文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
五、道、舞、空白:中國藝術意境結構的特點
莊子是具有藝術天才的哲學家,對於藝術境界的闡發最為精妙。在他是“道”,這形而上原理,和“藝”,能夠體合無間。“道”的生命進乎技,“技”的表現啟示著“道”。在《養生主》里他有一段精彩的描寫:
“庖丁為文惠君解牛,手之所觸,肩之所倚,足之所履,膝之所踦,砉然響然,奏刀騞然,若不中音。合於桑林之舞,乃中經首(堯樂章)之會(節也)。文惠君曰:‘嘻,善哉!技蓋至此乎? ’庖丁釋刀對曰:‘臣之所好者道也,進乎技矣。始臣之解牛之時,所見無非牛者。三年之後,未嘗見全牛也。方今之時,臣以神遇而不以目視,官知止而神欲行,依乎天理,批大郤,道大窾,因其固然,技經肯棨之未嘗,而況大軱乎!良庖歲更刀,割也。族庖月更刀,折也。今臣之刀十九年矣,所解數千牛矣,而刀刃若新發於硎。彼節者有間,而刀刃者無厚,以無厚入有間,恢恢乎其於遊刃,必有餘地矣。是以十九年而刀刃若新發於硎。雖然,每至於族(交錯聚結處)吾見其難為,怵然為戒,視為止,行為遲,動刀甚微,謋然已解,如土委地!提刀而立,為之四顧,為之躊躇滿志。善刀而藏之。’文惠君曰:‘善哉,吾聞庖丁之言,得養生焉。’”
“道”的生命和‘藝”的生命,遊刃於虛,莫不中音,合於桑林之舞,乃中經首之會。音樂的節奏是它們的本體。所以儒家哲學也說:“大樂與天地同和,大禮與天地同節。”《易》云:“天地絪蘊,萬物化醇。”這生生的節奏是中國藝術境界的最後源泉。石濤題畫云:“天地氤氳秀結,四時朝暮垂垂,透過鴻濛之理,堪留百代之奇。”藝術家要在作品里把握到天地境界!德國詩人諾瓦理斯 (Novalis)說:“混沌的眼,透過秩序的網幕,閃閃地發光。”石濤也說:“在於墨海中立定精神,筆鋒下決出生活,尺幅上換去毛骨,混沌里放出光明。”藝術要刊落一切表皮,呈顯物的晶瑩真境。
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