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Comment by 陳老頭 7 hours ago

APP Iconada: The "Theory of Calling" vs "Vocativity Theory"

Theory of Calling: This concept, often discussed in the context of vocational guidance and personal fulfillment, revolves around the idea that individuals have a unique purpose or vocation that aligns with their skills, interests, and values. When applied to translation, this theory might suggest that translators are driven by a deeper sense of purpose or calling to bridge linguistic and cultural gaps.

Vocativity Theory: Vocativity Theory, especially in the context of translation and communication studies, often deals with the role of the translator as an active participant in the communication process. It emphasizes how the translator's choices and interpretations are influenced by their own understanding and the communicative context. Vocativity can involve the dynamics between the source and target languages and how the translator’s role evolves in conveying the message effectively.

Common Ground:

Purpose and Role: Both theories highlight the role and purpose of the translator. The Theory of Calling suggests a deeper, intrinsic motivation behind choosing translation as a profession, while Vocativity Theory focuses on the active and dynamic role of the translator in communication.

Personal Engagement: Both theories acknowledge the personal engagement of the translator. The Theory of Calling emphasizes the alignment of personal values and skills with the translation profession, while Vocativity Theory looks at how personal choices and interpretations impact the translation process.

Impact on Practice: Both theories can influence translation practice by shaping how translators approach their work. A translator with a strong sense of calling might approach their tasks with more dedication and personal investment, while understanding vocativity might lead to more nuanced and contextsensitive translations.

In essence, while the Theory of Calling is more about personal motivation and fulfillment, and Vocativity Theory deals with the practical aspects of translation and communication, both intersect in their focus on the translator’s role and engagement in the translation process.

The "Theory of Calling" and "Vocativity Theory" in translation science address different aspects of translation and communication, but they can be seen as interconnected in their exploration of how meaning and context are conveyed.

Theory of Calling

The "Theory of Calling" often refers to the idea that different places and things have a "calling" or specific role and significance within a particular context. This can be understood as a way to recognize how elements in a narrative or discourse are positioned and how they contribute to the overall meaning or purpose of the text. In translation, understanding this theory can help translators grasp the cultural and contextual significance of places and objects, ensuring that their translation preserves not just the literal meaning but also the intended impact and relevance.

Vocativity Theory

On the other hand, "Vocativity Theory" in translation science involves the study of how address forms (like names, titles, or direct address) and the act of calling or addressing affect communication. This theory examines how different languages handle direct address and how these forms of address influence the relationship between the speaker and the listener, as well as the translation of such elements.

Comment by 陳老頭 7 hours ago

Reciprocity

The reciprocity between these theories lies in their shared focus on the role and significance of elements within communication:

Contextual Significance: Both theories recognize that understanding the context and the role of elements (be it places, things, or address forms) is crucial for effective translation. The "Theory of Calling" highlights the importance of contextual and cultural significance, while "Vocativity Theory" emphasizes how addressing forms impact communication and translation.

Impact on Translation: Translators must consider both the "calling" or role of places and things and the way address forms are used in the source and target languages. A translator who understands the "Theory of Calling" can better appreciate the significance of various elements in a text, while knowledge of "Vocativity Theory" ensures that direct address and relational aspects are accurately conveyed.

In summary, while the "Theory of Calling" and "Vocativity Theory" focus on different aspects of translation, they complement each other by offering insights into how various elements of a text contribute to its meaning and how they should be handled in translation to maintain both contextual relevance and effective communication.

Peter Newmark was a prominent figure in the field of translation studies, and his contributions have had a lasting impact on both the theory and practice of translation. His major contributions include:

Translation Theory Development

Semantic vs. Communicative Translation

Newmark is best known for distinguishing between "semantic" and "communicative" translation. He argued that semantic translation focuses on conveying the meaning of the source text as closely as possible, retaining the author's style, tone, and nuances. Communicative translation, on the other hand, prioritizes the effect on the target audience, making the text more accessible and natural in the target language.

Text Typology

Newmark proposed a typology of texts based on their functions, which influenced how translations should be approached. He categorized texts into expressive, informative, and vocative functions, each requiring a different translation strategy.

Emphasis on Cultural Translation

Cultural Context and Translation

Newmark emphasized the importance of understanding cultural elements in the source text and how they should be conveyed in the target language. He discussed the challenges of translating culturespecific items and provided guidelines for dealing with these issues.

Translation Procedures

Detailed Translation Procedures

Newmark introduced a variety of translation procedures, including transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, and others. These procedures have become standard tools in the field of translation studies, offering translators a framework for making decisions.

Publications and Teaching

Influential Textbooks

Newmark authored several influential textbooks that are widely used in translation studies. His works include "A Textbook of Translation" (1988) and "Approaches to Translation" (1981), which are considered essential reading for students and professionals in the field.

Comment by 陳老頭 7 hours ago

Teaching and Mentorship

As a professor at the University of Surrey, Newmark played a crucial role in developing translation studies as an academic discipline. He mentored many students who later became significant contributors to the field.

Critique of Translation Theories

Pragmatic Approach

Newmark was known for his pragmatic approach to translation, often critiquing overly theoretical or abstract approaches. He advocated for a more practical, handson understanding of translation, rooted in realworld experience and challenges.

Overall, Peter Newmark's work has had a profound influence on translation studies, shaping the way translation is taught, practiced, and theorized around the world. His emphasis on the interplay between linguistic accuracy and cultural sensitivity continues to resonate in contemporary translation practices.

Peter Newmark's concept of "vocative texts" is part of his broader text typology, which he introduced to guide translation strategies based on the function of the text. "Vocative" refers to a type of text where the primary purpose is to evoke a response or reaction from the reader. In other words, vocative texts are intended to persuade, encourage, or prompt the reader to take some kind of action.

Characteristics of Vocative Texts

Purpose: The main goal of vocative texts is to engage the reader directly and motivate them to do something, whether it be purchasing a product, following instructions, or adopting a particular point of view.

Direct Address: These texts often address the reader directly, using imperatives, questions, or secondperson pronouns (e.g., "you").

Examples: Common examples of vocative texts include advertisements, public notices, propaganda, persuasive speeches, instructional manuals, and religious texts like sermons.

Vocativity in Translation

When translating vocative texts, Newmark stressed the importance of maintaining the intended effect on the target audience. This means that the translation should be natural and persuasive in the target language, potentially requiring adjustments in tone, style, and cultural references to ensure the message resonates with the new audience.

Translation Strategies for Vocative Texts

Cultural Adaptation: Since vocative texts are often closely tied to specific cultural contexts, Newmark advised translators to adapt cultural references, idioms, and examples to make the text more relevant and impactful for the target audience.

Naturalness in Language: The language used in the translation should be smooth and fluent, avoiding literal translations that might sound awkward or unnatural in the target language.

Focus on Function: The translation should prioritize the function of the text over a wordforword rendering. The goal is to preserve the persuasive or instructive effect, even if this requires significant changes to the wording or structure of the original text.

In summary, Newmark's idea of vocativity highlights the importance of considering the intended function of a text in translation. For vocative texts, the translator's task is to ensure that the translation effectively prompts the desired response from the target audience, sometimes requiring creative adaptation to achieve this goal.

Comment by 陳老頭 19 hours ago

愛墾APP：非營利組織·社媒·呼喚型物體

非營利組織（NPO）或社企（Social Enterprise）可以通過TikTok等社交媒體平台發展成為「呼喚型物體」（Evocative Objects），從而增強其影響力和號召力。這種發展模式涉及將非營利組織的核心價值、使命和活動轉化為能夠激發情感共鳴和社會反響的內容——

情感共鳴：通過TikTok的短視頻形式，非營利組織可以創造內容，講述感人至深的故事，展示受益人的生活變化，或者聚焦於社會問題的嚴重性。這樣的視頻能夠引起觀眾的情感共鳴，促使他們采取行動，比如捐款、志願服務或傳播信息。

品牌個性化：非營利組織可以通過TikTok展示其獨特的品牌個性。使用幽默、創意和真實的內容讓觀眾感受到組織的溫度和人性化的一面，從而增強觀眾的認同感和忠誠度。

互動與參與：TikTok的互動性很強，非營利組織可以利用這一特點，發起挑戰、問答、直播等活動，吸引用戶參與。通過用戶生成內容，非營利組織可以放大其影響力，並將更多人納入到其使命中。

視覺符號與故事性：將組織的理念轉化為強烈的視覺符號和故事性內容。通過一系列的標志性視覺元素（如logo、顏色、特定的場景）和連貫的故事線，使觀眾在看到這些元素時能夠迅速聯想到組織的核心使命。

文化相關性：緊跟當前的文化潮流或熱點話題，創造與之相關的內容。將非營利組織的使命與這些話題結合起來，使其成為「呼喚型物體」，能夠與當下的社會文化對話，吸引更多關注。

成功案例

有一些非營利組織已經成功地在TikTok上建立了強大的品牌形象。例如，「聯合國兒童基金會」（UNICEF）利用TikTok平台發布了關於兒童權利和健康的視頻，吸引了大量觀眾，並獲得了廣泛的關注和支持。

通過精心策劃和執行，非營利組織完全可以通過TikTok等社交媒體平台成為「呼喚型物體」，從而在公眾中建立強大的情感聯系，並推動其社會使命的實現。


相关：呼唤型造物  evocative object  The Etymology of Vocative Linguistic Theory on Vocative  Conation & Affects Vivo's aesthetics   內容是Evocative Object   当符号呼唤象征 

Comment by 陳老頭 on Tuesday

APP Iconada: The Poetics of  Change

Roman Jakobson's theory of literariness, particularly his focus on the poetic function of language, can indeed be applicable to "emotive/evocative change strategies." Jakobson identified six functions of language, among which the poetic function emphasizes the aesthetic quality of language—how it draws attention to its form, structure, and the way it is expressed. This function is central to creating resonance, eliciting emotional responses, and evoking imagery.

Applicability to Emotive/Evocative Change Strategies

1. Aesthetic Engagement: Jakobson’s poetic function highlights how the choice of words, rhythm, and sound patterns can create an emotional impact. Emotive/evocative change strategies often rely on these elements to engage an audience deeply and to provoke an emotional or reflective response, making the message more memorable and impactful.

2. Ambiguity and Multivalence: The poetic function allows for multiple interpretations, which can be powerful in emotive/evocative strategies. This multivalence enables a broader audience to connect with the message on various personal levels, fostering a stronger emotional engagement.

3. Foregrounding and Defamiliarization: Jakobson’s theory suggests that by focusing on the form of the language itself, one can make the familiar strange, or *defamiliarize* it, which is a key technique in evoking an emotional or reflective response. In change strategies, this can help in shifting perceptions and inspiring new ways of thinking.

4. Symbolism and Metaphor: Jakobson’s emphasis on the poetic function aligns with the use of symbolism and metaphor, which are powerful tools in emotive/evocative strategies. These elements allow for complex ideas to be conveyed emotionally, rather than purely rationally, which can be more persuasive in driving change.

Thus, Jakobson's theory of literariness, particularly through the lens of the poetic function, offers valuable insights into how language can be crafted to not only convey a message but also to evoke emotions and inspire change.

Comment by 陳老頭 on Monday

爱垦APP: 维柯评析克勞斯的詩《烈火中的惡魔》

卡爾·克勞斯 Karl Kraus 的作品以其對社會、政治、語言的批判性觀察而著稱。他的詩往往帶有一種強烈的諷刺性和語言的精致運用，這使得他成為分析維柯「詩性智慧」的有趣案例。維柯的「詩性智慧」強調了語言在創世與理解世界中的作用，特別是早期人類通過比喻、象征和形象思維來理解和表達世界的方式。

我們可以通過克勞斯的詩《烈火中的惡魔》（Die Dämonen im Feuer）來進行這種分析。以下是這首詩的部分節選：

```
Die Worte brennen wie Flammen,
Lodernd, reißend, stürzen sie nieder,
In den Ruinen der Zeit,
Da sie die Wahrheit mit sich ziehen.
```

譯文：

言語如火焰燃燒，
熾熱、猛烈，席卷而下，
在時間的廢墟中，
它們帶走了真理。

維柯「詩性智慧」的分析

1. 語言的原始力量：維柯認為早期人類的語言充滿了創造力和力量，能夠通過比喻和象征來構建世界。克勞斯在這首詩中將言語比作「火焰」，暗示了語言的原始力量和其在塑造現實中的重要性。語言不再僅僅是溝通的工具，而是具有毀滅與再生的雙重能力。

2. 歷史與時間的廢墟：維柯的「詩性智慧」也關注人類如何通過詩性表達來記錄和理解歷史。克勞斯提到的「時間的廢墟」呼應了維柯對歷史的詩性理解——歷史是一個不斷被語言重構的過程，而語言也帶走或隱藏了「真理」。

3. 真理的隱喻性表達：在維柯的理論中，真理常常通過隱喻和象征來表達，而不是通過直接的邏輯推理。克勞斯的詩句「它們帶走了真理」表明，真理是在語言的運動和變化中被捕捉的，這種動態的真理觀與維柯的觀點相呼應。

通過這首詩，我們可以看到克勞斯如何運用語言的力量來探索真理和歷史的複雜性，這與維柯的「詩性智慧」有著深刻的共鳴。

（卡爾·克勞斯 [Karl Kraus，1874年4月28日－1936年6月12日]，出生於奧匈帝國境內的基欽(Jiqín)，死於奧地利維也納，是二十世紀早期最著名的奧地利作家之一。他是記者、諷刺作家、詩人、劇作家、格言作家、語言與文化評論家，並且提拔了許多年輕的作家。）

相关：尊重自己：创意人心理学

Comment by 陳老頭 on August 29, 2024 at 6:34pm

特拉克爾(Trakl)詩選·詩篇～獻給卡爾·克勞斯

有一絲光明，風已將它驅散。

有一個破酒館，醉者已於午後離去。

有一座葡萄園，焚毀後黑色的窟窿爬滿蜘蛛。

有一間房間，他們已用牛奶漆刷。

瘋狂者已死去。南海有一個島嶼，

迎接日神。人們敲起皮鼓。

男人跳起嗜血的戰舞。

女人在植物圈和火之花朵中扭動臀部，

大海亦歌唱。啊，我們失去的天堂！

 

女仙已經離開金色的森林。

人們埋葬了陌生人；隨之一場光雨。

潘神的兒子化作挖土工人，

午時在熾紅的瀝青旁睡去。

有一些小女孩，在庭院中穿著布娃娃的衣服

充滿撕人心肺的困苦！

有幾間小屋，逥蕩著和弦與奏鳴曲。

有些許幽靈，相擁在一塊模糊的鏡子前。

久病初愈者在醫院窗戶邊相互溫暖。

運河邊一艘白輪船將淌血的瘟疫搬運上岸。

 

異鄉的妹妹又出現在某人邪惡的夢中。

安靜地，她在榛樹叢中與他的星星游戲。

大學生，亦或一個同貌人，在窗戶邊

久久地凝望著她。

他身後站著他死去的兄弟，亦或他走下

古老的轉梯。

年輕女護士的身影在枯褐七葉樹的黑暗里

黯然淡去。

花園里已是黃昏。十字回廊中的蝙蝠

四處撲騰

房主的孩子們停止了游戲，尋找

天國的黃金。

一首四重奏的臨終和弦。小小盲女

戰栗著跑過大街，

隨後她的幽靈摸索經過冷冷的牆，

伴著童話和神聖的傳奇。

 

有一隻空舟，傍晚時駛往

黑暗的河港。

恐怖籠罩古老的避難所，人的廢墟

　　崩潰。

躺在花園牆邊的孤兒們已經死去。

灰暗的房間走出天使，翅膀粘滿糞跡。

蛆蟲自他們枯黃的眼瞼上掉落。

教堂前的廣場陰森而沉寂，仿佛當年

　　 童年的日子。

銀白的寒鴉身上滑下了從前的生命

而被詛咒者的幽靈

　　走向嘆息著的水。

白色的魔術師在墳墓里玩弄他的蛇。

 

頭顱散落之地的天空，上帝

　 金黃的眼瞼默然開啟。

 

譯者：pyrrhon

Comment by 陳老頭 on August 23, 2024 at 8:55am

溫明麗·維科的詩性智慧

Poetic sentences are formed by feeling of passion and emotion, whereas philosophic sentences are formed by reflection and reasoning. ~ Vico, 《New Science》§219 激情和情感孕育出诗意的句子，而反思和推理则形成哲理的句子。 ~ 维柯，《新科学》219 節

維科（Giambartista Vico, 1668-1744）是義大利啟蒙時期的思想家，也是政治哲學家和歷史學家，出生於拿波里（那不勒斯）（Naples），為書商之子，家境並不富裕，但是自小即喜愛閱讀，博覽群書，尤其對羅馬的法律和歷史學，以及希臘哲學更深入鑽研，博大精深的知識，造就維科成為西方近代社會科學的先驅，其思想不僅影響德國和法國，也影響英美國家（Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 2014）。

《新科學》(New science) 一書即展現維科對人類社會科學研究的批判性和創新性，尤其書中分析的詩性智慧（poetic wisdom），除包括詩性形上學、詩性空間、詩性道德、詩性經濟、詩性政治、詩性地理等外，並歸納人類社會的起源與發展為神話、英雄與俗人三個時代，每個時代均有其要務，而此要務指時空和想像所創造出來的「當下」（Vico, 1999）。總之，詩性智慧本身就是創造的智慧。創造的功能不是以詩性智慧為基礎發展出来的抽象推理或玄學智慧，而是最早人類對宇宙生命最原始的思考與感悟，並通過自由想像與創造，形成生命本真美的智慧。

維科的《新科學》包含自然科學、歷史科學及社會科學，此與其論證人類及社會制度發展的三個循環階段相類，人類發展的三個不同階段分別對應三大時代發展的要項（引自蔣賢萍，2013）。第一個要項是天啟（divine providence），天啟指全體人類的存在猶如神話般，死去的人會對生的人有所啟示或提出警惕；第二要項則為威權觀念（philosophy of authority），維科認為，無論哪個民族的形成和其社會組成的歷史，均基於威權，此威權指人類社會的共感（the common sense of the human race），此共感無需理性，也非神權，而是人類在生活實踐中積累的共通性「偏見」；至於第三要項，則為異教徒的自然法則，此法則視人類為萬物之首，且懂得尊重自然的天威（Vico, 1999）。

這三個時代各有相應的心理、性格、宗教、語言、詩句、政治和法律，所以維科也說：詩的語句和哲學的語句並不相同，前者是情緒與激情的感覺產物，後者則由理性而構成，且前者比後者更具有想像力（Vico, 1999, §219）；由此可推，想像力愈豐富，理性推理能力就愈低（Vico, 1999: 138），此等論述值得困在工具理性牢籠的教育工作者深思。

就此言之，人類若欲找回創意，可以透過想像力，而發揮想像力的重要方法就是找回原初社會人類對真實事物的感覺，這就是詩的智慧。可見，維科對「詩」的定義，乃採最廣義和鬆散者，故舉凡可以透過想像而創造出來者，均屬之（朱光潛，1989）。

簡言之，詩性智慧就是透過詩意的想像，充分發揮個人的理性，賦予原本沒有感覺的事物情慾或情感（Vico, 1999）。維科的理性觀點不但翻轉了理性主義的理性推理功能與主張，更將人的心靈能力回歸到人的感覺上，所以，他主張人類的理性包括感覺、想像、回憶、理解與創造（引自蔣賢萍，2013）。維科的詩性智慧是認識世界的方式，其本身就是以感覺直觀方式去關照生命的思維（朱光潛，1989）。

Comment by 陳老頭 on August 23, 2024 at 8:54am

析言之，如同對語言的分類般，維科區分了共感的普遍法則為二：

一為知性的普遍（intelligible universal），指透過語言抽象的文字構築而成的權威；另外一種屬於想像的普遍（imaginative universal），雖然也是由語言構築而成，但卻是運用語言的符號表象功能，透過語言的隱喻方式而形成（Verene, 1987: 73），詩性智慧和創造力主要也是想像的普遍方能發揮效用。此两種語言構築的普遍法則與詩性智慧的形象思維和抽象思維彼此亦相互呼應。

維科也提出，形象思維形成的詩性智慧有两大規律：一是以己度物，即運用若干使世界人格化的方法，使那些原本沒有生命的事物，具有感覺和情欲，此乃隱喻的詩性創造方式，即把自己變成衡量萬事萬物的尺度；另一則為以物度物的類比法，即將個別事物的形象，透過想像的類比方法，將事物抽象化（Vico, 1990, 42；蔣賢萍，2013）。《新科學》的內容即生動地述說著此等形象思維與抽象思維及其和藝術創造的關係。維科提出的透過想像或憑藉感官和直覺的方法，幾乎顛覆了笛卡爾的理性主義觀點。

笛卡爾（R. Descartes, 1596-1650）生於法國，逝世於瑞典斯德哥爾摩（Stockholm），是第一位現代理性主義哲學家。維科的理性觀點，雖受到笛卡爾的影響，但他在認識論的觀點上加入了人的情感、慾望和想像的因素，以詩性智慧取代推理理性（引自朱光潛，1989）。

舉例言之，維科曾言：詩性真理屬於形而上的真理；經驗的、自然的、物理的客觀性真理欠缺想像力，也無法連結歷史、現在與未来，故並非真實的真理（Vico, 1999）；再者，維科強調，最早的歷史就是神話思維與神話故事，但神話並非虛構，而是嚴肅地敘述的真實經驗。(下續)

(原題：溫明麗:維科的詩性智慧 Vico’s Poetic Wisdom，  * 溫明麗，台灣首府大學講座教授，  295—299頁《教育資料與研究》第 114 期)

Comment by 陳老頭 on August 21, 2024 at 6:42pm

其實，人的經驗與神話，無論是否虛構，都不是理性主義者所能接受的論點，也因為如此，維科提出之《新科學》理念方更具有其「新」的意義。

試想：當我們把天空比喻為人的身體，身體各部位的整合又呼應天空的各種變化，則人類就是連結想像和經驗，以認識自然或自己的經驗，去構思或創造客體世界，此等認識論不同於笛卡爾等理性主義哲學家指出的，透過嚴謹的推理去認識外在的客體世界。維科就是運用此等方法，反擊笛卡爾的理性主義的認識論和形上學（百度百科，2014）。

由此可見，「新科學」宣稱的「新」，乃肯認人類原始直觀的思維方式，而非將神話理性化，反而是讓神話回歸其原初透過想像而建構之神話故事的真實經驗中。此乃人類認知方法的翻轉，就認識論觀點言之，維科的新科學將被理性主義視為神秘的宗教和形上學，再度拉回人間，也重拾被理性主義排除於科學認知範疇之外的人類感覺、情感和慾望等。一言以蔽之，就維科的觀點，人的感覺才是最原始、最能真實地理解世界的鑰匙。

企業在其進行商業運作的過程中，既從利害相關人處獲得利益，也應對企業的永續發展及其利害相關人負起若干責任，此即企業的社會責任（Corporate social responsibility, CSR）（李明機，nd.）。

相對於維科詩性智慧忠於人類原初的感覺，企業的社會責任也應忠於其原初的想法，即企業本身和其利害相關人之間是一體共存的關係。世界企業永續發展委員會（World Business Council for Sustainable Development, WBCSD） 於 1995 年成立，總部設於瑞士日內瓦，為保護環境、促進經濟成長與永續發展而努力。如前所述，企業之社會責任主要由利害關係人相互關係、自願性、社會與環境利益等三個核心所組成（李明機，nd.），而期企業能因為追求專業、服務、效率與創意而永續發展。可見，永續發展才是確保企業履行社會責任的充要條件。從維科的社會組成與文化演變的三個時代觀之，企業需要承擔的社會責任乃建立社會發展制度，並確保其發展的具體行為和結果。

簡言之，企業之社會責任的理念和制度，是人類理性的產物，亦透過實現企業、伙伴、社會、環境與生態等和諧共生之法理或合理性權威，實現企業的核心價值，此核心價值也成為該企業的文化，可見，企業的經營以理性思維的哲學語句，追求績效，卻透過感覺與直觀之詩性語言，實現其對利益相關人的社會責任。

参考文獻

朱光潛（譯）（1989）。。（原作者：G.Vico）北京市：商務印書館。［Vico, G. (1725). New science. (K. T. Chu, Trans.) (1989). Beijing: Commercial.］

百度百科（2014）。。取自http://baike.baidu.com/view/85583.htm［Baidu Encyclopedia. (2014). New science. Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/85583.htm］

李明機（nd.）。簡析企業社會責任(CSR)之發展趨勢。，141，14-21。取自http://www.bcsd.org.tw/sites/default/files/node/ domain_case/124.upload.155.pdf［Li, M.C. (nd). Analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) of the trends. OTC Monthly Review, 141,14-21

蔣賢萍（2013）。。取自 http://lit.cssn.cn/wx/wx_ymwx/201310/t20131026_599762. shtml［Jiang, X. P.(2013). Through the history of space “hidden

book” Poetic Wisdom. Retrieved from http://lit.cssn.cn/wx/wx_ ymwx/201310/t20131026_599762.shtml］

Verene, D. P. (1987). Vico’s science of imagination. New York, NY: Cornell University Press. (The original work published 1981)

 Vico, G. (1990). On the study methods of our time. E. Gianturco (Trans.) Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Vico, G. (1999). New science. D. Marsh (Trans.) with introduction by A. Gafton. London, UK: Penguin. (The original work published 1744, Italian edition published 1725) Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (2014). Giambartista Vico. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vic

(原題：溫明麗:維科的詩性智慧 Vico’s Poetic Wisdom，  * 溫明麗，台灣首府大學講座教授，  295—299頁《教育資料與研究》第 114 期)

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