫人“莲番氏”,或者同治八年(1869 年)“嘉应显妣新女张母番墓”,这些妇女以“番”为姓而又拥有中文名字,应当便是文西阿都拉所说的民族通婚;她们生前为夫家传宗接代,要 操劳华南家务也要操劳本土生计,逝世后是依照中华礼仪安葬,神主入祀惠潮嘉各乡祠堂,不论她们的后人如何开枝散叶,彼等共同在天之灵已经被尊为中华民族历代显妣。

 ①【越南阮朝】武世营撰;陈荆和注释:《河仙镇叶镇鄚氏家谱注释》,台北:台湾大学文学院《文史哲学报》1955 年第 7 期, 第 85 页。

②金雨雁:《十九世纪越南史籍中的“华、汉”含义的考证》,收录在中山大学东南 亚历史研究所编:《东南亚历史论文集》,1982 年,第 29-37 页。

③傅吾康、陈铁凡:《馬來西亞華文銘刻萃編》第 2 卷,吉隆坡:马来亚大学出版 社,1985年,,第501-502页。

④同上注,第503页。

由此更可相信,在列圣宫庙内和庙前坟地清代遗迹,都是昔日长时间历史建构之遗痕,堪以表明华人先民在彭亨的历代传承,不是一个没有文化的社会,也不是生活在缺乏教育的情境。他们立的神位、墓碑,以及各种自我表 述的方式和方向,投射出那年代的华人先民试图在南海诸邦实现安身立命的维知识体系和思维模式,确立为何和如何在这里生于斯、 长于斯、终老于斯。

19世纪,不论相对于敦阿里或者他境内统治的“唐民”,英国 人在互为亲友的各族群眼中,才是最接近彭亨朝野的“远方外来者”。自荷兰和英国于1824年划海为界,英国把原来在苏门答腊西南部占领的明古连(Bencoolen)割让给荷兰人,交换了原来被荷兰 人占据的马六甲,英属海峡殖民地也因此包括槟城、马六甲和新加坡,即华人常俗称的“三州府”。

三州府的设置,也意味着大英帝 国从南到北控制了马来亚的半岛西岸的马六甲海峡以东。随着海峡殖民地三州府1830年归属于孟加拉省,再到1832年三州府首府由槟城迁往新加坡,即是海峡殖民地的总督府地缘战略重新定位。新加坡作为马来亚南方的海岛,位处于南中国海、爪哇海和马六甲海峡 的海路交界,当然更有利大英帝国经略马来亚,同时遥望同属英势力范围的加里曼丹大岛北部。

这时,彭亨原产业资源,特别是金矿和锡矿,是英国等欧洲国家的需求,却都得途经马六甲,借助英方设在当地的海峡港口。英属马六甲的东山比邻着彭亨,西岸对正马六甲海峡中部,更是钳制着彭亨或柔佛不论从海路或陆路出入马六甲海峡。

偏偏彭亨的局面,是不能不和英人打交道;因为彭亨即使借道19世纪上半叶在北方相对独立的霹雳王国,也会遇上英国在马六甲海峡北方长久经营的槟榔屿自由港,以及英方作为霹雳优势的锡矿与蔗糖采购者,会有牵制霹雳的对外关系。

另一方面,敦阿里曾在1819年反对割让新加坡,可是随着新加坡开港,彭亨产品对外运输很大程度上从中受益,这也许是敦阿里 后来对待英商入境越趋友善的一大理由。

19世纪30年代中叶,新加坡自由港开发已经明显利益彭亨的矿 业运输。英殖驻马六甲军团中尉军官Thomas John Newbold,后来是 英国皇家学院院士,1839年出版的《马六甲海峡英属拓殖地的政治 与统计档案》,在上边报告说,彭亨的“阿里先生”(Inchi Ali)拥有的治理优势,基础在国境内拥有丰富的黄金和锡矿产量。

根据 Newbold 的调查,彭亨全境四万人口,其中有一万二千人是华人, 每年出口黄金超过三百金衡制磅,出口锡米超过一千担,堪称马来亚半岛最有秩序也最富有的邦国。不过,他也记载说,自从英国新开辟了新加坡港口,彭亨的金矿和锡矿都以海路为主,不再取道马六甲陆路运输。

 ① Newbold, T. J,1839. Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the strait of Malacca, viz Penang, Malacca and Singapore; with the History of Malayan States on the Peninsula of Malacca,Vol.II . London: John Murray,pp.56-57.


(摘自:王琛发:英属以前彭亨华人史记: 海洋经贸视域下的中外文献解读;作者简介:中国闽南师范大学“闽江学者”讲座教授;马来西亚韩江传媒大学学院中华研究院特聘教授;原載:韩大学术丛刊第一种)

Comment by Place Link on March 28, 2024 at 5:31am


刘崇汉·独立前北根华人简史


(刘崇汉:《独立前北根华人简史》,收录在刘崇汉主编:《彭亨华族史资料汇编》, 关丹:彭亨华团联合会,1992年,第140页。)

[]早期的北根华人

早在12世纪,彭亨海岸线及彭亨河口交界处,即北根及瓜拉彭亨一带,已建立了 一个商埠。根据葡萄牙学者伊利地业(M. G. de Eredia)在1597-1600年的黄金半岛报告中指出,彭亨是14世纪以前马来半岛中最重要的一邦。 那时候的北根之所以成为一个重要的通商口岸,主要的原因包括当时的彭亨河港 阔水深,船只停泊非常便利,加上彭亨内地盛产黄金和锡,天然物产亦非常丰富。 当时中国的商船及华族商人到北根港口及彭亨内地进行贸易相当频繁,而彭亨於 1378 年及1411年至1416年之间更多次遣使至中国,建立密切的邦交。

虽然彭亨曾於1454年被马六甲征服,而马六甲又於1511年被葡萄牙人统治,但北根未受到太大的干预。北根作为彭亨的贸易中心有更迅速的发展。在北根,前来进行贸易的中国商船更加频繁,其他的商人来自其他马来土邦、暹罗、马来群岛, 甚至来自阿拉伯。15世纪中期至17世纪初期的北根政治稳定,人口迅速增长,农 商业发达。随着商业活动的增加,北根出现了华族商人的社区。 荷兰航海者弗罗里斯(Floris)曾写道:1612年9月柔佛军队曾烧毁北根的华人 村。

1838年间,有一位马来人作家鸭都拉在他的航海记(Pelayaran)中有一段这麽的叙述:取道丁加奴时,曾在瓜拉彭亨 登岸,沿彭亨河航至华人村,即北干峇鲁(Pekan Bahru)发现有数百名华人和马 来人浑身武装,在岸上等着,那时盘陀诃罗(财务大臣)和华人工头已到齐赖的金矿去了,当时华人村的华人是客家人,他们与马来人或峇里女人通婚,但子女说的是华语,而非马来语。由上述可见华人很早就在北根定居下来了。

从17世纪至18世纪,彭亨东部海岸线出现了各方势力争夺的局面,加上海盗的扰 乱,北根的农商业地位逐渐衰落。 19 世纪彭亨统治者亚里在位时,他致力恢复彭亨河及东海岸的贸易。他除了本身 经营矿场外,也鼓励欧人与华人从事贸易及开发金矿和锡矿。当时彭亨约有数千至 1 万2000名华人。

一位名叫Medhurst的外国人曾於1824年到访北根,他估计北根 的华人约有5000人。他的报告也指出,当时的统治者亚里规定每位离开彭亨回中国的华人须缴交相等於12英磅的税金。

当亚里於1857年去世後,彭亨陷入内战中,州内的华人矿工、华商及马来农民受到两个敌对马来集团极大的压力,受害也最大。北根华人的财产和生计再一次因 动乱遭到破坏。1885年彭亨的华裔人口降至数百人,而北根的华裔人口也大大减少。(下續)

延續閱讀:

《愛墾鄉頻道》

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愛墾慕課·在地篇

Comment by Place Link on March 27, 2024 at 4:54pm

 [二] 英殖民地时期的北根华人

至1888年为止,彭亨的交通主要依赖森林小道、海及河流。彭亨河是彭亨州内商旅及货物所依赖的最重要运输线,因为彭亨河的运输费远比陆上运输费来得低。 北根发展为重要的商埠与彭亨河的运输线有着极密切的关系。北根的华人除经营 生意,收购土产及与停泊在港口的船只(包括中国及外国人的商船)进行贸易外, 不少北根华人商家通常雇用来自苏门答腊或吉兰丹的马来人在彭亨河上运输货物。

 位於槟绒(Penjom)的欧洲人矿务公司,拥有本身的船只川行於瓜拉彭亨/北根 及槟绒之间,华人商家则成为货品的供应商。另外一些华商则收购土产输出至新加坡。

北根华裔人口在英殖民地政府时期逐渐回升,1888年彭亨的华人估计不超过1500 人,到了1891年彭亨的华人总数已达到3241人,主要分布在北根及矿区如槟绒、 林明、关丹及劳勿等区一带。虽然如此,华人在北根仍属於少数。

1911年的华裔 人口仅占北根总人口的3%左右。 英殖民地政府时期,定期川行於新加坡及瓜拉彭亨之间的船只服务也促进了更多华工及华商进入北根工作和经商。根据北根父老追述,从前大帆船也从新加坡运载货物至北根,然後开往关丹、淡马鲁、文德甲及而连突等地。

瓜拉彭亨的捕鱼业为北根提供了新鲜的鱼类海产。北根的一些华人商家向瓜拉彭亨及邻近的渔村收购鱼产制成咸鱼外销。 1898 年期间彭亨州内的欧洲人及华人资本曾在瓜拉彭亨发展椰园,面积各为数百亩。至於其他农业活动,并无多大的发展。

北根的经济发展并不蓬勃,基本上有以下几个因素:

(一)彭亨土酋的反叛活动使到参政司制度迟至1895年才能较全面展开。

(二)英殖民地政府於1897年把彭亨首府及行政中心迁到立啤。

(三)北根的华裔人口极少,加上华人资本并未踊跃以北根为投资目标,新的华 人移民可说少又少。 北根的华人早期聚居在老北根,後来才搬到新北根。

[三] 我国独立前的北根华人社会

北根的华人多聚居於市区,只有零星的华人散居在渔村或其他郊外地区。 北根市区面向北根河,市区中四条街道形成一个井字,其中唯一以华人名字命名的是邓贵街 (Jalan Teng Quee)。

Comment by Place Link on March 26, 2024 at 3:38pm

(续上)华人多在此街经营生意。 北根的华人居民多属潮州籍。广东人从事树桐及开芭工作,而海南人多开咖啡店。 潮州人及其他籍贯华人的进出口生意范围包括树桐、米粮、树胶等。华人也开设 板厂及收购土产等。 独立前北根的交通极不方便,南下北上都须乘坐好几趟渡轮。北根与关丹之间的 陆路交通也须依赖渡轮。

北根的商业不甚发达,但据说北根华人从前曾组织华人商会,後来商会兴办学校, 把商会会所让出给学校作为教室,并由各华人商家捐款来维持学校的经费。 据说北根华人曾助苏丹打天下,而获得拨出地皮作为古庙和义山的用途。

位於老北根的伯公庙前,古墓林立,其中有些墓碑依稀还能辨别得出是清朝嘉庆年间立的。距离古庙半英里路程的另一座华人义山历史最为悠久,但墓碑已残缺。这些 古墓或许可说明华人在二百多年前已在老北根居住。

北根的广肇会馆已有八十多年的历史,原址位於甘榜吉打邦(Kampong Ketapang)。琼州会馆则成立於1930年代。潮州会馆成立较迟,前身为互助社。

据说二十世纪初期,陆佑曾在北根一带发展椰园,开酒楼及修建邓贵路。邓贵路铺设至今已有大约80多年了。

参考资料

 1. Dr. R. G. Cant, A Historical Geography of Pahang
 2. 口述历史资料及照片。
3. W. Linehan, A History of Pahang
4. 夏观明特稿,屹立二百多年的北根大伯公庙。(星洲日报1990 年10月1日)

彭亨北根伯公庙历史遗物 北根伯公庙不是一间寻常的庙。庙里的历史遗物是华人在北根开荒拓土的历史见 证。伯公庙可说是北根华人仅存的历史古迹。庙内的一个拥有229年历史的大唐本 头公石碑,说明华人祖先在200多年前便来到北根。

庙内的历史遗物共有8件,简述如下:

1. 大唐本头公石碑,乾隆28年岁次癸未(公历1763年)。
2. 四方石炉,乙亥春月即嘉庆20年岁次乙亥(公历1815年)。
3. 四方石床,丙子,即嘉庆21年岁次丙子(公历1816年)。
4. 甲必丹神主牌。
5. 神主牌,道光元年,(公历1821年)。
6. 木造高脚烛台,光绪四年岁次戊寅(公历1878年)。
7. 大铜炉,光绪30年岁次甲辰(公历1904年)。
8. 木横牌,同治13年岁次甲戍(公历1874年)。

从以上伯公庙的古物中,我们有理由说华族先辈在乾隆28年(即1763年)间便来 到北根。史籍中记载明代郑和於永乐十年及正统元年,曾经两次登陆彭亨,可惜没有历史遗物为证。

据说郑和登陆的地点就是北根附近的瓜拉彭亨,而北根的旧名叫嘭哼。证据是北根华侨公山有块石碑,刻着嘭哼华侨公山碑,而伯公庙内也有一块木碑刻着钦授嘭哼甲大学科黄。 这些历史问题尚有待考古工作者加以研究。

参考资料

1. 夏观明特稿,屹立三百多年的北根大伯公庙。(星洲日报1990年 10 月1日)

2. 北根列圣宫主席黄盛伟提供的历史遗物名表及资料。

3. 陈小燕老师采访的资料及照片。

(刘崇汉:《独立前北根华人简史》,收录在刘崇汉主编:《彭亨华族史资料汇编》, 关丹:彭亨华团联合会,1992年,第140页。)

Comment by Place Link on March 21, 2024 at 7:24am


 A History of Pahang

CHAPTER II.THE PRE-MALACCAN PEOPLE.

In the seventh century A.D. a kingdom called by Chinese chroniclers San Fo-ts'i which has been identified by Dr. Coedes with the Malay Seri-Vijaya with a capital, at one period, situated in Palembang, became predominant in the Malay Archipelago and the Peninsula. This empire has been thought to be the contem- porary Zabug or Zabag of Arab geographers. In 1225 A.D. the Chinese writer Chau Ju-Kua, apparently describing conditions in the preceding century, records that Pong-fong (Pahang) was one of the dependencies of San Fo-ts'i. Another vassal state of San Fo-ts'i was Tan-ma-ling, to which place we shall return presently. The Tao i chik lio written by Wang Ta-Yuan in 1349 makes mention of P'eng K'eng (Pahang) and Pa-tu-ma (?Pulau Tioman) among other regions.

According to the Nagarakrtagama, composed in 1365, Pahang, Ujong Medini (Johore), Muar, Langkasuka, Kelantan, Trengganu, Paka and Dungun, Tumasik (Singapore), Sang Yang Ujong (Sungai Ujong), Kelang and Kedah were tributary states of Majapahit. To this list of the Javanese empire's dependencies the " Chronicles of Pasai " add various islands off the east coast of the Peninsula including Pulau Tioman, Pulau Tinggi, Pulau Pemanggil and Pulau Laut.

The History of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1643)1 presents a picture of Pahang in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: " Pahang is situated at the west of Siam. In the year 1378 the king, Maharaja Tajau, sent envoys with a letter on a gold leaf, and bringing as tribute six foreign slaves, and products of the country. They were received according to the established rules. "


[Pg.16] In the year 1411 the king, Pa-la-mi-so-la-ta-lo-si-ni sent envoys carrying tribute. In 1412 Cheng Ho went as an envoy to their country, and in the year 1414 they sent tribute a gain.

"In the year 14.16 they sent tribute together with Kalikut and Java, and Cheng Ho was again ordered to go there.

" The soil of this country is fertile; the climate is always warm, and rice is abundant there; they make salt by boiling sea water, and wine by fermenting the sap of the coconut tree.

" The higher and lower classes are on a very intimate footing, and there are no thieves ; they are very superstitious regarding demons and spirits, making their images of fra- grant wood, and sacrificing men. to them, m order to avert calamities or to pray for happiness. "

Amongst the articles which they brought as tribute were elephant-teeth, camphor baros, olibanum, lignum aloes, sandal wood, pepper, sapan-wood, and such more .... "

(1)Book 325, quoted in " Notes on the Malay Archipelago " by W. P. Groeneveldt: Miscellaneous Papers relating to Indo-China, 2nd Series, Vol. I, London, 1887, p. 256. 1936) Royal Asiatic Society.

Comment by Place Link on February 24, 2024 at 9:12pm

Tajau of the Chinese chronicler may be Tanjong, and the reference may be to the northern head-land of the estuary of the river Pahang which was known to sea-farers as TanJong Pahang, " Cape Pahang."

Pa-la-mi-so-la-ta-lo-si-ni was almost certainIy the Chinese rendering of Parameswara Telok1 Chini, " the prince of Chini Haven." Chini, which, in Siamese, means gibbon, gives its name to a mountain, a lake, a stream and a village situated about forty miles from the mouth of the river Pahang. There pre-Malaccan remains have been found. (3) In the same locality is Luit, with a village Singgora called after the capital of Patani, where, too, there are traces of pre-Malaccan habitation.3 Except on the banks of the river, Chini is still jungle-clad, and little investigation has yet been done. For the Malays, Lake Chini has associations with the past : in their eyes the lake and its adjoining mountain are sacred, and they credit the place with the possession of a white crocodile styled Seri Pahang: "the glory of Pahang." It is possible that the lake did not always exist in its present form and that it covers the site of an ancient town. Only when the jungle gives up its secrets will the truth be known.

[pg 17]  Assuming the correctness of these identifications, we then have, in 1378 A.D., a king at Tanjong Pahang known by the designation of Maharaja, and, in 14ll A.D., at Chini, a ruler with the style of Parameswara4, a title also used by the founder of Malacca. Did these two kingships exist contemporaneously or do both titles refer to the same undivided line of rulers with merely a change o[ residence, or is it to be supposed that between 1378 and 14ll the king at Tanjong Pahang was displaced by the Chini potentate? These are questions which cannot, at present, be answered.

We are told by d'Eredia that the kings of Pahang ruled only the coastal region. We know that the ruler of Pahang, at the date of its conquest by the Malacca Malays about 1454, bore the title of Maharaja. There is reason to believe that, at least as far as the people were concerned, apart from their rulers, the region of Kampong Melayu near Chini was at one time the boundary between the Malays and another race.1

2 Menangkabau: telok, a bay, or a bend in the river, commonly used in the expression telok rantau
"the bends and the reaches " of a river.

3 J. M. B. R. A. S., Vol. VI, Pt. IV, 1928, p. 79.

4 Journal, F.M.S. Museums, Vol. IX, Pt. 2, 1920, p. 152.

5 Dr. P. V. van Stein Callenfels points out that the term Parameswara seems to have been, in mediaeval times, in Majapahit and Bali the special title of the non-royal husband of a ruling princess, and that the word where it occurs in old inscriptions, designates the consort of a queen.

7 J. M. B. R. A. S., Vol. VI, Pt. IV, 1928, p. 81. 1 " Report on the Golden Chersonese," translation by J. V. Mills (J. M. B. R. A. S., Vol. VIII, P t. I, p. 233). 

Comment by Place Link on February 23, 2024 at 2:56pm

The Hsing-ch'a Sheng-lan, written in 1486 by Fei Hsin, a Chinese Moslem and an Arabic scholar, gives the following interesting account of Pahang and its people :

" This country is situated at the west of Siam ; it is surrounded by rocky ridges of mountains, which, seen from a distance, have the appearance of a table-land. The ground is fertile, and they have abundance of rice. The weather is often very warm.

"Their customs cannot be much praised; they make human images of fragrant wood, and kill people in order to make a sacrifice of the blood, when they pray for luck or try to ward off evil.

" Men and women have their hair in a knot, and are clad with a single piece of cloth. Girls of rich families wear four or five golden circles on their foreheads, and the daughters of the common people use strings of coloured glass beads instead.

" They boil salt out of sea-water, and make wine by fermenting rice-gruel. " Products of the country are lignum-aloes, camphor, tin and a kind of wood used in dyeing. Articles of import are gold, silver, coloured silks, Java-cloth, copper and iron- ware, gongs, boards, etc."

[pg. 18] According to d' Eredia, Pahang was the second Malay kingdom in the Peninsula, in succession to Patani, and flourished before the founding of Malacca ; the ruler of Pahang in the latter part of the fourteenth century, a relative (by marriage) of Parameswara, first ruler of Malacca, was Lord of Ujong Tanah (the southerly part of the peninsula including Singapore).

d'Eredia 2 records that .: " Pan was the second seat of the Empire of the Malaios ; its site lies on the eastern coast of the Peninsula in three degrees of North latitude; the port is just as much frequented by merchants, because of the gold from its auriferous mines : it contains the best and largest gold-mines in the whole Peninsula : it was from here, one presumes, that there came the gold which formed the subject of the ancient trade with Alexandria .... "

The same chronicler writes : (8) " It is to be noted that the eastern coast of Ujontana was peopled and frequented before the other 01:  western coast : thus the histories relate that Malayos, was inhabited Pattane and Pam before the foundation of Malacca. "

Comment by Place Link on February 22, 2024 at 4:42pm

At that time the ruler of Pam governed Syncapura : and the monarch who resided in Pathane, the metropolis of the Malayos, was tributary to the empire of Syam, for right clown to the present day the Malayos regard the latter as their master: while the head of the principal empire and administration was the Emperor of Attay .... "

He adds : ·' Permicuri,2 by birth a Jao of Palimban in Samatta or the Golden Chersonese allied himself in marriage with the lords and monarchs of Patane and Pam who belonged to the family of the Malaios .... " 3

[Pg 18]

This first Malaccan potentate chose Malacca as his headquarters about the end of the 14th century. cl'Eredia relates that:

" Permicuri selected this spot in the interests of his own safety, for he stood in fear of the ruler of Pam, over-lord of the countries of Ujontana, who was making warlike preparations to capture him, in consequence of the treachery which Permicuri had perpetrated in Sincapura, when he assassinated the ' Xabandar ' who was telated to the lord of Pam, despite the kindness which the ' Xabandar' had shown at his house in Syncapura, when Permicuri took refuge there in his flight from his father-in-law the Emperor of Java Major .... " 4

In the same chapter d'Ereclia calls Permicuri the " flrst king of the Malayos." According to d'Albuquerque's "Commen- taries," it was the ruler of Palani of whom Permicuri stood in fear, and the murdered chief's name was Tamagi.

d'Eredia (12) states that the religion of Islam was in introduced into Patani and Pahang before it was accepted by "Permicuri at Malacca in the year 1411." That statement is certainly true of Trengganu (which at that time appears to have formed a province of Patani), and is probably true of Pahang, though we have no other evidence to show that Islam was practised in the country before 1454.

Mahayana Buddhism, on which were superimposed Tantric orgies involving human sacrifice, had reached the Malay Peninsula about the 8th century. Its influence in Pahang, I though it waned with the introduction of Islam as the State religion about 1454, may be traced up to the beginning of the  17th century.

In the 12th century the kingdom of San Fo-ts'i began to decline, and by the 14th century, in the south, the east-Java state of Majapahit had become predominant, while, in the north, by 1292, the Siamese (Thai) kingdom, with its capital at Sukhodaya, had emerged.

8. d'Eredia's "Description of Malacca," translation by J.V. Mills, loc. cit., p. 3
9. An incorrect rendering of Parameswara.
10. aop. cit., p. 57.
11. op. cit., p. 16.
12. op. cit., p. 49.
13. JRAS (Journal Malayan Branch [Vol. XIV, Part II, History of Pahang. 9 ~

A vassal of San Fo-ts'i, according to Chau Ju-Kua, was Tan-ma-ling. Gerini (13) identified this country with Kuantan, a district of Pahang, on the ground that the north promontory of the Kuantan river was called Tanjong Tembiting, '' Cape Ternbeling.''

Comment by Place Link on February 21, 2024 at 8:31am

Candrabhanu a king of Ligor who, according to the Jaiya inscription (which has now been discovered to have come from Ligor and not from Jaiya or Chaiya). styled himself Seri Dharma- raja and Lord of Tambralinga, the Ceylonese "Mahavamsa" tells us, led two hostile expeditions against Ceylon about the middle of the 13th century with Javaka (Malay) forces. (14)

By 1292, Ligor had become the extreme southern limit of the Thai kingdom of Sukhodaya (Sukhothai). Now Logor has been widely accepted as being the Tan-ma-ling of Chan Ju-Kua 15 and the Tambralinga of the Jaiya inscription. There are two localities in Pahang which are suggestive of the name given by the Chinese chronicler: the river Tembeling which, the discovery of numerous Neolithic and early iron-age implements there indicates, was at one time a thickly populated district, and Tanjung Tembeling the northern headland of Kuantan river. Was there a connection between these places and Logor?

The history of the Ming Dynasty states that the Pahang ruler who sent envoys to China in 1378 was called Maharaja, the same style as that  affected by the King of Logor. When the Malacca forces conquered Pahang about 1454, according to the Malay Annals, (16) they found there a “Siamese” prince with the title Maharaja Dewa Sura, king oi Logor (who bore the same title as that of the prince who ruled in Pahang about 1454), on the instruction of the king of Siam invaded Pahang.,following the route Tembeling.

It is not unlikely that this invasion state was in reassertion of a pre-Thai Suzerainty , that is to Ligor, the Tan-ma-ling of the Chinese and the Tambralinga of the Jaiya inscription, that we must look at least during one period, for the origin of the pre-Malaccan rulers of Pahang., and that it was the men of Ligor who give the name of their country Tan-Ma-ling to the river Tembeling, (18),a highway of communication between Pahang and the north, and to Tanjung Tembeling at Kuantan, the only safe anchorage for their fleet on the coast during the season of the north-east monsoon (19), and the port of access to the rich tin mines of Sungai Lembing. To Ligor, a state powerful enough to invade Ceylon twice during 13th cebtury , the conquest of Pahang must present no great difficulty.

Comment by Place Link on February 20, 2024 at 10:18am

With the subjugation of ligor by Sukhothai about 1280 the suzerainty over Pahang fell to the Thai in the 14th Century. In the same century Pahang suffered an invasion from Majapahit which thereafter claimed that State as one of its conquests. This raid may have had no lasting effect (20), thought it appeared that it resulted in inter-marriage between members of the ruling family of Majapahit and the princes of Pahang. The Thai over-lords of Ligor apparently did not interfere with the Ligor dynasty in Pahang but they, too, may have contracted marriage alliances with the Pahang royal family. The new empire had arisen in the nor contented itself with exciting tribute from Pahang and establishing settlements in the country.

The Pre-Malaccan people of Pahang lived by mining gold, tin, and iron and planning rice. They left many traces; irrigation works, mine workings, remains of brick building, specimens of Sawankalok pottery, and probably the pottery industry at Kuala Tembeling which has survived through years to the present days. The pre-Malaccan occupied the Tembeling, Thet can be traced as far as south as the Merchong. They extended into the Pahang and the Jelai;their tracks can be found along lake Chini up to the Headwaters of the Rombin; in the old Selinsing mines scoops of Palas wood used by them have been discovered. They left numerous relics in gold-working at Tresang and Sempore. They make their way to bebar, They established settlements at Jeram Kuai (Koi) and Jong Berlabon on the Tembeling, at Lubok Pelang, Lubok Paku, at Chini, at Langgar, at Pengkalan Durian in Ulu Bebar, at pura, and else where. Their occupation is commemorated by the nomenclature of places such as Chini, Parit Siam, Tambak Siam, Lubang Siam (or Lumbong Siam),, Parit Siam, Sungai Lego (Ligor) a tributary of the Tekam in the vicinity of Kota gelanggi. (21)

(Chapter 2, The Pre-Malaccan People, in A History of Pahang, W. Linehan, Silverfish Malaysia Classic Series 18, 2020, Pakka English Enterprise, pg. 15-22, Previously published as Volume XIV Part II, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in May 1936 )

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