布爾迪厄:文化生產場 (4)

為了更加清晰的概括這種關係,布爾迪厄引入了這樣一個等式:


[
(習性)(資本)]+ 場域 = 實踐


即實踐是一個人的習性及其在場域中所處的位置(資本),兩者共同在某一社會環境(場域)中運作而來的結果。從這個等式可以看出,布爾迪厄思想的三個核心概念,習性、場域和資本是緊密關聯在一起的(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1989:50)

實踐並不完全取決於我們的習性,而是源自習性和行動者自身所處的現行境遇之間的關係。若要充分理解這個等式,我們還需要厘清場域和資本的概念。

 

關於場域,布爾迪厄曾略帶勉強的給出過這樣一個定義:

“In analytic terms, a field may be defined as a network, or a configuration of objective relations between positions. These positions are objectively defined, in their existence and in the determinations that they impose on their occupants, agents or institutions, by their present and potential situation (situs)in the structure of the distribution of species of power (or capital) whose possession commands access to the specific profits that are stake in the field, as well as by their objective relation to other positions (domination, subordination, homology, etc.).”(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1992b:73)

 

同樣,現行的中文翻譯大多讀起來也十分生澀,我認為這段話可以翻譯為:“從分析的角度看,場域大概可以定義為由不同場位之間,存在的客觀關係構成的關係網,這些場位之所以存在,以及它們對其占有者、能動者和體制起到的決定作用,都是通過它們在權力或資本的分配過程中,所處的客觀境遇(當下的和潛在的)體現的;至於誰能從場域中取得某種與場域有關的利益,也是由他與其他場位之間的客觀關係決定的(例如支配關係、從屬關係、同源關係等)。”

 

從場域的定義中,我們看到了布爾迪厄思想中的另一個關鍵概念“資本”出現了。資本的概念一定程度上,承襲自經典馬克思主義,但是又並不相同。


在布爾迪厄1986年發表的《The forms of capital》一文中,布爾迪厄提到:

“Depending on the field in which it functions, and at the cost of the more or less expensive transformations which are the precondition for its efficacy in the field in question, capital can present itself in three fundamental guises: as economic capital, which is immediately and directly convertible into money and may be institutionalized in the forms of property rights; as cultural capital, which is convertible, on certain conditions, into economic capital and may be institutionalized in the forms of educational qualifications; and as social capital, made up of social obligations (‘connections’), which is convertible, in certain conditions, into economic capital and may be institutionalized in the forms of a title of nobility.” (Bourdieu,1986:243)

 

“根據作用場域和轉化代價的不同(這種轉換的代價,是他在相關場域中生效的前提條件),資本可以可以體現為三種基本形式:1. 經濟資本,可以直接,即可的轉化為貨幣,可以通過財產權的形式體制化;2. 文化資本,在特定的條件下可以轉化為經濟資本,可以通過學歷等形式體制化;3. 社會資本,由社會責任(社會關係)構成,在特定的條件下可以轉化為經濟資本,可以通過榮譽頭銜等形式體制化。”

 

其中,文化資本又可以被進一步定義為:

“Cultural capital can exist in three forms: in the embodied state, i.e., in the form of long-lasting dispositions of the mind and body; in the objectified state, in the form of cultural goods (pictures, books, dictionaries, instruments, machines, etc.), which are the trace or realization of theories or critiques of these theories, problematics, etc.; and in the institutionalized state, a form of objectification which must be set apart because, as will be seen in the case of educational qualifications, it confers entirely original properties on the cultural capital which it is presumed to guarantee.”(Bourdieu,1986:243)

 

“文化資本可以以三種形式存在:1.表現態,也就是以一種穩定持久的思行準則的形式存在;2. 客觀態,以文化產品的形式存在(例如圖片,圖書,詞典,樂器,機器等),這些商品可以讓人感知到某些觀點、評價或者問題等。3. 體制態,以一種客體化的形式存在,這種形態之所以要被單獨區分出來,其原因是,以教育文憑為例,它們被認為可以保障文化資本,被賦予一些最為原始的屬性。”

 

至此,我們基本厘清了習性、場域和資本的概念以及它們的關係,當然,如果想嫻熟的調用這些思維工具對社會現象進行分析,還需要進一步了解場域的特征(如關係性、自主性、競爭性、同構性等),研究步驟以及場域機制、場域狀況等問題,礙於篇幅有限,就不在本次讀書報告中一一介紹了。

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