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Comment by Host Studio 5 hours ago

丹納《藝術哲學》輪廓與色調～～在尼德蘭（编註：荷蘭），地面上無甚稀奇，物體的輪廓都在朦朧彌漫的水氣中顯得軟綿綿、模糊不清，因此，物體的表面成了主要的對象。一頭在吃草的牛、田野中間的屋頂、倚著欄桿的人，都像其他顏色中的一個色調而已。

物體的顯現，不是脫穎而出的，不是從周圍的景物中一下子跳將出來的，引起注意的是它顯像的過程，也就是說，從暗到明的構成，顏色由淡至濃的層次變化。

這兩樣因素把物體的總的色調變成一個凸出來的形象，使視覺感到物體的厚度（註：伯格著的《荷蘭的博物館》第206頁：「北方的美給你留下的印象在於造型而不在線條。在北方，形狀不是以線條而是以凸出的面浮現出來。可以這樣講，自然界表現自己不是靠素描。你在意大利城市里散步一小時，凖會遇見一個輪廓清晰的女子，整個體形令你想起希臘的雕像，側影像希臘的寶石浮雕，但你在安特衛普住上一年也不會遇到一個人的身體使你想到用輪廓來表現。那邊的人給你的印象只是一個凸出的形體，唯有顏色才能表達……每樣東西都不讓你看到輪廓，只給你一個整體」）。你一定要在當地住上幾日，方可體會這種線條從屬於面的現象。

畫家對這些細微之處極為敏銳，不會把色階中的極端放到一起，而只選取變化的開始部分；他奏出的音律總體上婉轉低徊，只偶爾會有明快的節拍；他所展現的是一種新的和諧，明暗之間的和諧，濃淡之間的和諧，情緒上的和諧，表現力很廣，也很深入；他常用髒兮兮的黃色、酒糟色、攙和的灰色、模糊的黑色，抹在這里或那里以突出形象，而這種塗抹卻呢個達到觸動人心的效果。這是繪畫史上最後的偉大發明，繪畫最能迎合現代人心靈的在於這一點，倫勃朗在荷蘭的天色中領會到的也是這一種色彩。

成功的生活之道在於耐得住性子、受得了苦差；壞了再造，從頭開始；堅持下去，不要讓一陣陣的怒火把你日常的努力毀掉，也不要隨著漫無邊際的畫像改變了努力的方向。 對於形象感不強烈的日耳曼人，鎮定、好思索便成了他的風格；對快感的要求不高，使他能夠不厭其煩地去做並不愜意的事情；由於感覺比較遲鈍，他更喜歡深度鑽研，不太在乎形式，重實質，輕外表；他不容易衝動，也就很少失去耐性，很少瘋狂發作；做事有條理性，使他能夠持之以恆去完成曠日持久的事業。總之，在他身上，外部的誘惑較少，內部的暴躁也見少，所以清醒的認識掌握著一切，理智更好地控制者內心的反抗與外在的沖擊。

Comment by Host Studio on February 1, 2025 at 1:07pm

納博科夫·令人不安的一絲天才的影子～～《舵手》日報的編輯（也是我最早的一些作品的出版者）約瑟夫·弗拉基米洛維奇·黑森極其寬容地，允許我用自己不成熟的詩作填補他的詩歌欄。柏林的憂傷的黃昏，街角開花的栗子樹，輕浮，貧困，愛情，微帶橘黃色的商店中過早點亮的燈光，以及對仍然新鮮的濃烈的俄羅斯氣味的肉體上的痛苦渴望——所有這一切都放進韻律之中，抄寫出來，送到了編輯的辦公室，在那兒，眼睛近視的黑森會拿著這首新的詩作貼到臉前，在這個短暫的、多少是觸覺的認知行為後把它放在辦公桌上。

到一九二八年的時候，我的小說的德文譯本開始帶來一些收入，在一九二九年的春天，你和我到比利牛斯山去捕蝶。但是只是在一九三〇年代末我們才永遠地離開了柏林，盡管早在那之前，我經常到巴黎去為公眾朗誦我的作品。

和流亡生活的流動性和戲劇性相一致的、具有相當特點的一面，是那些在私人家中或租用的大廳裡進行的文學朗誦會的反常的頻繁。各種類型的表演者非常清晰地在我腦子裡進行著的木偶戲中呈現出來。有那個眼睛像寶石的人老珠黃的女演員，她把一團緊捏著的手絹在火熱的嘴上壓了片刻後，開始將某段著名的詩篇置於她緩慢清澈的聲音的半剖析半愛撫的作用之下，以喚起對莫斯科藝術劇院的懷舊的共鳴。有那個無可救藥的二流作家，他的聲音艱難地在韻律散文的迷霧中跋涉，他把讀完的每一頁塞在還沒有讀的紙頁下面，這樣他的手稿在整個朗誦期間都保持著可怕而又可憐的厚度，他在這樣做的時候，你都能夠看見他可憐的、笨拙的，但是小心翼翼的手指的緊張的顫抖。有那個年輕詩人，他的嫉妒的兄弟們不禁在他身上看到令人不安的一絲天才的影子，和臭鼬的條紋一樣引人注目；他挺直地站在台上，臉色蒼白，目光呆滯，手裡沒有任何東西能夠將他維系在這個世界上，他會把頭一仰，用令人很不愉快的起伏的聲音吟誦他的詩歌，在結尾處突然停下，砰地關上了最後一行詩的大門，等待著掌聲填滿那一片靜寂。有那個上年紀的親愛的老師，將他讀了無數遍的絕妙故事的一個又一個精彩部分娓娓道來，而且總是以同樣的態度，一臉挑剔厭惡的表情，和他的文集的扉頁上那張相片中他高貴的佈滿皺紋的臉上的表情一樣。(弗拉基米爾·納博科夫《說吧，記憶：自傳追述》)

Comment by Host Studio on June 8, 2024 at 10:13pm

他將這種「特有的、精神高貴的、天性貴族的藝術」，在「與藝術聖事不相稱的」群眾身上引起的憤怒，歸因於這種藝術引發的「屈辱」和「陰暗的卑微感」：「在一個半世紀裡，『人民』、群眾自詡為整個社會。斯特拉文斯基的音樂或皮蘭德婁的喜劇具有迫使他們看到自己的本來面目的社會學力量，他們是『普通的人民』，社會結構的簡單成分之一，歷史進程的惰性材料，精神宇宙的次要因素。令一方面，年輕的藝術也促使『最優秀的人』在多數人的單調乏味中，互相認識和互相認可並了解自己的使命，即需要人數少並同多數人斗爭。」—— 引自第46頁·引自 第一章 文化貴族的爵位和領地

the cognitive structures which social agents implement in their practical knowledge of the social world are internalized, 『embodied』 social structures. The practical knowledge of the social world that is presupposed by 『reasonable』 behaviour within it implements classificatory schemes, historical schemes or perception and appreciation which are the product of the objective division into classes. And which function below the level of consciousness and discourse. Being the product of the incorporation of the fundamental structures of a society, these principles of division are common to all the agents of the society and make possibe the production of a common, meaningful world, a common-sense world. —— 引自第468頁·基本结论之一

（摘自：布爾迪厄的《區分副標題: 判斷力的社會批判》（Distinction）; 副標題: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste; 作者: Pierre Bourdieu 皮埃爾·布爾迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu [1930年-2002年]；出版年: 2010-04-23；出版社: Routledge；頁數: 640；中文版譯者: 劉暉；出版社: 商務印書館；出版年: 2015-10頁數: 943）

Comment by Host Studio on July 5, 2023 at 1:06pm

He Wants to Save Classics From Whiteness. Can the Field Survive? By Rachel Poser

Dan-el Padilla Peralta thinks classicists should knock ancient Greece and Rome off their pedestal — even if that means destroying their discipline.

In the world of classics, the exchange between Dan-el Padilla Peralta and Mary Frances Williams has become known simply as “the incident.” Their back-and-forth took place at a Society of Classical Studies conference in January 2019 — the sort of academic gathering at which nothing tends to happen that would seem controversial or even interesting to those outside the discipline.

But that year, the conference featured a panel on “The Future of Classics,” which, the participants agreed, was far from secure. On top of the problems facing the humanities as a whole — vanishing class sizes caused by disinvestment, declining prominence and student debt — classics was also experiencing a crisis of identity.

Long revered as the foundation of “Western civilization,” the field was trying to shed its self-imposed reputation as an elitist subject overwhelmingly taught and studied by white men. Recently the effort had gained a new sense of urgency: Classics had been embraced by the far right, whose members held up the ancient Greeks and Romans as the originators of so-called white culture. Marchers in Charlottesville, Va., carried flags bearing a symbol of the Roman state; online reactionaries adopted classical pseudonyms; the white-supremacist website Stormfront displayed an image of the Parthenon alongside the tagline “Every month is white history month.”

Padilla, a leading historian of Rome who teaches at Princeton and was born in the Dominican Republic, was one of the panelists that day. For several years, he has been speaking openly about the harm caused by practitioners of classics in the two millenniums since antiquity: the classical justifications of slavery, race science, colonialism, Nazism and other 20th-century fascisms. Classics was a discipline around which the modern Western university grew, and Padilla believes that it has sown racism through the entirety of higher education.

Comment by Host Studio on July 5, 2023 at 1:06pm

Last summer, after Princeton decided to remove Woodrow Wilson’s name from its School of Public and International Affairs, Padilla was a co-author of an open letter that pushed the university to do more. “We call upon the university to amplify its commitment to Black people,” it read, “and to become, for the first time in its history, an anti-racist institution.” Surveying the damage done by people who lay claim to the classical tradition, Padilla argues, one can only conclude that classics has been instrumental to the invention of “whiteness” and its continued domination.

In recent years, like-minded classicists have come together to dispel harmful myths about antiquity. On social media and in journal articles and blog posts, they have clarified that contrary to right-wing propaganda, the Greeks and Romans did not consider themselves “white,” and their marble sculptures, whose pale flesh has been fetishized since the 18th century, would often have been painted in antiquity. They have noted that in fifth-century-B.C. Athens, which has been celebrated as the birthplace of democracy, participation in politics was restricted to male citizens; thousands of enslaved people worked and died in silver mines south of the city, and custom dictated that upper-class women could not leave the house unless they were veiled and accompanied by a male relative. They have shown that the concept of Western civilization emerged as a euphemism for “white civilization” in the writing of men like Lothrop Stoddard, a Klansman and eugenicist. Some classicists have come around to the idea that their discipline forms part of the scaffold of white supremacy — a traumatic process one described to me as “reverse red-pilling” — but they are also starting to see an opportunity in their position. Because classics played a role in constructing whiteness, they believed, perhaps the field also had a role to play in its dismantling. （Source: https://www.nytimes.com，Published Feb. 2, 2021）

Comment by Host Studio on November 23, 2021 at 12:12am

布爾迪厄《區分：判斷力的社會批判》——小資產階級不懂得把文化遊戲當成一種遊戲來玩：他們對文化過分嚴肅，不允許自已虛張聲勢或欺騙，或簡而言之不允許自己表現疏遠和隨意，而疏遠和隨意正能表明一種真正的熟習；他過分嚴肅，無法逃避對無知或錯誤的永久焦慮，無法以那些跟不上形勢的人的冷漠，或那些自感有權承認甚或甘於貧乏者的超脫來對抗考驗，從而規避考驗。

他們把文化等同於知識，認為有教養的人就是擁有一個巨大知識寶庫的人，當後者通過一句風趣話一一類似主教可能以鄉村神甫被禁止的隨便態度所說的這類針對教義的風趣話一一宣稱，若回到最簡單的和最崇高的表達，文化可歸結為與文化的一種關係（「文化，是當一個人忘記了一切之後剩下的東西」）時，他們是無法相信的。

他們將文化變成了一個生或死、真或假的問題，不會懷疑不負責任的自信，狂妄的放肆，甚至一篇憑靈感的關於哲學、藝術或文字的隨筆中哪怕一頁意味著的隱藏的誠實。他們僅僅是有知識的人，無法與文化保持熟習的關係，而這種關係肯定了那些通過出身，也就是通過天性和本質與文化聯系在一起的人的隨便和大膽。（引自第六章·良好的文化意願，Pierre Bourdieu，2010，Distinction —— A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste，Routledge，2010-04-23）

Comment by Host Studio on January 2, 2021 at 4:53pm

杜威：社會珍視價值的工具

杜威指出：“民主主義和教育有相互的關係，因為不但民主主義本身是一個教育的原則，而且如果沒有我們通常所想的狹義教育，沒有我們所想的家庭教育和學校教育，民主主義便不能維持下去，更談不到發展。教育不是唯一的工具，但它是第一的工具，首要的工具，最審慎的工具。通過這種工具，任何社會團體所珍視的價值，其所欲實現的目標，都被分配和提供給個人，讓其思考、觀察、判斷和選擇。”呂達等主編：《杜威教育文集》，北京：人民教育出版社，2008年，第五卷，第385頁。

Comment by Host Studio on December 20, 2020 at 11:20pm

張靜《案例分析的目標》

相對於自然科學，社會科學運用的證明材料具有多樣性：調查數據、歷史文獻、工作日記、口述紀要、影像材料、碑文印刻、族譜家書、文字檔案、事件軌跡、以及行為過程記錄等。這些材料有些可以數據化，有些雖不可，但同樣能反映社會行為的特質，完全可以作為重要證據使用。比如，戰爭的慘烈狀況既可以用傷亡人數，也可以用親歷者的日記、回憶、繪畫、對話、甚至行為及心理狀況來證明。（張靜：案例分析的目標——從故事到知識（1））