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Comment by 說好不准跳 7 hours ago

Motivation from the Philosophy of Science ~Following Tarski, Popper suggests that we divide the uni versal class of all statements into true and false, T and F, (Popper 1972).

He claims that the aim of science is to discover theories (explanations) whose content covers as much of T and as little of F aspossible, where the content of athe ory is the set of all statements logically entailed by it.

This set may also be divided into true and false statements (the theory's truth and falsity content). A good theory should suggest where to look, i.e. new observations which we had not thought of making before.

This is comparable to a situation where the universal class of all basic items in a domain is divided into good and bad, V and V0. If we describe the content of a program as its output set O which may be divided into good and bad arte facts, then we can claim that one aim of a creative program is to generate as much of V (and as little of V 0) as possi ble.(中文翻譯)[下續]

Comment by 說好不准跳 7 hours ago

A good system should suggest new areas of the search space to explore, i.e. find artefacts which we had notthought of generating before. If we accept this analogy, then Popper's criteria for evaluating theories sheds light on criteria for evaluating creative programs.

Popper sets out two criteria for a satisfactory theory (in addition to it logically entailing what it explains). Firstly it must not be ad hoc. That is, the theory (explicans) can not itself be evidence for the phenomena to be explained (explicandum), or vice versa.

For example if the explican dum is this rat is dead', then it is not enough to suggest that this rat ate poison' if the evidence for it having done so is it being now dead. There must be independent evi dence, such as the rat's stomach contains rat poison'.

The
opposite of an ad hoc explanation is therefore one which is independently testable. Secondly, a theory must be rich in content. For example, a theory which explains phenomena other than the specific phenomenait was designed to explain has a much richer content, and therefore has greater value than one which is less general (the principle of universality).

Applying these criteria to creative programs, if we see a programP asthetheoryandtheset ofartefactsA we wish to generate as the phenomena to be explained, then we are in terested in the independent testability of P and the richness of its content.

A program which has been carefully tailored in order to produce very specific artefacts cannot be claimed to be a good program on the grounds that it produces those artefacts. There must be independent grounds for its value, such as also generating other valuable artefacts.

Within the programming analogy, this is clearly connected to the rich ness of content criterion; the more valuable artefacts outside of A and fewer worthless artefacts a program generates, the better that program is. It is important to note that Popper's criteria are general for all scientific theories, applying to single statement explana tions as well as all-encompassing theories.

They therefore apply to any program(including subsets of larger programs) able to generate artefacts in A. The conclusion of the anal ogy is that we should aim to make our programs as general as possible. That is, any creative program which re-invents already known artefacts should also generate a reasonable number of new, valuable, artefacts.

From:The Effect of Input Knowledge on Creativity by Simon Colton, Alison Pease, Graeme Ritchie fr. Informatics Research Report EDI-INF-RR-0055. DIVISION of INFORMATICS, Centre for Intelligent Systems and their Applications, Institute for Communicating and Collaborative Systems November 2001, Appears in Proceedings of ICCBR-2001.

Comment by 說好不准跳 on November 28, 2025 at 11:13pm

本·哈欽森:歐洲缺少什麼?

Q:您認為歐洲缺少什麼,以至於今天部分歐洲人背離了它?

A:從歷史上看,它過於自信。法國將自己確立為偉大國家,同樣,歐洲也將自己視為偉大的大陸——文化的大陸、品味的大陸。問題是——為什麼以及如何歐洲這樣定義自己?因為顯然所有文明都有自己的品味、傳統和文化。經常說這種自我認知有傲慢的元素,我認為這種說法有道理。我會說,今天能夠從外部看待自己變得非常重要。我認為這正是歐洲今天所缺少的。但是接受那種目光在心理上並不簡單,這是一個複雜的過程。我不確定歐洲是否真的想聽到別人如何看待它。我們不想承認外部視角,就像我們不想承認難民一樣。與世界許多地區相比,我們擁有巨大的物質資源,但我們不想分享。我認為,這是當代歐洲最痛苦的挑戰之一。

但是從氣候危機的角度來看,我們必須承認整個歐洲地緣政治和文化動態將不可避免地發生變化。氣候將變暖,南方國家將向北移動——這是自然邏輯決定的過程,它會發生,因為它必須發生。因此,在未來五十年內,歐洲政治和文化將不可避免地面臨轉型。我們與世界其他地區的文化、學術和道德關係必須適應這些變化。從這個角度來看,比較文學將是更廣泛國際文化對話的一小部分,但很重要。我相信歐洲將無法再封閉自己——根本不會有這樣的可能性。

Q:當代文學及其比較研究能為分裂的歐洲公民提供什麼,就像康斯坦丁·卡瓦菲斯詩中那樣,在城牆外「等待野蠻人」?

A:歷史情境化——歷史視角使我們能夠更廣泛地理解現象。荷爾德林在一首最著名的詩中問道:「在貧苦時期還要詩人做什麼?」我們可以擴展這個問題: 在困難時期文化的意義究竟是什麼? 這裡沒有明確的答案。但我接近德國知識傳統中產生的觀點——文化、藝術對社會具有教育、道德影響的想法。1795年席勒在《論人的審美教育書信》中詳細闡述了這一思想。他的想法簡單但深刻:通過審美教育、通過文化,人變成更好的公民。不僅更有教養或更文明,而且更有意識的政治行動者、更有道德、更好的人。

當然,這個想法可以被過於直接地解釋。如果你讀歌德或試圖完成普魯斯特的整個《追憶似水年華》,你不會因此自動成為更有道德或更完美的公民。當然不會。但廣義而言,通過學習不同國家、語言和文化的傳統,我們越來越深刻地理解是什麼把我們帶到了現在——決定我們今天所在位置的歷史、哲學和道德過程。

讓我們回到「西方」概念本身。如果我們理解它的歷史,當政治家或公眾人物過於輕率地使用它時,我們就更有準備進行批判性回應。然後我們可以停下來問自己: 這個概念真正意味著什麼?使用這個詞的人想說什麼? 這種反思性關係使我們能夠更有意識地做出決定。因此,在我看來,歷史和文化知識仍然是培養道德和政治敏感性的最重要方式之一,沒有這種敏感性,民主社會就無法生存。簡而言之,通過學習文學和文化,我們不僅培養品味或增加知識——我們完善公民思維。

愛墾註:康斯坦丁·卡瓦菲斯 (C. P. Cavafy, 1863-1933),希臘詩人。

本·哈欽森(Ben Hutchinson)教授
現任倫敦大學巴黎研究院院長,亦為歐洲文學教授,長年致力於跨語境的人文研究。他的學術領域主要涵蓋三大範疇:其一為德國文學,特別關注十九至二十世紀思想與文學傳統;其二為比較文學,著重探討不同語言與文化間的文本交流、觀念互動與寫作形式的變化;其三為散文式非虛構寫作,研究其在現代思想史與文學批評中的地位與風格特徵。哈欽森教授的研究風格兼具深度與廣度,能在多國文學傳統間建立連結,並以清晰優雅的筆法分析文本與思想。他同時也積極參與國際學術社群,致力推動文學研究的跨文化視野與現代意義,為當代人文研究的重要代表之一。

延續閱讀:

本·哈欽森:大學與智慧聚滙點
本·哈欽森:閱讀蒙田
陳平原:為己之學
福柯:自我技藝

Comment by 說好不准跳 on October 19, 2025 at 3:17pm

列夫·馬諾維奇(Lev Manovich)觀看世界 Watching the World

[本文最初刊登於《Aperture》雜誌,第214期,2014年春季。]

去年夏天,紐約現代藝術博物館(MoMA)邀請了我於2007年創立的「軟體研究計畫」(Software Studies Initiative),探索如何將視覺化作為研究工具,並尋找以新方式呈現其攝影收藏的方法。我們獲得了大約兩萬張數位化照片的使用權,隨後利用我們的軟體,將它們組合成一張高解析度影像。

這使我們能一次觀看所有影像,從攝影媒介誕生之初一直到當代,跨越不同國家、類型、技術以及攝影師們多元的感性。

幾乎每一張經典攝影作品都包含其中——那些我反覆在不同場合見過的影像。能輕鬆放大檢視每一張照片的細節,或縮小觀看整體,對我而言幾乎是一種宗教般的體驗。

同時觀看兩萬張照片聽起來或許令人驚嘆,因為即使是最大的美術館展廳,也不可能同時展出如此龐大的數量。然而,以二十一世紀的標準來看,MoMA 的收藏與社群媒體分享平台上龐大的影像庫相比仍然顯得微薄,例如 Instagram、Flickr 與 500px。(僅 Instagram 一個平台就已經擁有超過一百六十億張照片,而 Facebook 用戶每天上傳的影像超過三億五千萬張。)

Flickr在2005年開創的「社群攝影」(social photography),為文化研究開啟了極具吸引力的新可能。數以億計的人們共同創造出的影像宇宙,可以被視為一部沒有劇本與導演的巨型紀錄片,而觀看這部紀錄片則需
要仰賴運算工具——資料庫、搜尋引擎與視覺化技術。

深入挖掘這部「紀錄片」的組成部分,可以幫助我們理解日常攝影與支配數位影像創作的習慣。當人們拍攝彼此時,他們是否偏好某些特定的取景方式,就像專業攝影師一樣?來到紐約的遊客是否拍攝相同的主題?這些選擇是否受到文化因素影響?而當他們確實拍攝相同主題時(例如曼哈頓西側高架公園High Line上的植物,見下圖,是否使用相同的技術?
為了開始回答這些問題,我們可以利用電腦來分析數百萬張照片的視覺屬性與內容,並結合它們的文字描述、標籤、地理座標以及上傳日期和時間,最後再對結果進行詮釋。

很多人認為我是媒體學者或者新媒體學者,但實際上,我是一名藝術家。我於1960年生於俄國莫斯科,在1981年隨父母移民到了美國紐約。從 14 歲開始我開始接受視覺藝術訓練,包括現代主義繪畫和古典繪畫。這與亞洲仍存在的一種體系有些相似,要進入藝術學院必須通過考試,我當時要進的是建築學院。我參加的考試主要是關於古典素描的,如畫古希臘頭像、描繪紋理、強調透視和栩栩如生的繪畫。我接受了這樣的訓練,1981年來到紐約後,我在紐約大學電影學院度過了一些年頭。

近四十年前,1984年,我開始從事計算機動畫和計算機圖形工作。我有人文學科的博士學位,主攻視覺文化,在過去20年里,我在東海岸甚至加州教授課程,在視覺藝術系任教,盡管大學根據我的著作和書籍對我進行評估,大部分教學內容是面向藝術家的實踐工作室課程。十年前,我搬到紐約,並成為計算機科學和數據科學博士課程的教授。現在,我教授計算機科學專業的學生。

我已經有32年沒有進行傳統的素描或繪畫了,大約在90年代停止了畫畫,在過去的30年中,我參與了從模擬到數字,再到計算。隨著計算轉向AI,數字已經成為既定事實,每個人都在寫關於數字文化的東西。我覺得我可以為我的生活增添些其他東西,所以我重新開始了繪畫。剛好在這兩週後,Midjourney公開發布了,它的出現掀起了生成媒體(generative media )的革命。

眾所周知,過去的15年是非凡的。中國公司一直在發佈他們自己的版本,支持其應用。在西方,我們有ChatGPT,我們有Dalle 3;現在,生成式人工智能已經整合到谷歌搜索中。毫無疑問,我們正處於一個全新、徹底革命性的時代的開端。許多人,包括我自己,相信這場革命的規模可以與90年代互聯網的發展,與19世紀攝影的興起相媲美。(下續)

Comment by 說好不准跳 on September 22, 2025 at 9:49pm

愛墾學術:詩性智慧的研究方法論框架

步驟1:界定研究對象

對象通常屬於「人類事務」:神話、儀式、語言、文學、法律、制度、風俗。強調其「生成性」與「象徵性」,而非靜態描述。

步驟2:回到詩性起源

假設這些文化現象源於早期人類的詩性智慧,即透過想像、比喻、象徵來理解世界。

在研究中尋找「具象化」的思維痕跡,例如:把自然力量擬人化(雷電 → 神明)、把抽象秩序具象化(正義 → 女神)。

步驟3:解讀象徵與隱喻

探索文本、語言或行為中蘊含的象徵結構。

使用詩性的理解方式:從隱喻、形象化表達中讀出集體心智的狀態,而不是僅僅追求字面意義。

步驟 4:重建歷史脈絡

根據維柯的「歷史循環論」,人類社會從神的時代 → 英雄的時代 → 人的時代逐步演進。

分析文化現象所處的階段,理解它如何反映了當時人類的心智與社會秩序。

步驟 5:應用 verum factum 原則

「真理即所造」(verum ipsum factum):人只能真正理解自己創造的東西。

研究者要把文化現象當作「人類的產物」來分析,而不是視為自然給定的存在。

方法:嘗試「以人造人」,透過模擬、敘事重構,體驗文化生成的內在邏輯。

步驟 6:跨學科詮釋

結合語言學、人類學、符號學、文學批評等工具,對詩性智慧加以解讀。

重點在於理解文化意義如何透過象徵與敘事傳遞,而不是用數理因果來解釋。

步驟 7:反思與現代意義

將分析所得與現代社會、語言或文化問題對照。

問:今天的人類是否仍以「詩性智慧」的方式建構意義?例如網路迷因、流行語、影像文化。

簡化流程圖

界定對象

回到詩性起源

解讀隱喻與象徵

重建歷史脈絡

應用「真理即所造」原則

跨學科詮釋

現代反思

Comment by 說好不准跳 on August 30, 2025 at 12:30am

愛墾學術:文創産業與尚・布希亞的超真實擬像

在後現代思想中,法國思想家尚・布希亞(Jean Baudrillard)以其「擬象」(simulacrum)與「超真實」(hyperreality)理論,深刻揭示了當代社會中符號與現實關係的斷裂。他指出,在「超真實」的狀態下,符號不再反映或掩蓋現實,而是徹底自我指涉,形成一個與真實脫節卻更具影響力的符號宇宙(Baudrillard, 1981)。這一視角對於觀察與分析當代文創產業的運作,無疑提供了富有啟發性的理論工具。

一、超真實中的文創機會

首先,文創活動得益於「擬象」的生產邏輯,獲得了前所未有的創造空間。在符號與現實斷裂的語境下,文化產品的價值不再依賴其是否「真實」,而是能否製造「看似更真實的超真實」。以博物館文創為例,文物原件或許遙遠而不可觸碰,但透過設計與再符號化,它們得以以鑰匙圈、手帳本等日常物件的形式進入大眾生活,反而獲得更廣泛的社會意義。這種將歷史、傳統重新轉碼為可消費符號的過程,正體現了布希亞所謂「第三階段與第四階段的擬象」邏輯。

其次,文創產業得以借助「符號消費」的機制,建構身份與生活方式。消費者購買的並非單純的商品,而是由商品所承載的文化意義與身份認同。例如迪士尼塑造的「夢想與魔法」敘事,已超越動畫文本本身,成為一種全球性的文化符號,為品牌帶來持續的價值增殖。這正是布希亞意義下「商品作為符號」的生動案例。

此外,超真實為文創提供了跨媒介延展的可能。一個文化符號或敘事能在電影、遊戲、社交媒體、實體商品等不同平台間不斷重複、擴散,最終形成龐大的「符號生態」。如《哈利波特》或《三體》等作品,透過影像、出版、遊戲、周邊衍生品等多元路徑,形成跨越地域與世代的文化體驗,說明擬象機制如何為文創帶來巨大的發展潛能。

二、超真實中的文創挑戰

然而,超真實語境下的文創產業亦充滿挑戰。首先是真實性的危機。當文化不斷被包裝與重構,文創產品可能被質疑為過度商業化、淺薄化。所謂「快閃國潮」熱潮,即在消費符號遊戲的同時,也暴露出對文化深度闡釋的不足,導致符號化的文化淪為短期時尚。

其次是「符號空洞化」的風險。若文創僅停留於符號拼貼,缺乏創新與深度,最終將造成受眾的「符號疲勞」,使產品迅速被替代。布希亞提醒我們,符號的遊戲在失去與現實的張力後,可能變得單薄無力,難以持續支撐文化生產。

再者,文化挪用與倫理問題亦日益凸顯。在符號自由流通的時代,少數民族或弱勢群體的文化資源往往被簡化、商業化,甚至被剝奪原有語境與尊嚴。當文化被簡單「再編碼」為消費品時,極易引發關於文化正義的爭論。

最後,文創產業在超真實的遊戲中也面臨價值迷失的危險。當文化不斷被娛樂化、商業化,其社會教育與啟發功能可能被削弱,淪為「一次性符號消費」。這將使文化生產與社會發展之間的聯繫逐漸鬆動,對文創長遠發展構成挑戰。

三、結語

總體而言,布希亞的擬象理論揭示了文創活動在超真實社會中的雙重面貌:一方面,文創能藉由符號遊戲創造沉浸體驗、構築文化身份、拓展敘事空間;另一方面,它也可能在過度的符號化過程中喪失文化深度,陷入空洞化與倫理困境。因此,文創的未來在於如何在「擬象的自由」與「文化的真實」之間取得動態平衡。唯有如此,文創產業才能避免成為單純的消費幻象,而真正成為推動文化持續生長的力量。

參考文獻

•Baudrillard, J. (1981). Simulacres et Simulation. Paris: Éditions Galilée.

•Baudrillard, J. (1994). Simulacra and Simulation (S. F. Glaser, Trans.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

•Kellner, D. (1994). “Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to Postmodernism and Beyond.” Polity Press.

•Storey, J. (2018). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction (8th ed.). London: Routledge.

•王曉明(2013)。〈布希亞的「擬象」理論與當代文化研究〉,《文化研究》,第17卷,第2期。

Comment by 說好不准跳 on August 28, 2025 at 10:01pm

怎樣寫學刊論文

Comment by 說好不准跳 on August 16, 2025 at 9:51pm

故事敘事研究方法~~故事敘事可被視為一種論述進行分析,因其內含建構性與模式性(Fernandes, 2017, p. 7)。本研究採取批判取向,旨在透過敘事的運用,提升公眾對政治行動者及其政治行動之認識與理解。在批判範式與質性研究方法的框架下,研究將以整全且具脈絡關聯的方式展開。

本研究之分析對象為政治演說、政治辯論,以及總統候選人在記者會或媒體訪談中的公開言論。研究資料僅取自具公信力之線上新聞媒體,且僅限於研究對象之直接引述。研究者自至少一百篇主流線上新聞報導中篩選,最終收錄六篇涉及雙方候选人敘事之文本。

在分析階段,本研究結合論述心理學取向與批判性論述心理學(Critical Discourse Psychology, CDP)取向。論述心理學之方法取徑參考 Wiggins (2017, pp. 44-49) 所提出之觀點,其分析程序包括:(1) 閱讀資料、(2) 描述資料、(3) 辨識社會行動與心理建構、(4) 聚焦分析議題、(5) 收集其他相關材料,以及 (6) 深化分析。Wiggins (2017, pp. 44-49) 亦指出,CDP 的分析以資料之「腐化」(data corruption)為切入點,進而探討特定議題,並將其與論述中之文化與社會概念相聯繫。

Comment by 說好不准跳 on July 25, 2025 at 6:37am

Tradition and the Individual Talent (1919) by T. S. Eliot

I

IN English writing we seldom speak of tradition, though we occasionally apply its name in deploring its absence. We cannot refer to "the tradition" or to "a tradition"; at most, we employ the adjective in saying that the poetry of So-and-so is "traditional" or even "too traditional." seldom, perhaps, does the word appear except in a phrase of censure. If otherwise, it is vaguely approbative, with the implication, as to the work approved, of some pleasing archæological reconstruction. You can hardly make the word agreeable to English ears without this comfortable reference to the reassuring science of archæology.

Certainly the word is not likely to appear in our appreciations of living or dead writers. Every nation, every
race, has not only its own creative, but its own critical turn of mind; and is even more oblivious of the shortcomings and limitations of its critical habits than of those of its creative genius. We know, or think we know, from the enormous mass of critical writing that has appeared in the French language the critical method or habit of the French; we only conclude (we are such unconscious people) that the French are "more critical" than we, and sometimes even plume ourselves a little with the fact, as if the French were the less spontaneous. Perhaps they are; but we might remind ourselves that criticism is as inevitable as breathing, and that we should be none the worse for articulating what passes in our minds when we read a book and feel an emotion about it, for criticizing our own minds in their work of criticism. One of the facts that might come to light in this process is our tendency to insist, when we praise a poet, upon those aspects of his work in which he least resembles anyone else. In these aspects or parts of his work we pretend to find what is individual, what is the peculiar essence of the man. We dwell with satisfaction upon the poet's difference from his predecessors, especially his immediate predecessors; we endeavour to find something that can be isolated in order to be enjoyed. Whereas if we approach a poet without this prejudice we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual parts of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously. And I do not mean the impressionable period of adolescence, but the period of full maturity.

Yet if the only form of tradition, of handing down, consisted in following the ways of the immediate generation before us in a blind or timid adherence to its successes, "tradition" should positively be discouraged. We have seen many such simple currents soon lost in the sand; and novelty is better than repetition. Tradition is a matter of much wider significance.

Comment by 說好不准跳 on July 24, 2025 at 9:55pm

It cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. It involves, in the first place, the historical sense, which we may call nearly indispensable to anyone who would continue to be a poet beyond his twenty-fifth year; and the historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence; the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, but with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order. This historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional. And it is at the same time what makes a writer most acutely conscious of his place in time, of his contemporaneity.

No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the
appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists.

You cannot value him alone; you must set him, for contrast and comparison, among the dead. I mean this as a principle of æsthetic, not merely historical,criticism. The necessity that he shall conform, that he shall cohere, is not one-sided; what happens when a new work of art is created is something that happens simultaneously to all the works of art which preceded it.

The existing monuments form an ideal order among themselves, which is modified by the introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them. The existing order is complete before the new work arrives; for order to persist after the supervention of novelty, the whole existing order must be, if ever so slightly, altered; and so the relations, proportions, values of each work of art toward the whole are readjusted; and this is conformity between the old and the new. Whoever has approved this idea of order, of the form of European, of English literature, will not find it preposterous that the past should be altered by the present as much as the present is directed by the past. And the poet who is aware of this will be aware of great difficulties and responsibilities.

愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.

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