文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
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徐玉諾《春天》
落在田間小樹上的小鳥唱道:
春天來了!
春天來了!
放大紅的花牡丹,
黃色甘美的小櫻桃。
伏在田邊的小草,揚起小小的面孔來,唱道:
喝不盡甘露,
好溫柔的春風;
美麗呀,我的衣裳飄揚在空中。
騎在水牛背上的小孩子拍著他的兩腿,很浪漫的唱道:
沐浴呀,我們要沐浴了。
呢呢,呢呢 ……
我的小牛是很好的;
他會自己喝水,
他會自己吃草。
------ 唱著,把牛趕進淺湖裏。
失望的哲學家走過,
逗留著無目的的尋求;
摟一摟亂髮,
慈祥的,端詳著小孩子,小鳥,小草 ……
仿佛這 …… 告他說虛幻的平安。
倦怠的詩人走過,
拈一拈他的眼淚,微笑蕩漾在枯皺的額上;
仿佛這點綴了他夢景的美麗。
一九二二,四月五日
Spring
On a sapling in the field
Little birds are singing:
“Spring has come back to the world
Little birds are singing!”
“Pink and red and budding all,
The peonies are big and tall.
While the cherry tree is small,
Sweet its fruits will be and yellow.”
Grasses grow on the meadow’s side,
Swinging to the wind of spring,
Tiny faces moving with the tide,
Raising voices and they sing:
“Drink our dew, most gentle breeze,
There is more than you can tell;
Blow into our dresses, please,
Does it make them shine and swell!”
Riding on his buffalo
A young boy beats the beat
On his thighs and he sings too,
So romantic in the heat:
“We need a dive, we need to bathe,
We are a perfect team.
My buffalo can drink and graze,
It’s time for her to swim.”
“I see there is a shallow lake
For us to have a bath in.
The water is cool, for freshness sake
I will not stop my singing.”
"Lo!" said a thinker, walking by
With zero goal but his despair.
"Where do we go, cried he, and why?"
Both hands in his neglected hair.
He watched the boy, the meadow and
The birds, and then his heart knew better.
“Can peace be an illusion, though
These spring things really matter?”
A jaded poet passed in tears, but here
His fingers cleared them and the wrinkles
Of his forehead broke and cheered:
The vision of pure beauty made him twinkle.
Xu Yunuo, April 5, 1922
Translation by Jan Laurens Siesling, February 6, 2017
徐玉諾《紫羅蘭與蜜蜂》
紫羅蘭看見一個蜜蜂懶飏飏的在溫暖的太陽下飛著,她喜悅得發抖;
她十分的賣弄風情,她的色也十分鮮艷,她的氣也非常芬芳。
“呵,親愛的蜜蜂!來!來!我正在盼望你的親吻!”她瘋狂般的喊著。
蜜蜂飛著,沒精打采的說:
“我正要工作;因為到晚我必須得兩滿腿蜜。”
紫羅蘭微微笑了,她的笑容更鮮艷,她的芬芳更濃厚。
“我曉得你們同青年男子們一樣,你們的心常常是乾枯的,你們的思想常是苦惱而且是
生鐵一般冷枯的;是必須要柔情來溫潤的。……
來來,我最親愛,活潑的美蜂!
走近來!什麽都不要緊,你試一試走近我!
來來,什麽再沒這要緊;
我們試一試親個吻!”
她說著眼淚一滴滴的從花瓣上滴下來。
蜜蜂肩上重重載著責任和命令,他一點也不動情;他想了他的工作,很冷澀的說道:
“天不早了,我要工作去;再見吧!”
紫羅蘭急急的懇求道:
“且慢!慢!我一定有蜜給你;速來速來!把你的嘴伸在我嘴裏!”
“不!…… 我要找野菜花去,我要找巧麥去 …… ”
蜜蜂喃喃的說著,並且遠遠的飛去了。
紫羅蘭慢慢的低下頭來,沈沈尋思 ……
但是還是不怠的放著她的香,濃著她的美。
一九二二年,四月五日
The Violet and the Bee
Violet was a violet and the sun was warm,
Bee was a bee far away from his swarm,
Flying so slow and so utterly lazy,
Trembling Violet got with joy a bit crazy,
In for a flirt, her color could show it,
Her perfume, the spring air would blow it.
“My dear, my bee, my honey, come near,
I need your sweet kisses, I’m waiting here.”
She said it out loud, it was foolish, however
The bee just flew off, as if an endeavor
She wasn’t worth, and he spoke in the tone
Of a slug in the sand or a snail on a stone:
“I’m here to work, honey, on honey you know,
Tonight two legs full of pollen I owe.”
How chastely Violet smiled, smiled encore,
Her odors invested the air even more.
“I know you young guys, you act the same.
Your heart is dry, and worried your brain,
Cold like crude iron, but the fault is not you.
You need tender warm cuddles, wet ones too.
Come closer, my lovely and lively bee,
Do what you want, but do it to me.
Fly over me, beauty, you don’t want to miss
An occasion to practice on me a deep kiss.”
When thus she spoke, her petals spoke too,
Followed by tears that trickled down, blue.
But Bee was as cold as a bee can be,
Keen, to his queen, on responsibility.
His job was his life, who wants to lose that?
Not for a kiss, not even with Violet.
“Goodbye girl, he said, time is running,
Work waits for me, cut short your cunning.”
Violet heard this and she did her best
To cut short her smile, but not her quest.
More like a prayer sounded her voice
When she offered Bee a last choice.
“Don’t run away, I might have what you need,
Honey for you, slow down! Or rather speed!
Speed up and put your mouth in mine,
Deep in there you will find my wine.”
“Sorry for now Violet! If you don’t mind,
I’m after flowers of another kind,
Old fashioned and useful, not sweet
Like you, but bitter barley and brown buckwheat.”
Such was the humble bee’s mumbling, before
He took off to blue heaven’s shore.
Violet was alone and she calmed down
Bowing her face, not showing her frown,
When she wondered how there could be
A bee unwilling to be with her to bee.
But wondering she smiled and smelt even more,
Telling the world what her beauty was for.
Xu Yunuo, April 5, 1922
Translation by Jan Laurens Siesling, February 6, 2017
藝術家全部秘密在心靈自由
愛墾編者註:西思翎提到,徐玉諾像法國畫家亨利·朱利安·費利克斯·盧梭(見下篇),簡介於此,說明散文詩突破舊文體的囿限而創新。——亨利·朱利安·費利克斯·盧梭(Henri Julien Félix Rousseau,1844年5月21日-1910年9月2日),法國卓有成就的偉大畫家也是法國後期印象派畫家。生於法國西北部的拉瓦爾市,逝於巴黎。他18歲從軍,27歲參加德法戰爭。退役後任稅務員,是位業餘畫家,到40歲退了職開始不斷地作畫,受到當時前衛藝術家畢加索等人的推崇。父親朱利安·盧梭是馬口鐵工匠。青年時期他當過軍樂隊隊員,後離開巴黎做了海關官員。
他的畫沒有師授,完全靠自學成功。他自己說:“除了自然之外,我沒有老師。”人們稱他為“星期日畫家”。這類畫家出於完全喜歡畫而作畫,沒有任何規律約束,有著純樸的感情,因而其作品有一種原始的和純樸率真的美感。
1885年在香·埃呂西沙龍展出處女作,1886年《狂歡節之夜》參加獨立派展覽。此後他平均每年都有5幅以上作品展出。他的代表作有《村中散步》《稅卡》《戰爭》《睡著的吉普賽姑娘》《我本人·肖像·風景》《鄉村婚禮》《抱木偶的女孩》《夢》等等。
他用那純真無瑕的眼睛去觀察世界和感受生活的真諦,這使他的畫具有強烈而鮮明的個性。盧梭畫的主題包羅萬象,除了巴黎市郊,還有手法率真直接的人像,瑰麗的寓言性作品,花卉、尤其是一批富異國情調的大幅幻想式作品,這些作品是他常逛巴黎的公園、植物園、動物園所激發出來的。
每個時代都有它的先知。被奉為二十世紀超現實主義藝術先行者的是亨利·盧梭。“他憑著本能畫畫,他認為創作者必須獲得完全的自由才能在思想上達到美與善的境界”(亨利·盧梭自語)藝術家的全部秘密就是心靈的自由。它無需乞求,只需小心地、堅定地、執拗地保持和維護。它是一份人人享有的天賜。當然,為保持心靈的自由,就需要更多的犧牲。看看盧梭,當他離開世界的時候,告別的,只有貧窮。
徐玉諾的兩首詩 ·關於翻譯的註解
1922年4月5日,徐玉諾寫了兩首春天的詩。幾乎一個世紀以後,在春天,我打算把它們譯成英語。更確切些,我還是用“改寫”, 而不是“翻譯”這個詞吧。當音樂家為了另一種樂器去改寫一首樂曲時,他們用這個詞。我的版本的這兩首徐玉諾的詩不是字面的翻譯;有人可能認為它們不夠字面。但我相信它們是忠實於原作的。雖然犧牲了一些字面的東西,我相信我的改寫能夠保持原詩的精神。我相信一首詩的本質是它的精神。
詩的精神有多少是在純粹的字母和詞語裏?這是所有翻譯面對的問題,一個令譯者頭痛的問題。有人會認為它在詞語裏,就是這樣。我想提議說它是在詞語之間,詩行之間。在中文(到西方語言)的翻譯中,這個問題是刻不容緩的。為什麽呢?翻譯詩歌的真正和最終的理由是傳達詩的詩意質量(或本質)。如果我,一個歐洲人,自詡能夠捕捉到中國詩歌的詩意本質,那麽我是自命不凡。不過我讀詩的目的正是要捕捉詩意的本質; 這也是我翻譯的目的,途中自然經歷更多的障礙。
然而,我對詩意質量的理解是由我本土的語言或者我非常熟悉的語言決定的。我上邊提到的詩意質量和精神可能是親密的表兄弟。我覺得精神居於詞語之間。所以我用代表詩意質量的我自己的語言,去填了外語詩的詞語之間的空隙。我忍不住這麽做,這是我的性格的部分。但我認為只有這種方式,我能夠用新語言(我的語言)服務詩的讀者。如果我做得好,我甚至希望服務那首詩,和用原本的語言讀詩的人。讓我們現在去看看激發了這些想法的那兩首詩的改寫。
徐玉諾是一位20世紀初的革命的作家。作為一個天真的詩人,中國的Douanier Rousseau (愛懇編註:亨利·盧梭(Henri Julien Félix Rousseau),他略去長期以來主導中國詩歌的嚴格的結構規則。他交流著純粹的靈感,以自發的形式表現它,給人留下自由的印象。為了實現這一點,他的作品中引入了一些(浪漫)西方詩學的典型元素。在他們中間有敘述,簡單的每一天的詞匯,音樂性的語言和象征手法。(有趣的是,在同一時期,著名的西方作家們在他們的作品中,也在自由的旗幟下,引入了中國詩意質量的概念,或者他們認為是詩意質量的概念。)
當我發現寫於1922年的這兩首春天的詩,那些元素作為詩的主要特征觸擊到我。為了做到有趣和忠實的改寫我強調了這些特征,並在這裏或那裏發展了它們。我因此選擇了一個英語節奏韻律,不求學術嚴謹地使用他們,卻是連貫地,詩句更像是1922年的英國風格。我想要它是愉快的,不失天真的幽默或者語言的奇異(所以英國的!)。抓住它的坦率的情緒是必須的,還有它潛在的象征。這麽做,有時遺憾我失去了一些中國形式的橢圓特質。但正是在這個代價下,為英語讀者我保存了居於這兩首詩中的喜悅,這喜悅就是詩的靈魂。這個喜悅不僅慶祝春天的到來,還慶祝新詩時代的黎明,之外,一個新社會的黎明。(楊.勞倫斯.西思翎 / 2017年2月6日)
Note on this translation—On April 5th, 1922, Xu Yunuo wrote two poems about spring. Almost one century later, in spring, I propose a translation in English. Should I, instead of translation, more correctly use the word transcription? Musicians use it when they arrange a piece for a different instrument than it was originally written for. My versions of the two Xu Yunuo poems are not literal translations; some may think they are not sufficiently literal. But I believe they are true to the original. I believe my arrangement was able to maintain the spirit of the poems, while sacrificing to the letter. I believe the essence of a poem is its spirit.
How much of the spirit of a poem is in the mere letters and words? This is a problem with all translations, and a headache for translators. Some would argue it is in the words, period. I would suggest it is between the words, between the lines. In translations from the Chinese (into Western languages) the question is pressing. This is why: The true and ultimate justification for translating poetry is to transmit the poetic quality (or essence) of a poem. I would be pretentious if I, a European, boasted I am able to capture the poetic essence of Chinese poetry. Still the goal of my reading poetry is exactly that. Also, with more obstacles in the way, it is the goal of my translating. My understanding of poetic quality, however, is determined by the language I am born in, or by the ones I am very familiar with. Poetic quality and the spirit, I mentioned above, are probably close cousins. The spirit, I supposed, dwells between the words. And so I fill the space between the words of the foreign language poem with what goes for poetic quality in my own language. I can’t help doing it; it is part of my chemistry. But I think it is only in this way I can serve readers of the poem in its new language (my language). If I do well, I may even hope to do a service to the poem, and to whoever reads it in its original language. Let me move now to the transcription of the two poems that provoked these thoughts.
Xu Yunuo is a revolutionary writer of the early 20th century. Presented as a naive poet, a Douanier Rousseau of China, he ignores the strict rules of structure that had dominated Chinese verse since long. He communicates pure inspiration and delivers it in a spontaneous form, leaving an impression of liberation. To achieve this, he introduced a few typical elements of (Romantic) Western poetics into his writing. Between them are narration, simple and every day vocabulary, melodious language and symbolism. (It is interesting to see that in the same period prominent Western writers introduced Chinese notions of poetic quality, or what they thought it was, in their work, also under the banner of liberation.) Those elements were the principle features that struck me, when I discovered the two spring poems of 1922. To make an interesting and faithful transcription I stressed these features, and developed them here or there. I chose therefore an English rhythm, meter and rhyme, using them without academic rigor, but consistently, as verse would have been in England in 1922. I wanted it to be pleasant, not deprived of naive humor or even linguistic oddities (so English!). To catch its candid mood was a must, as well as its latent symbolism. In so doing I lost some of the elliptical qualities of the Chinese form, sometimes with regret. But it was at that price that I saved for the English reader the joy that inhabits the poems, as their soul. This joy celebrates not only the coming of spring, but the dawn of a new poetic era, and beyond that the dawn of a new society. (JLS,February 6, 2017)
捕捉被壓抑的“過渡、短暫、偶然”感受
發生學意義上的散文詩,一開始就專事捕捉被現代都市壓抑的“過渡、短暫、偶然”的感受,其審美發現符合對自我、個性的現代性想像,在傳統的審美空間之外,開拓新的想象空間,表達新的想像方式和現代情感觀念、審美體驗。根本言之,凝聚和捕捉一切新鮮的未知的生活經驗,和生命感受是一切藝術創新的價值追求。
中國散文詩的創作超越了賦、駢文、小品文等類似散文詩的范疇,成功地變幻出震驚、緊張、焦慮、苦悶,一種可以稱之為現代化的經驗,書寫了充滿驚厥、破碎與衝突、抽象的現代生活內容,呈現人心底深處的精神體驗,一種現實生活與內心世界的緊張沖突和對話,而這種心理過程和體驗變化正是顯示現代人之所以為現代人的精神根源所在。
魯迅、徐志摩、高長虹、于賡虞、麗尼、何其芳、焦菊隱、陳敬容等人的作品,展現了中國現代文化價值的多種取向,參雜著現代性中的異質文化因子,顯示出中國散文詩審美現代性的多元構築。散文詩的審美現代性既有體驗上的發現,即中國人在現代社會對自身與世界的確證,也有對這種確證加以藝術表現的能力,即對生存體驗里精神世界豐富而博大的意義空間的現代性建構。
散文詩擁有的活生生的藝術力量,積極參與到文學的現代化建制過程,了解中國散文詩的發展史,將有助於對中國現代文學的全面把握和認識,了解知識群在特定歷史時期的文化取向、價值觀念、哲學意識、人生態度,同時也深刻表明時代氛圍和現實需要對文體的選擇與影響,以及文體在歷史中生成與衍變的興替過程。 (張翼《散文詩文體獨立的文化價值與意義》2017/08/13 來源:散文詩人)
屠洛涅夫《“絞死他!”》
“這是一八0三年的事,”我一個朋友說,“在奧斯特里次戰役前不久的時候。我在軍隊裏當軍官,我那個聯隊駐紮在摩拉維亞。“我們奉到嚴厲的命令,不得騷擾當地百姓;雖說我們是友軍,可是居民好像很不相信我們。“我帶著一個勤務兵,他從前是我母親的農奴,名字叫葉各爾。他是一個不大講話的老實人;我自小就認識他,把他當作朋友看待。“呵,有一天,在我住的那個人家裏,我聽見女人的罵聲,叫聲和哭聲;這家的女主人丟了兩隻母雞,她說是我們的勤務兵偷了它們。他替自己辯護,要我來作證……‘他哪裏會做賊,他,葉各爾? 阿夫塔莫諾夫!’我向這女人保證葉各爾是個正直誠實的人,可是她不肯信我的話。
“忽然街上響起了馬蹄聲,司令官同他的參謀人員騎馬過來了。他帶住馬緩緩地走著,他是個肥壯的人,頭向前俯著,肩章掛到他胸前了。
“女人看見他,便沖到馬前,跪下去,她光著頭,衣服也不整齊,她指著我的勤務兵,大聲控告他。
“她叫道:‘將軍,大人,求你審問一下!幫忙我!救救我!這個兵把我搶了!’
“葉各爾立在大門口,身子筆直,帽子拿在手裏,他甚至挺起胸膛,靠攏腳跟,像一個哨兵的樣子,但他一句話也不說!究竟是他看見將軍帶著全體僚屬在這兒街中間站住,不好意思呢,還是他被這跟前的災禍駭呆了,我不能說,不過我的可憐的葉各爾站在那兒,霎著眼睛,臉白得跟粉筆一樣!
“司令官板起面孔不在意地看了他一眼,生氣地吼道:‘唔?’……葉各爾象一座石像似地站著,露出他的牙齒,就像在傻笑一樣!你要是從側面看他,你會說,這個家夥在笑了!
“於是司令官匆匆說了一句:‘絞死他!’便策馬前進了,馬起初緩緩地走,隨後就跑起來。全體僚屬都跟在後面;只有一個副官在他馬鞍上回過頭來隨意地看了葉各爾一眼。
“要不服從是不可能的……葉各爾立刻被縛起來,帶去受刑。“現在他真駭壞了,他只是喘著氣喊了兩聲:‘好天啊!好天啊!’隨後又小聲說了一句:‘上帝知道,並不是我!’
“他傷心地,傷心地哭著,同我告別。我非常難過。我大聲問他:‘葉各爾!葉各爾!你怎麼不對將軍說呢?’
“這個可憐的家夥只是嗚咽地重說著:‘上帝知道,並不是我!’那個女人自己也駭著了。她萬想不到會有這樣一個可怕的結局,她自己啼哭起來!她跑去哀求大家,哀求每個人開恩,她賭咒說母雞已經找回來了,又說她決定去把這事情說明白。
“自然,這一切都沒有用。先生,那是戰時!紀律第一!那個女人越哭越是大聲了。
“葉各爾從牧師那裏得到免罪辭以後,便轉身向我說。
“‘長官,請你告訴她,不要難過……我已經寬恕了她。’”
我的朋友重述他的勤務兵這兩句最後的話時,他喃喃地說:“我可憐的葉各爾,親愛的家夥,一個真正的聖人!” 眼淚沿著他衰老的兩頰流了下來。(一八七九年八月)
從福柯權力觀看文學分類及其權力規範
(愛墾編註:有關散文詩)評獎事件啟發我們對文類權利、規則等問題的深思。對於文體的字數、行數尚且有如此嚴格的規定,那麽人們又將如何為日益豐富的文學作品分類呢?面對層出不窮的新的文學創作又該如何安排其歸屬?作者是否因文類的各種劃分、規則而影響創作?編輯要怎樣根據文體的規定而進行作品的篩選和刊發?文學的獎項要如何設定才能有益於鼓勵創作的欣欣向榮?
借助法國哲學家米歇爾·福柯的權力觀為理解這些文學現象提供新的路徑。福柯在多部著作中,對權力與社會、知識的關係作過廣泛而深刻的論述,按照他的觀點,權力是由一切支配力和控制力構成的一種網絡關係,“權力話語”無所不在,文學活動也擺脫不了權力話語的制約。
福柯認為:“權力不應被看作是一種所有權,而應被稱為一種戰略;它的支配效應不應被歸因於——占有,而應歸因於調度、計謀、策略、技術、動作。”在對權力的機制分析中,影響最大的是“規訓”(Discipline)這個核心概念,福柯用這個術語指近代社會所產生的一種特殊的權力技術,“規范化”是這種權力技術的核心。
規范化管理、技術等現代制度,都被視為統治的力量。就“文類權利”而言,規范化的管理、技術就表現在如二分法、四分法等分類制度的設定上,它們即是對創作的約束、規訓、支配,創作者為了參與這一套制度,常常不得不妥協,受權利約束,在制度的規訓支配下創作。
例如魯迅文學獎設置了短篇、中篇小說獎,如果長篇小說想要獲獎,就只能轉化或壓縮為中短篇小說。第五屆魯迅文學獎評審時,首次將舊體詩詞也列入評獎的范圍作為詩歌的一種入評,而散文詩卻扔被排除在評選范圍之外。
魯迅曾告訴友人:“他的哲學都包括在他的《野草》里”,在致蕭軍信中提到:“我的那本《野草》技術並不算壞……”,對於其他作品,魯迅似乎從未從藝術方面給予自己如此的肯定。假使《野草》穿越回來,可能連入圍魯迅詩歌獎的資格都沒有,難道不是對以魯迅命名的文學獎的極大嘲諷?
文學獎的設定、作品的選編、刊發與文類的劃分相互增強,文學獎規則的設定與頒發使得這一套文類制度更為嚴密、精細,表現為不合規定即無資格入選、獲獎、選編的“懲罰”,甚至以壓倒一切的輻射力量給予否決或剔除,把不符合“規范化”的作品逼入“他者”的地域。
這些規范化地管理使得“文類權利”深入人心,堅不可摧,並讓規訓對象產生慣性的思維方式。但反抗者也無所不在,權利與反抗是一對辯證的關係。
權利既是壓抑的力量,也是建設的力量。“哪里有權力,哪里就有反抗。 ” 規訓權力雖強大,但也遭到各種反抗。作為權力關係的一部分,反抗的存在從未離開過權力,反抗正是在權力關係發揮作用的地方形成的。因此,各種爭執的事件在所難免。 (張翼《散文詩文體獨立的文化價值與意義》2017/08/13 來源:散文詩人)
愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.
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