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Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on May 9, 2024 at 12:59pm

馬中建交50周年紀念征文

（雙溪大年2024年5月30日訊）由馬、中兩國多個團體聯手策動的「馬中建交50周年紀征文」活動，即日起接受投稿，並將選取適當數量的文章來結集出版。截稿日期為今年7月31日。

作品題目自擬，自由發揮書寫雙邊探親、旅游、訪問、經商、留學、就業、交友或其他經歷乃至展望。

 马来西亚第二任首相敦拉萨与中国总理周恩来摄于1974年5月31日马中建交签署联合公报仪式上

跨越邊界 美美與共

征稿要求方面，（A）散文：不超過2000字；（B）微型小說：不超過1500字；（C）新詩:不超過50行；（D）古詩：近體詩，只限「七律」；不限韻。其中A、B、C共3項，計劃馬中各錄取合共最多50篇；D項則計劃馬中各錄取最多30首。作品獲得錄取者，將獲贈3本專輯。

這項以「跨越邊界·美美與共」為主題的征文，主辦單位是中國的深圳市寶安區松崗街道辦事處，及我國的馬來西亞華文作家協會「檳吉玻聯委會」、馬來西亞華人文化協會「吉打州分會」。

指導單位為中國的深圳市作家協會，及我國的馬來西亞華文作家協會、馬來西亞華人文化協會。協辦單位為中國的深圳市寶安區作家協會、深圳市寶安區松崗街道作家協會，並以中國深圳市寶安區詩詞協會為支持單位。

作協檳吉玻聯委會代主席乙狼表示，這項征文活動旨在慶祝馬來西亞和中國建立邦交50周年金禧紀念、促進兩國文化交流、傳播兩國互惠共贏，弘揚正能量。

所有馬來西亞公民以及中國人民皆可投稿，惟是否錄取乃主辦單位的絕對權限。

至於投稿方式，需以附夾的方式（attachment），一次性電郵2份文件，即：作品（需以中文簡體打字、Microsoft Word、宋體、14號字)，及個人簡歷，資料包括中英文姓名、性別、身分證號碼（新）、職業、通訊地址、聯絡電話號碼、電郵郵址。

電郵郵址為：zxnorth2019@gmail.com。詢問：019-445 9441（梁永樂）。

（2024年05月01日 南洋商报）

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 22, 2024 at 3:01pm

Secretary-General of ASEAN honours celebration of ASEAN-China Year of People-to-People Exchanges and Lunar New Year Reception

Today, Secretary-General of ASEAN, Dr. Kao Kim Hourn, attended a reception hosted by Ambassador of China to ASEAN, Hou Yanqi, in celebration of the ASEAN-China Year of People-to-People Exchanges as well as in welcoming the Lunar New Year. During his remarks, SG Dr. Kao congratulated China for the successful Launching Ceremony of the ASEAN-China Year of People-to-People Exchanges on 2 February 2024 in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China. SG Dr. Kao highlighted the importance of the designation of 2024 as the ASEAN-China Year of People-to-People Exchanges as a great momentum to enhance cooperation and promote interaction, mutual understanding and friendship among the peoples of ASEAN and China, which will contribute to the advancement of the ASEAN-China Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. (https://asean.org February 7, 2024)

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 3, 2024 at 12:22am

Photo Credit [below] Pete Moorhouse

地方文化營銷 0.1：文旅創生+雕塑文創

Philip Kotler 在 Marketing Places:

Attracting Investment, Industry, and Tourism to Cities,

State, and Nations （1993，151頁）一書中指出，

有三種工具可以塑造一個地方的形象：口號、主題與定位。

INDRIYA 文化特區

LITERATURE: The Great Story Continues

PARK: The Cultural & Creative Hub

A 旅遊·把故事說好的快意

A《愛墾·鄉頻道》濱雪鄉鎮

A 我们这样走過歷史 [馬来群島史]

A 海絲大典

A 一帶一路·札記

A 海絲路·文化·軟實力

A 推薦圖文

A 海絲路·文化·軟實力

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 30, 2024 at 5:26pm

林远辉著《中文古籍中的马来西亚资料汇编》
（马来西亚中华大会堂总会, 1998，8、9頁)

自日南障塞、徐聞、合浦船行可五月，有都元國，又船行可四月，有邑盧沒國；又船行可二十余日，有諶離國；步行可十余日，有夫甘都盧國。自夫甘都盧國船行可二月余，有黃支國，民俗略與珠厓相類。其州廣大，戶口多，多異物，自武帝以來皆獻見。有譯長，屬黃門，與應募者俱入海市明珠、璧流離、奇石異物，齎黃金，雜繒而往。所至國皆稟食為耦，蠻夷賈船，轉送致之。亦利交易，剽殺人。又苦逢風波溺死，不者數年來還。大珠至圍二寸以下。平帝元始中，王莽輔政，欲耀威德，厚遺黃支王，令遣使獻生犀牛。自黃支船行可八月，到皮宗；船行可二月，到日南、象林界雲。黃支之南，有已程不國，漢之譯使自此還矣。（班固·《漢書》·卷二十八下地理志第八下）

元嘉十九年（442）......是歲，婆皇國遣使獻方物。（沈約，《宋書》，卷五，本紀第五◎文帝）

元嘉二十六年（449），......"車駕水路發丹徒，壬午，至京師。丙戌，婆皇國，壬辰，婆達國，並遣使獻方物。（沈約，《宋書》，卷五，本紀第五◎文帝）

元嘉二十八年（451）......丁巳，婆皇國，戊戌，河南王，並遣使獻方物。
（沈約，《宋書》，卷五，本紀第五◎文帝）

孝建二年（455）八月辛酋，斤陀利國遣使獻方物。（沈約，《宋書》，卷六 本紀第六◎孝武帝）

（大明三年<459>）春正月）丙申，婆皇國遣使獻方物。（沈約，《宋書》，卷六 本紀第六◎孝武帝）

（大明八年 [464]）秋7月）庚戌，婆皇國遣使獻方物。（沈約，《宋書》，卷七 本紀第七◎前廢帝）

（元徽元年 [473] 三月丙申）婆利國遣使獻方物。（沈約，宋書，卷九，本紀第九，後廢帝）

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 30, 2024 at 5:26pm

(元嘉七年 [450] ) 訶羅單國，治阇婆洲。元嘉七年，遣使獻金剛指鈽、赤鸚鵡鳥、天竺國白壘古貝、葉波國古貝等物。十年，呵羅單國王毗沙跋摩奉表曰：

勝天子陛下：諸佛世尊，常樂安隱，三達六通，為世間道，是名如來，應供正覺，遺形舍利，造諸塔像，莊嚴國土，如須彌山，村邑聚落，次第羅匝，城郭館宇，如忉利天宮，宮殿高廣，樓閣莊嚴，四兵具足，能伏怨敵，國土豐樂，無諸患難。奉承先王，正法治化，人民良善，慶無不利，處雪山陰，雪水流注，百川洋溢，八味清淨，周匝屈曲，順趣大海，一切眾生，咸得受用。於諸國土，殊勝第一，是名震旦，大宋揚都，承嗣常勝大王之業，德合天心，仁蔭四海，聖智周備，化無不順，雖人是天，護世降生，功德寶藏，大悲救世，為我尊主常勝天子。是故至誠五體敬禮。呵羅單國王毗沙跋摩稽首問訊。

其後為子所纂奪。十三年，又上表曰：

大吉天子足下：離淫怒痴，哀愍群生，想好具足，天龍神等，恭敬供養，世尊威德，身光明照，如水中月，如日初囗間自豪，普照十方，其白如雪，亦如月光，清淨如華，顏色照耀，威儀殊勝，諸天龍神之所恭敬，以正法寶，梵行眾僧，莊嚴國土，人民熾盛，安隱快樂。城閣高峻，如乾他山，眾多勇士，守護此城，樓閣莊嚴，道巷平正，著種種衣，猶如天服，於一切國，為最殊勝吉。揚州城無憂天主，愍念群生，安樂民人，律儀清淨，慈心深廣，正法治化，共養三寶，名稱遠至，一切並聞。民人樂見，如月初生，譬如梵王，世界之主，一切人天，恭敬作禮。呵羅單跋摩以頂禮足，猶如現前，以體布地，如殿陛道，供養恭敬，如奉世尊，以頂著地，曲躬問訊。

忝承先業，嘉慶無量，忽為惡子所見爭奪，遂失本國。今唯一心歸誠天子，以自存命。今遣毗紉問訊大家，意欲自往，歸誠宣訴，復畏大海，風波不達。今命得存，亦由毗紉此人忠志，其恩難報。此是大家國，今為惡子所奪，而見驅擯，意頗忿惋，規欲雪復。伏願大家聽毗紉買諸鎧仗袍襖及馬，願為料理毗紉使得時還。前遣阇邪仙婆羅訶，蒙大家厚賜，悉惡子奪去，啟大家使知。今奉薄獻，願垂納受。

此後又遣使。二十六年，太祖詔曰："訶羅單、{般女}皇、{般女}達三國，頻越遐海，款化納貢，遠誠宜甄，可並加除授。"乃遣使策命之曰："惟汝慕義款化，效誠荒遐，恩之所洽，殊遠必甄，用敷典章，顯茲策授。爾其欽奉凝命，永固厥職，可不慎歟。"二十九年，又遣長史{般女}和沙彌獻方物。

{般女}皇國，元嘉二十六年，國王舍利{般女}羅跋摩遣使獻方物四十一種，太祖策命之為{般女}皇國王曰："惟爾仰政邊城，率貢來庭，皇澤凱被，無幽不洽。宜班典策，授茲嘉命。爾其祗順禮度，式保厥終，可不慎歟。"二十八年，復貢獻。世祖孝建三年，又遣長史竺那{般女}智奉表獻方物。以那{般女}智為振威將軍。大明三年，獻赤白鸚鵡。大明八年、太宗泰始二年，又遣使貢獻。太宗以其長史竺須羅達、前長史振威將軍竺那{般女}智並為龍驤將軍。

{般女}達國，元嘉二十六年，國王舍利不陵伽跋摩遣使獻方物。太祖策命之為婆婆達國王曰："惟爾仰化懷誠，馳慕聲教，皇風遐暨，荒服來款，是用加茲顯策，式甄義順。爾其祗順憲典，永終休福，可不慎歟。"二十六年、二十八年，復遣使獻方物。（元嘉）二十六年（449），（沈約，宋書，卷九十七，列傳第五十七，蠻夷，呵羅丹國）

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 13, 2024 at 2:33pm

Old Pahang Kingdom

Old Pahang Kingdom (Malay: Kerajaan Pahang Tua[4]) was a historical Malay polity centred in the Pahang region in the east coast of Malay Peninsula. The polity appeared in foreign records from as early as the 5th century[5] and at its height, covered much of modern state of Pahang and the entire southerly part of the peninsula.[6] Throughout its pre-Melakan history, Pahang was established as a mueang[7] or naksat[8] of some major regional Malayic mandalas including Langkasuka,[9] Srivijaya[10] and Ligor.[11] Around the middle of the 15th century, it was brought into the orbit of Melaka Sultanate and subsequently established as a vassal Muslim Sultanate in 1470, following the coronation of the grandson of the former Maharaja as the first Sultan of Pahang.[12]

The naming of Pahang relates to the ancient practice in Malayic culture of defining territorial definitions and apportioning lands by water-sheds.[13] The term 'Pahang' in referring to the kingdom thus, is thought to originate from the name of Pahang River.[14] There have been many theories on the origin of the name. According to Malay legend, across the river at Kampung Kembahang where the present stream of the Pahang parts company with the Pahang Tua, in ancient time stretched a huge mahang tree (macaranga) from which the river and kingdom derived their name. This legend agrees with oral tradition among Proto-Malay Jakun peoples that say their forefathers called the country Mahang.[15]

Other notable theory was espoused by William Linehan, that relates the early foundation of the kingdom to the settlers from ancient Khmer civilisation, and claims its naming origin to the word saamnbahang (Khmer: សំណប៉ាហាំង) meaning 'tin', based on the discovery of prehistoric tin mines in the state.[16]

There were many variations of the name Pahang in history. The Book of Song referred to the kingdom as Pohuang or Panhuang.[17] The Chinese chronicler Zhao Rugua knew it as Pong-fong. According to the continuation of Ma Duanlin's Wenxian Tongkao, Pahang was called Siam-lao thasi. By Arabs and Europeans, the kingdom was variously styled Pam, Pan, Paam, Paon, Phaan, Phang, Paham, Pahan, Pahaun, Phaung, Phahangh.[18]

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 13, 2024 at 2:33pm

Prehistory

Archaeological evidence revealed the existence of human habitation in the area that is today Pahang from as early as the paleolithic age. At Gunung Senyum have been found relics of mesolithic civilisation using paleolithic implements. At Sungai Lembing, Kuantan, have been discovered paleolithic artefacts chipped and without trace of polishing, the remains of a 6,000-year-old civilisation.[19] Traces of Hoabinhian culture is represented by a number of limestone cave sites.[20] Late neolithic relics are abundant, including polished tools, quoit discs, stone ear pendants, stone bracelets and cross-hatched bark pounders.[21] By around 400 BC, the development of bronze casting led to the flourishing of the Đông Sơn culture, notably for its elaborate bronze war drums.[22]

The early iron civilisation in Pahang that began around the beginning of Common Era is associated by prehistorians with the late neolithic culture. Relics from this era, found along the rivers are particularly numerous in Tembeling Valley, which served as the old main northern highway of communication. Ancient gold workings in Pahang are thought to date back to this early Iron Age as well.[23]

Early period

The Kra Isthmus region of the Malay peninsula and its peripheries are recognised by historians as the cradle of Malayic civilisations.[24] Primordial Malayic kingdoms are described as tributaries to Funan by 2nd century Chinese sources.[25]

Ancient settlements can be traced from Tembeling to as far south as Merchong. Their tracks can also be found in deep hinterland of Jelai, along the Chini Lake, and up to the head-waters of the Rompin.[26] A polity identified as Koli in Geographia or Kiu-Li, centred on the estuary of Pahang River south of Langkasuka, flourished in the 3rd century CE. It possessed an important international port, where many foreign ships stopped to barter and resupply.[27] In common with most of the states in the Malay Peninsula during that time, Kiu-Li was in contact with Funan. The Chinese records mention that an embassy sent to Funan by the Indian king Murunda sailed from Kiu-Li's port (between 240 and 245 CE). Murunda presented to the Funanese king Fan Chang four horses from the Yuezhi (Kushan) stud farms.[28]

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 13, 2024 at 2:32pm

By the middle of the 5th century, another polity suggestive as ancient Pahang, was described in the Book of Song as Pohuang or Panhuang (婆皇). The king of Pohuang, She-li- Po-luo-ba-mo ('Sri Bhadravarman') was recorded to have sent an envoy to the Liu Song court in 449–450 with forty-one types of products. In 456–457, another envoy of the same country, led by a Senapati, arrived at the Chinese capital, Jiankang.[29] This ancient Pahang is believed to had been established later as a mueang[30] to the mandala of Langkasuka-Kedah centred in modern-day Patani region that rose to prominence with the regression of Funan from the 6th century.[31] The Langkasuka-Kedah with its city states that controlled both coastal fronts of Malay peninsula, assumed importance in the trading network involving Rome, India and China.[32] The growth in trade brought in foreign influence throughout these city states. The discovery of many Buddhist votive tablets and Hindu icons points toward strong Indian influence during this period.[33]

By the beginning of the 8th century, Langkasuka-Kedah came under the military and political hegemony of Srivijaya. However, the gradual domination of Langkasuka-Kedah was not achieved by conventional warfare, and no records of major seaborne naval expeditions exist. The submission of Langkasuka-Kedah to the might of Srivijaya was of benefit and interest to the former for, as a commercial centre, it was useful to be allied to a powerful with a navy strong enough to protect them.[34]

Classical period

In the centuries that followed, up to the final decline of Srivijaya, Langkasuka-Kedah was one of its closest allies and Kedah rose to become a principal port and even the seat of the Srivijayan Maharaja. Langkasuka-Kedah's fortune were, therefore intertwined with Srivijaya's, and the former's decline only came after the fall of the latter to Chola raids from South India in the 11th century.[35] The power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the rise of Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, commonly known in Malay tradition as 'Ligor'. By the 13th century, the kingdom succeeded to incorporate most of the Malay Peninsula including Pahang under its mandala. During this period, Pahang, designated as Muaeng Pahang[36] was established as one of the twelve naksat city states[37] of Ligor.[38] In the early 14th century, the fortune of Ligor was in turn eclipsed by the rise of Thai Buddhist power, and the expansion southwards by Ram Khamhaeng of Sukhotai who brought it under Thai hegemony.[39]

The 14th century was the time of the earliest recorded evidence of Islam in the east coast of Malay peninsula.[40][41] The period also coincides with Pahang, began consolidating its influence in the southern part of the Malay peninsula. The kingdom, described by Portuguese historian, Manuel Godinho de Erédia as Pam, was one of the two kingdoms of Malayos in the peninsula, in succession to Pattani, that flourished before the establishment of Melaka in the 15th century. The Pahang ruler then, titled Maharaja, was also the overlord of countries of Ujong Tanah ('land's end'), the southerly part of the peninsula including Temasek.[42] The Majapahit chronicle, Nagarakretagama even used the name Pahang to designate the Malay peninsula, an indication of the importance of this kingdom.[43]

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 13, 2024 at 2:31pm

The History of Ming records several envoy missions from Pahang to the Ming court in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the year 1378, Maharaja Tajau sent envoys with a letter on a gold leaf and bringing as tribute six foreign slaves and products of the country. In the year 1411, during the reign of Maharaja Pa-la-mi-so-la-ta-lo-si-ni (transliterated by historian as 'Parameswara Teluk Chini'), he also sent envoys carrying tributes. The Chinese returned the favour in 1412 by sending the legendary Admiral Zheng He as an envoy to Pahang, and in the year 1414, Pahang sent tribute again to China. In the year 1416, they sent tribute together with Kozhikode and Java envoys, and in return Zheng He was again ordered to go to Pahang.[44]

Melakan invasion

The 15th century witnessed the rise of Melaka Sultanate, which under the Sang Sapurba dynasty had aggressively consolidated its influence on the west coast of Malay peninsula. Earlier, at the end of the 13th century, the dynasty wrested the small trading outpost at Temasek from Pahang influence and established the short-lived Kingdom of Singapura which was sacked by the Javanese a century later. The renegade last king Seri Iskandar Shah established Melaka to succeed Singapura.

Muzaffar Shah, the fifth sultan of Melaka, who reigned from 1445 to 1458, refused to acknowledge the suzerainty of Ligor over his country. The Ligorians, in assertion of their claim, sent an invading army led by Awi Chakri, overland to Melaka. The invaders, who were aided by Pahang auxiliaries, followed the old route by the Tembeling, Pahang and Bera rivers. They were easily defeated and fled back by the same route. Subsequently, they attempted a naval invasion, but were again beaten. Muzaffar Shah then conceived the idea of checking Ligorian pretensions by attacking the Ligor vassal state of Pahang. An expedition was organised by Muzaffar's son, Raja Abdullah and was personally led by the Melakan Bendahara Tun Perak with two hundred sail, big and small, accordingly proceeded to Pahang and conquered it in the year 1454. The reigning ruler of Pahang, Maharaja Dewa Sura, fled to the interior while his daughter Putri Wanang Seri was captured. The victors, anxious to gain the goodwill of the Bendahara, hastened in pursuit of the fugitive king until he was captured and carried together with his daughter to Melaka.[45]

In the year that Pahang was conquered, Raja Abdullah married Putri Wanang Seri, the daughter of the captive king, whose name had been changed, probably on conversion to Islam, to Putri Lela Wangsa. By her he had two sons Raja Ahmad and Raja Muhammad.[46]
  (Con't Below)

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 13, 2024 at 2:29pm

Administration

Little is known on the administrative system used in Pahang, but throughout its history, several government titles are recorded. The government was headed by a maharaja (literally 'emperor') as an absolute monarch,[47] a similar title held by its overlord in Ligor.[48] Towards the end of the kingdom, the maharaja was recorded by de Erédia as belonging to the same dynasty that ruled Ligor.[49] A title known as Senapati was recorded in the Book of Song, a Sanskrit word literally means 'lord of the army'. The Senapati was recorded in the Chinese chronicle to had headed several envoy missions to China.[50] Other than that, a Pahang Shahbandar was known to have ruled Temasek before the island was wrested from Pahang by the Sang Sapurba dynasty. The word Shahbandar is a title adopted from Persian that literally means 'lord of the port'.[51]

The old court name was Inderapura, and the capital has always been known as 'the town'. The pre-Melakans calling it by Sanskrit name Pura, the Malays 'Pekan', the Portuguese 'a Cidade', while the people of Rompin and Bebar described the capital as Pekan Pahang. Pura may have covered a much larger than the town known as Pekan today. In addition to modern Pekan, it appears to have comprised the land on the banks of Pahang river as far as Tanjung Langgar.[52]
Culture

The culture of ancient Pahang was the result of amalgamation of various Mon-Khmer and Malayic cultures.[53][54] The pre-Melakan inhabitants of the country, together with people of Isthmus region's civilisation further north, were collectively referred as 'Siamese' in the Malay Annals[55] of the Melaka Sultanate, although they were identified culturally as Malays by Portuguese historian de Erédia.[56] On the other hand, de Erédia adopted the term 'Siam' and applied it in a broader context, referring to the overlord of these historical 'Siamese' people, that is the Thai kingdom of Ayuthaya.[57] This broad Portuguese application of the term was later popularised as an exonym for successive Thai kingdoms by other European writers.

In the classical Malay text Hikayat Hang Tuah, it was noted that although the Pahang people regarded themselves as Malays, they spoke and sang their folk songs in an outlandish language that differs from the Malay language spoken in Melaka, which would indicate a mixture of tongues and races.[58] The pre-Melakan Pahang people were also described by Fei Xin as the adherents of Mahayana Buddhism, on which were superimposed tantric orgies involving human sacrifices. Its influence in Pahang, though it waned with the introduction of Islam, may be traced up to the beginning of the 17th century.[59]

Economy

The most important product of ancient Pahang was gold. Its auriferous mines were considered the best and the largest in the whole peninsula. It was from here that there came the gold which formed the subject of the ancient trade with Alexandria.[60] The peninsula as a whole was known to the world as a source of the precious metal to the extent that it was proclaimed Chrysḗ Chersónēsos (the golden peninsula) by Ptolemy.[61] According to Fei Xin, Pahang also produced rice, salt which was made by boiling the sea water, and wine by fermenting the sap of the coconut tree. Fei Xin also mentioned on rare and valuable forest products like camphor barus, olibanum, agarwood, sandalwood, sapanwood, pepper and many others. Pahang, in turn, imported silver, coloured silk, Java cloth, copper and ironware, gongs and boards.[62] (source: Wikipedia)

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