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Comment by Dokusō-tekina aidea 8 hours ago

（續上）然後是靈魂，很多作家都會寫死人，以死人的角度去寫生前事。但托卡爾丘克不同，她仍然是站在死人的角度，但她的側重點不是生前事，而是展現了一個靈魂是如何變成惡靈的過程。

俏皮甚至略帶幽默的語言蓋過了死亡的沉重感，如關於溺死鬼普魯什奇之死是這樣寫的：「普魯什奇在八月的某一天掉進池塘裡淹死了，只因喝下的酒把他的血液濃度稀釋得太稀。他從沃拉趕著大車回家，給月亮的陰影嚇得突然受驚的馬匹翻了車。農夫掉進了淺淺的水中，而馬匹則羞愧地離去了。」

之後，當溺死鬼意識到自己已死，他的靈魂開始漂浮，游蕩，並且最終變成惡靈，「他不惜一切代價，力圖給遇到的生靈造成某種禍害，大小都成，只要是禍害。」這一切是因為他相信正是死亡幫助它獲得解放。由此，作者為我們呈現了一個死人的世界。

如此奇詭，以不同觀察點切入，對小細節的古怪把握，呈現的斑斕世界在書中不止筆者提到的這幾處，還有如菌絲體的世界、天使的世界、上帝的世界、游戲的世界等等。

在作家的筆下，萬事萬物皆可書寫，萬事萬物皆有靈魂。正如作家在獲得諾獎後的演講中說的那樣：「餐具櫃中的盤子會相互交談，抽屜裡的刀叉是一個大家庭。動物是神秘、智慧和有自我意識的生物，精神的聯系和深刻的相似性一直將我們與它們聯結在一起。河流、森林、道路也有它們的存在——它們是有生命的，勾勒出我們生活空間的地圖，為我們構建起一種歸屬感，一個神秘的空間。我們周遭的景觀有生命，太陽、月亮和所有天體有生命。整個可見和不可見的世界都有生命。」

由此，我們領略了一幅波瀾壯闊的農村自然生活圖景，也讓我們感受到了托卡爾丘克寫作的獨特魅力。

她的小說創作有著不同於傳統小說的寫作手法，碎片化敘事、神秘主義、心理描寫、哲學思考等交織糅合在一起，讓文本在現實主義的基礎上，籠罩著亦真亦幻的神秘氛圍。作家坦言說她早已不滿足於傳統的現實主義寫作手法，她認為「現實主義寫法不足以描述這個世界，因為人在世界上的體驗必然承載更多，包括情感、直覺、困惑、奇異的巧合、怪誕的情境以及幻想」。但同時，作家也沿襲了經典的寫作手法，即講好故事，注重故事的可讀性。這也是為何筆者在前文說《太古和其他的時間》並不晦澀難讀的原因。

在她的作品中，神話、傳說、想像與現實水乳交融，一方面充滿了對神秘和未知的探索，一方面又關注現實與人性，加之流暢、詩意的語言，使得人物形象鮮活，各有特色。

碎片化的敘事看似互不關聯，但當把這些碎片串聯在一起時，產生了奇妙的化學反應。即人物曲折命運的遭遇在大時代下的沉重。同時作家又刻意以俏皮幽默的語言來淡化沉重，但由輕盈折射出的沉重，就宛如笑著哭的戲劇，反而更凸顯小人物的苦難。

此外，托卡爾丘克還善於將相互矛盾的東西聯系在一起，深邃的哲學思考賦予其作品思辨性，上帝、天使、人類、鬼魂、植物、動物、靜物等等不同尋常的事物不斷湧動在日常生活之中，各含多重的隱喻性擴展了小說的內部空間。作家的諾獎獲獎詞是： 「有著百科全書般的敘述想象力，把橫跨界限作為生命的一種形式。」可謂精准恰當。

同為擅於將神話敘事運用到自己寫作中的女性作家，弗蘭納里·奧康納、托妮·莫里森、納丁·戈迪默等女性作家的寫作是傳統現實主義的寫作，小說中的“神話＂模式或敘事是系統性的，是有頭有尾的宏大敘事，主要人物、次要人物都很清楚。如莫里森的小說《柏油娃》就是以同名非洲民間故事為框架構思，將男女主角森和雅丹與兔子和柏油娃相對應。但托卡爾丘克則完全不是。托卡爾丘克雖然也借助了神話，但不再是傳統意義上的「神話敘事」模式，而是進入古老的神話傳說中擷取了部分元素，碎片化的進行了建構；因而她的小說不再是傳統的現實主義敘事。

她散碎，多元，去中心化，而這恰好與當下的時代特征契合。因為這個世界的本質就是「碎片化」的，尤其在如今這個日益浮躁的社會，我們的日常生活便是由種種信息「碎片"編織補綴而成。作家曾說，「寫小說對我而言，就是對人講神話故事，讓人在神話中走向成熟。」但可惜的是，現在的人好像已經不太相信「神話」了。

（《太古和其他的時間》：有一種寫作叫奧爾加•托卡爾丘克，搜狐，2021-01-20）

Comment by Dokusō-tekina aidea on May 7, 2025 at 3:18pm

愛墾APP·單子：精神單位～～萊布尼茨（Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz，1646-1716）在其哲學體系中提出的「單子」（Monad，德文為 Monade）是指宇宙中最基本、不可分的實體（substance），是精神性的單位，每一個單子都是一個獨特的、不可穿透的「窗口封閉」的實體。問題是這些單子是否包括植物、生物，乃至人造物？

我們可以從萊布尼茨的哲學體系中分幾個層次來看：

一、植物等生物是否包含單子？

是的，植物和動物都包含單子。事實上，萊布尼茨認為所有的生命體都由單子構成，而且其中包含所謂的「主導單子」（dominant monad），即靈魂或主導意識：

動物擁有主導單子（即「靈魂」），因此它們能感覺並有某種程度的意識。

植物也有單子，但其主導單子的「知覺」和「欲望」是極微弱的。

人類的主導單子具有「反思知覺」（apperception），即自我意識。

換句話說，對萊布尼茨而言，生命體都由一系列的單子構成，其中的主導單子決定該實體的統一性和生命特征。

二、人造物是否包含單子？

這裡需要更仔細地區分：

人造物（如鐘表、椅子、建築物）本身不是單子，也不必然包含主導單子。

它們可能是單子組成的集合，但不具有「統一的本體性」（即沒有「靈魂」或主導單子）。

因此，萊布尼茨將其視為「機器的聚合」（aggregation of machines），或者說是單子的組合體，而不是真實的個體（substance）。

例如：一個鐘表雖然精密複雜，但它只是多個單子的組合，並不具有統一意識或「主導單子」。所以它在哲學意義上不是一個真正的「實體」，而是一個復合體。

總結：植物和生物：包含單子，尤其是有「主導單子」，因而被視為真正的實體（substance）; 人造物：可以由單子組成，但本身不是單子，也不一定包含主導單子，因此在萊布尼茨眼中只是「偶然的組合體」。

Comment by Dokusō-tekina aidea on April 11, 2025 at 9:05am

記憶：人生「已成定局」～～這些記憶對克瑙斯高的人生來說都「已成定局」，只是作家透過寫作「再一次」經歷，並在我們閱讀時和他一同經歷。我一直以為，這種對已成定局的過往感傷是很親暱私密的，唯有傑出的作家才能把陌生的讀者拉進其中。（吳明益〈去到那裡／哪裡：我讀到的卡爾．奧韋．克瑙斯高〉2021-05-01）

Comment by Dokusō-tekina aidea on September 24, 2024 at 12:08pm

50 most popular quotations by Karl Kraus

[Karl Kraus was an Austrian writer, journalist, and satirist, known for his sharp wit and criticism of the press, culture, and society. His aphorisms are still highly regarded for their insight and biting humor. Here are 50 of his most popular quotations.]

1. "The devil is an optimist if he thinks he can make people meaner."

2. "Journalists write because they have nothing to say, and they have something to say because they write."

3. "Corruption is worse than prostitution. The latter might endanger the morals of an individual, the former invariably endangers the morals of the entire country."

4. "There are women who can make a man feel that he is a man. That’s why they like women who make them feel they are boys."

5. "Morality is a burglar’s tool whose merit lies in never being left behind at the scene of the crime."

6. "A writer is someone who can make a riddle out of an answer."

7. "The closer the look one takes at a word, the greater distance from which it looks back."

8. "A man’s manners are a mirror in which he shows his portrait."

9. "Psychoanalysis is that mental illness for which it regards itself as therapy."

10. "Education is what most receive, many pass on, and few possess."

11. "Squeeze human nature into the straitjacket of criminal justice and crime will appear."

12. "Progress, under whose feet the grass is growing, has always been the wrong road for the traveler."

13. "Children play soldiers. That makes sense. But why do soldiers play children?"

14. "A weak man has doubts before a decision; a strong man has them afterwards."

15. "I don’t like to meddle in my private affairs."

Comment by Dokusō-tekina aidea on September 24, 2024 at 12:36am

16. "He who knows nothing is closer to the truth than he whose mind is filled with falsehoods and errors."

17. "The truth is always a labyrinth, requiring careful navigation, but its beauties are beyond compare."

18. "The world is a prison in which solitary confinement is preferable."

19. "Democracy means the opportunity to be everyone’s slave."

20. "Laws are like spider webs, which catch the little flies, but let the big ones pass."

21. "The world’s history is one long, gruesome charade in which the worst crimes are sanctioned in the name of progress."

22. "The war has brought out the courage of men and the cowardice of nations."

23. "The invention of printing press has made a bridge between the Tower of Babel and the World Trade Center."

24. "It is the paper that puts the lie in all the mouths."

25. "Liberty has never come from the government. Liberty has always come from the subjects of it."

26. "There is nothing so pitiable as a misunderstood and overestimated man."

27. "Morality is a burglar's tool whose merit lies in never being left behind at the scene of the crime."

28. "The price of freedom is eternal surveillance."

29. "Artists have a right to be modest and a duty to be vain."

30. "Language is the mother of thought, not its handmaiden."

31. "What we understand is nothing; we only ever understand ourselves."

32. "The catastrophe of the world is not that people do not know, but that they do not listen."

33. "Love between the sexes is a war. If not for love, the world would not exist."

34. "An aphorism never coincides with the truth: it is either a half-truth or one-and-a-half truths."

35. "People who believe in immortality are like soldiers who shoot at a flag."

36. "The streets of Vienna are paved with culture; the streets of other cities with asphalt."

37. "He who has something to say hides it between the lines."

38. "War is, at first, the hope that one will be better off; next, the expectation that the other fellow will be worse off; then, the satisfaction that he isn't any better off; and finally, the surprise at everyone's being worse off."

39. "Artists have a right to be modest and a duty to be vain."

40. "The devil is an optimist if he thinks he can make people meaner."

Comment by Dokusō-tekina aidea on September 23, 2024 at 6:34pm

(Con't From) 41. "The secret of the demagogue is to appear as dumb as his audience so that these people can believe themselves as clever as he."

42. "Children play soldiers. That makes sense. But why do soldiers play children?"

43. "The moral of journalism is that there is no such thing as a neutral observer."

44. "A child becomes an adult when he realizes that he has a right not only to be right but also to be wrong."

45. "An illusion in existence is worth two realities in the imagination."

46. "How is the world ruled and led to war? Diplomats lie to journalists and believe these lies when they see them in print."

47. "The right word may be effective, but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause."

48. "When you’ve written what you want to say, always take out the first and the last sentence."

49. "A weak man has doubts before a decision; a strong man has them afterwards."

50. "It is not just that those who learn to win the crowd, and those who are able to win over their colleagues, are winning each other."

(50 most popular quotations by Karl Kraus, Karl Kraus was an Austrian writer, journalist, and satirist, known for his sharp wit and criticism of the press, culture, and society. His aphorisms are still highly regarded for their insight and biting humor.
Kraus’s quotes often appeared first in his periodical, "Die Fackel," and were later compiled into books and collections posthumously by various editors and scholars. His writings remain influential in the realms of satire, journalism, and aphoristic literature.

Here are 50 of his most popular quotations.

These quotations reflect Kraus' deep skepticism of society, language, and the press, often articulated with sharp wit and dark humor. These quotes are extracted from a variety of his works, rather than a single book. He was prolific, writing aphorisms, essays, and satirical pieces across many different platforms. Some key sources include:

1. "Die Fackel" (The Torch) Kraus's own literary and political magazine, where many of his aphorisms, essays, and critiques were first published.

2. "Aphorismen" (Aphorisms) Kraus was known for his sharp and concise aphorisms, which were often compiled in various collections.

3. "Sprüche und Widersprüche" (Sayings and Contradictions) A well-known collection of his aphorisms.

4. "Pro Domo et Mundo" A book containing his essays and aphorisms.

5. "Literature and Lies" Another collection of his critiques and reflections on society and literature.

6. "The Last Days of Mankind" (Die letzten Tage der Menschheit) A dramatic work that contains many of Kraus’s most famous satirical and critical lines.

Comment by Dokusō-tekina aidea on April 30, 2021 at 11:53am

石黑一雄·不像有狗來過

“我已經照你的建議做了，把整個地方弄得很亂，看起來還是沒有說服力。根本就不像有狗來過，倒像是開藝術展覽還差不多。”

他沈默半晌，或許是在專心盯著他的行李。接著他說：“我能了解你的問題。那里畢竟是別人的家，你想必大受拘束。不然這樣，我來告訴你幾樣我衷心希望摧毀的東西。你有在聽嗎，雷？我要你毀掉這幾樣東西：那個愚蠢的、瓷做的公牛。在CD音響旁，那個該死的大衛·科瑞去拉哥斯（Lagos）帶回來的禮物。你可以先把那東西摔碎，當個起頭。說真的，我根本不在意你破壞什麽。乾脆把所有東西都毀了吧！”

“查理，我想你需要冷靜一下。”

“好、好。但是那間公寓堆滿垃圾，就像我們現在的婚姻一樣。堆積如山、看了就煩的垃圾。那張軟綿綿的紅沙發；你知道我在說什麽嗎，雷？”

“嗯，事實上，我剛剛才在上面打盹兒。”(石黑一雄《夜曲》 の《或雨或晴 Come Rain or Come Shine》)

延續閱讀 》埃及新王朝時期的情歌