文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
而中國自六朝以來,藝術的理想境界卻是“澄懷觀道”(晉宋畫家宗炳語),在拈花微笑里領悟色相中微妙至深的禪境。如冠九在《都轉心庵詞序》說得好:
“‘明月幾時有’詞而仙者也。‘吹皺一池春水’詞而禪者也。仙不易學而禪可學。學矣而非棲神幽遐,涵趣寥曠,通拈花之妙悟,窮非樹之奇想,則動而為沾滯之音矣。其何以澄觀一心而騰踔萬象。是故詞之為境也,空潭印月,上下一澈,屏知識也。清馨出塵,妙香遠聞,參凈因也。鳥鳴珠箔,群花自落,超圓覺也。”
澄觀一心而騰踔萬象,是意境創造的始基,鳥鳴珠箔,群花自落,是意境表現的圓成。
繪畫里面也能見到這意境的層深。明畫家李日華在《紫桃軒雜綴》里說:
“凡畫有三次。一曰身之所容;凡置身處非邃密,即曠朗水邊林下、多景所湊處是也。(按此為身邊近景)二曰目之所矚;或奇勝,或渺迷,泉落云生,帆移鳥去是也。(按此為眺矚之景)三曰意之所遊;目力雖窮而情脈不斷處是也。(按此為無盡空間之遠景)然又有意有所忽處,如寫一樹一石,必有草草點染取態處。(按此為有限中見取無限,傳神寫生之境)寫長景必有意到筆不到,為神氣所吞處,是非有心於忽,蓋不得不忽也。(按此為借有限以表現無限,造化與心源合一,一切形象都形成了象征境界)其於佛法相宗所云極迥色極略色之謂也。”
於是繪畫由豐滿的色相達到最高心靈境界,所謂禪境的表現,種種境層,以此為歸宿。戴醇土曾說:“惲南田以‘落葉聚還散,寒鴉棲復驚’(李白詩句)、品一峰(黃子久)筆,是所謂孤蓬自振,驚沙坐飛,畫也而幾乎禪矣!”禪是動中的極靜,也是靜中的極動,寂而常照,照而常寂,動靜不二,直探生命的本原。禪是中國人接觸佛教大乘義後體認到自己心靈的深處,而燦爛地發揮到哲學境界與藝術境界。靜穆的觀照和飛躍的生命構成藝術的兩元,也是構成“禪”的心靈狀態。《雪堂和尚拾遺錄》里說:“舒州太平燈禪師頗習經論,傍教說禪。白雲演和尚以偈寄之曰:‘白雲山頭月,太平松下影,良夜無狂風,都成一片境。’燈得偈頌之,未久,於宗門方徹淵奧。”禪境借詩境表達出來。
所以中國藝術意境的創成,既須得屈原的纏綿悱側,又須得莊子的超曠空靈。纏綿悱惻,才能一往情深,深入萬物的核心,所謂“得其環中”。超曠空靈,才能如鏡中花,水中月,羚羊掛角,無跡可尋,所謂“超以象外”。色即是空,空即是色,色不異空,空不異色,這不但是盛唐人的詩境,也是宋元人的畫境。
愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.
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