陳明發的詩《金屬疲憊》

翻越了電腦程序

從手機私己設置爬出來

一步一步走進個人抉擇的頁面

一直追一直問, 網路創作

真叫四海矚目知音來?

讚之後是讚之後是讚之後是讚之後是讚

食指的聆聽沒留意到什麼

個性已金屬疲憊成一團團

低像素的視線,天才

還没從隧道中摸出来

(7.2012)

[Photo Credit] bedtime stories by Stanislav Mironov

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Comment by Ra Zola 19 minutes ago

(Con't)“After retention of such ideas, it certainly would be very difficult to persuade me that feeling, taste, and smell can scarce be said to leave ideas, unless indistinct and obscure ones. . . .

“Show a Londoner correct models of twenty London churches, and, at the same time, a model of each, which differs, in several considerable features, from the truth, and I venture to say he shall not tell you, in any instance, which is the correct one, except by mere chance.

“If he is an architect he may be much more correct than any ordinary person: and this obviously is because he has felt an interest in viewing these structures, which an ordinary person does not feel: and here interest is the sole reason of his remembering more correctly than his neighbour.

“I once heard a person quaintly ask another, How many trees there are in St. Paul’s churchyard? The question itself indicates that many cannot answer it; and this is found to be the case with those who have passed the church a hundred times: whilst the cause is, that every individual in the busy stream which glides past St. Paul’s is engrossed in various other interests.

“How often does it happen that we enter a well-known apartment, or meet a well-known friend, and receive some vague idea of visible difference, but cannot possibly find out what it is; until at length we come to perceive (or perhaps must be told) that some ornament or furniture is removed, altered, or added in the apartment; or that our friend has cut his hair, taken a wig, or has made any of twenty considerable alterations in his appearance. At other times we have no perception of alteration whatever, though the like has taken place.

“It is, however, certain that sight, apposited with interest, can retain tolerably exact copies of sensations, especially if not too complex, such as of the human countenance and figure: yet the voice will convince us when the countenance will not; and he is reckoned an excellent painter, and no ordinary genius, who can make a tolerable likeness from memory. Nay, more, it is a conspicuous proof of the inaccuracy of visual ideas, that it is an effort of consummate art, attained by many years’ practice, to take a strict likeness of the human countenance, even when the object is present; and among those cases where the wilful cheat of flattery has been avoided, we still find in how very few instances the best painters produce a likeness up to the life, though practice and interest join in the attempt.

Comment by Ra Zola on October 13, 2026 at 3:21pm

(Con't)“I imagine an ordinary person would find it very difficult, supposing he had some knowledge of drawing, to afford from memory a tolerable sketch of such a familiar object as his curtain, his carpet, or his dressing-gown, if the pattern of either be at all various or irregular; yet he will instantly tell, with precision, either if his snuff or his wine has not the same character it had yesterday, though both these are compounds.

“Beyond all this I may observe, that a draper who is in the daily habit of such comparisons cannot carry in his mind the particular shade of a colour during a second of time; and has no certainty of tolerably matching two simple colours, except by placing the patterns in contact.”

I will conclude the subject of this Essay with observing that (as it appears to me) a nearer and more familiar acquaintance with persons has a different and more favourable effect than that with places or things. The latter improve (as an almost universal rule) by being removed to a distance: the former, generally at least, gain by being brought nearer and more home to us. Report or imagination seldom raises any individual so high in our estimation as to disappoint us greatly when we are introduced to him: prejudice and malice constantly exaggerate defects beyond the reality. Ignorance alone makes monsters or bugbears: our actual acquaintances are all very commonplace people. The thing is, that as a matter of hearsay or conjecture, we make abstractions of particular vices, and irritate ourselves against some particular quality or action of the person we dislike: whereas individuals are concrete existences, not arbitrary denominations or nicknames; and have innumerable other qualities, good, bad, and indifferent, besides the damning feature with which we fill up the portrait or caricature in our previous fancies. We can scarcely hate any one that we know. An acute observer complained, that if there was any one to whom he had a particular spite, and a wish to let him see it, the moment he came to sit down with him his enmity was disarmed by some unforeseen circumstance. If it was a Quarterly Reviewer, he was in other respects like any other man. Suppose, again, your adversary turns out a very ugly man, or wants an eye, you are baulked in that way: he is not what you expected, the object of your abstract hatred and implacable disgust. He may be a very disagreeable person, but he is no longer the same. If you come into a room where a man is, you find, in general, that he has a nose upon his face. “There’s sympathy!” This alone is a diversion to your unqualified contempt. He is stupid, and says nothing, but he seems to have something in him when he laughs. 

Hazlitt, William. “Why distant objects please.” 1822. Quotidiana. Ed. Patrick Madden. 11 Jan 2008. 16 Sep 2026

Comment by Ra Zola on September 18, 2026 at 1:06pm

(Con't)You had conceived of him as a rank Whig or Tory—yet he talks upon other subjects. You knew that he was a virulent party-writer; but you find that the man himself is a tame sort of animal enough. He does not bite. That’s something. In short, you can make nothing of it. Even opposite vices balance one another. A man may be pert in company, but he is also dull; so that you cannot, though you try, hate him cordially, merely for the wish to be offensive. He is a knave. Granted. You learn, on a nearer acquaintance, what you did not know before—that he is a fool as well; so you forgive him. On the other hand, he may be a profligate public character, and may make no secret of it; but he gives you a hearty shake by the hand, speaks kindly to servants, and supports an aged father and mother. Politics apart, he is a very honest fellow. You are told that a person has carbuncles on his face; but you have ocular proofs that he is sallow, and pale as a ghost. This does not much mend the matter; but it blunts the edge of the ridicule, and turns your indignation against the inventor of the lie; but he is——-, the editor of a Scotch magazine; so you are just where you were. I am not very fond of anonymous criticism; I want to know who the author can be: but the moment I learn this, I am satisfied. Even——- would do well to come out of his disguise. It is the mask only that we dread and hate: the man may have something human about him! The notions, in short, which we entertain of people at a distance, or from partial representations, or from guess-work, are simple uncompounded ideas, which answer to nothing in reality: those which we derive from experience are mixed modes, the only true, and, in general, the most favourable ones. Instead of naked deformity, or abstract perfection—

Those faultless monsters which the world ne’er saw—

“the web of our lives is of mingled yarn, good and ill together: our virtues would be proud, if our faults whipt them not; and our vices would despair, if they were not encouraged by our virtues.” This was truly and finely said long ago, by one who knew the strong and weak points of human nature; but it is what sects, and parties, and those philosophers whose pride and boast it is to classify by nicknames, have yet to know the meaning of!

Hazlitt, William. “Why distant objects please.” 1822. Quotidiana. Ed. Patrick Madden. 11 Jan 2008. 16 Sep 2026

Comment by Ra Zola on August 11, 2026 at 10:00pm

詹姆斯·喬伊斯:歷史......不是人應該過的生活~~可是,沒有用處的,他說。武力、仇恨、歷史,一切等等。侮辱與仇恨,那不是人應該過的生活,男人和女人。誰都知道,那是和真正的生活完全相反的。—— 引自章節:(十二)

(筆者認為在此有必要做兩點注釋:1、摩西受上帝之命率領被奴役的以色列人逃離古埃及,前往一塊富饒之地迦南,經歷40多年的艱難跋涉,在所及之地去世享年120歲。在摩西的帶領下古以色列人擺脫了被奴役的悲慘命運,學會遵守十誡,並成為歷史上首個尊奉一神宗教的民族。摩西出世正值以色利人在埃及受壓迫最甚之時。

(《尤利西斯》是愛爾蘭現代主義作家詹姆斯·喬伊斯於1922年出版的長篇小說,被譽為二十世紀最偉大的英語文學里程碑之一。全書以意識流手法,生動描繪了三位都柏林小市民在1904年6月16日短短一晝夜之內的種種日常經歷與心理活動。)

Comment by Ra Zola on June 3, 2026 at 12:21am

[愛墾研創]解放天賦:AI文理互換、概念相譯

人的天賦與學前家庭或環境接觸經驗不一樣,有人強于文;有人偏于理,過去進入學校以後,若沒遇上善引導、懂激發的老師,少了後天的影響,偏文或偏強變成了定勢:影響了興趣與志向。過去更大的限制是,以考試的成績分文理,好像不會讀書的才唸文科或工科、商科。幸而現在有了STEAM的介入,有了比較民主、自由的可能性,能讓文理平衡。今年更有了人工智能(AI),文理互換、概念相譯逾發充滿可能。

過去的分科教育和升學主義,就像一道人為築起的高牆。天賦或環境的差異本是多元的特質,卻在「一考定終身」的制度下,被迫簡化成「不會讀書才去唸文/工/商科」的刻板標籤。這種「文理定勢」不僅閹割了學生的志向,更窄化了人類探索世界的維度。

如同您所洞察的,STEAM 的介入與人工智慧(AI)的爆發,正在掀起一場教育的「民主化與解放運動」:

1.STEAM 的民主精神:打破框架的「文理平衡」

消解鄙視鏈:傳統上,文科常被誤解為「死背文字」,理科被誤解為「枯燥數字」。STEAM 將代表文科人文美感的「Arts」融入 STEM 中,讓學生發現科學需要美感來傳播,藝術需要技術來落實。

尊重個體差異:天性偏文的孩子,可以透過視覺設計或故事敘述(Arts)參與機器人專案;天性偏理的孩子,也能在解決社會議題的實作中,體會到人文關懷的力量。每個人都能找到自己的切入點,這就是教育的自由與民主。 [3, 4]

2.人工智慧(AI):概念相譯的「無痛轉換器」

您提到的「概念相譯」是一個極具前瞻性的概念。在 AI 時代,文理之間的語言障礙被徹底粉碎了:

將「文」譯為「理」(具象化與結構化): 偏好文字概念的學生,過去可能因為害怕複雜的程式碼而對理科望而卻步。現在,他們可以用自然的文學語言向 AI 描述腦中的構想,AI 就會自動將其「翻譯」成程式碼、3D 模型或數學邏輯。文字直接變成了生產力。

將「理」譯為「文」(故事化與感性化): 拙於言辭、偏向邏輯運算的學生,可以將冰冷的數據與模型交給 AI,AI 能迅速將其「翻譯」成動人的故事、簡報文案或社會倡議。邏輯從此有了溫度與影響力。

3.新時代的「經驗改造」:從定勢走向動態生長

在 AI 的加持下,杜威的「經驗改造」變得更有效率且個人化:

跨越後天環境的限制:過去如果沒有遇到善於引導的老師,學生的天賦可能就此埋沒。如今,AI 扮演了永不疲倦、因材施教的數位導師。它能根據學生的天賦偏好,量身打造學習路徑,在文理之間靈活切換解釋方式。

定勢的打破:學習不再是定型的軌道,而變成了動態的生態系。文理互換讓孩子們意識到,自己不必被「文科生」或「理科生」的標籤定義,每個人都有能力看清問題、用最擅長的方式表達清楚。

Comment by Ra Zola on May 28, 2026 at 5:16pm

[愛墾研創]鎔鑄一體:論「五育」在「羣育」視域下的當代重構與實踐~~

在當代馬來西亞華文教育的理論與實踐中,從傳統的「德、智、體、美、勞」五育,走向兼顧「羣育」的六育並重,是一次深刻的教育自覺。然而,「羣育」(社會群體意識與公民素養)不應僅被視作與其餘五育並列的單一維度。深入剖析華教的歷史脈絡與校園生態不難發現:「五育」之中的每一育,本質上都無法孤立存在,它們皆以「羣」為起點、為路徑、為終極歸宿。 「羣」是五育的土壤,五育則是「羣」的開顯。


一、德育:從個體修養到「羣」的倫理共構


傳統德育常被誤解為個體的閉門修身,但在華校語境下,德育的核心恰恰是「羣」的倫理實踐。儒家所倡導的孝親敬老、誠實守信,其本質是處理人與人、人與集體的關係。個體若脫離了群體,道德便失去了實踐的對象與檢驗的場域。華校德育教導學生感恩奉獻,這份「恩」與「獻」的對象,正是生養他們的家庭、庇護他們的華社,以及共同生活的國家。德育的最高境界,是讓個體在群體中找到定位,將「小我」自覺融入「大我」的集體福祉中。


二、智育:從孤立求知到「羣」的智慧協作


現代智育早已告別了「兩耳不聞窗外事」的孤立狀態。知識的習得與應用,具有高度的社會性與群體性。在華校的課堂與專題研究中,學生透過小組討論與協作,在思想碰撞中激活獨立思考能力。更重要的是,華教智育強調母語及多語能力,語言本身就是「羣」之間溝通與理解的橋樑。學生學好知識,不僅是為了個人的名利與前途,更是為了回饋社會、服務人群。這種「學以致羣」的智育觀,賦予了冷冰冰的科學知識以溫熱的社會溫度。


三、體育:從個體競技到「羣」的命運共同體


體育雖著眼於個體的強健體魄,但其精髓在於「羣」的生命力展現。無論是球類運動、接力比賽,還是校園運動會,體育活動都極度依賴團隊合作與集體榮譽感。在賽場上,學生學會了如何為了群體的勝利而克制自我、如何信任隊友,以及如何在失敗時共同承擔。這種在汗水與拼搏中建立的「羣」之凝聚力,培養了學生的同理心、抗挫力與契約精神。體育讓學生深刻體會到,個體再強,也必須依賴群體的協同才能走得更遠。


四、美育:從私人群照到「羣」的文化共鳴


美育看似是極具個人色彩的審美與情感體驗,實則具有強大的群體凝聚力量。在華校,美育往往通過華樂團、二十節令鼓、合唱團或舞蹈團等群體形式呈現。當數十人乃至數百人為了同一個音符、同一個鼓點、同一個舞步而同頻呼吸時,美育便超越了個體的感官享受,昇華為集體心靈的共振。這種美學上的「群體共鳴」,不僅陶冶了個人的情操,更在集體記憶中築牢了中華文化的根基,讓個體在群體的審美實踐中找到文化的歸屬。


五、勞育:從身體力行到「羣」的社會實踐


勞育是五育中將個體與群體連結得最為直接的紐帶。校園大掃除、生活技能課以及華校獨有的「義賣會」籌款活動,無一不是群體勞動的具體展現。在集體勞動中,學生流下汗水,體會到勞動者的艱辛,從而產生對他人勞動成果的珍惜與尊重。當學生為了學校與華社的生存,走出校門向公眾募款時,這種勞作便轉化為一種深刻的社會實踐。勞育讓學生明白,群體的家園需要每一個個體的共同勞動與付出才能得以維繫。


結語:以「羣」為歸宿的總體教育


綜上所述,「五育」絕非孤立的教學科目,而是以「羣」為軸心、交織互補的有機整體。沒有「羣」的視野,德育易流於空洞,智育易流於自私,體育易流於蠻力,美育易流於孤芳自賞,勞育則易流於盲目勞作。


馬來西亞華文教育之所以能在風雨中屹立不倒,正是因為它從不培養精緻的利己主義者,而是通過與「羣」深度融合的五育,培養出既有高尚品德、扎實知識、強健體魄,又有審美素養與勞動觀念,且深深扎根於社會、熱愛國家與族群的健全公民。五育皆含「羣」,方能鎔鑄出真正頂天立地的當代青年。

Comment by Ra Zola on May 14, 2026 at 6:05pm

[愛墾研創·教改] 社區關聨:實在的幸福生活基礎

學術報告〈Happiness and Sense of Community Belonging in the World Value Survey〉以世界價值觀調查(World Value Survey, WVS)2017–2020年資料為基礎,涵蓋全球74個國家超過12萬名受訪者,系統性探討「社區歸屬感」與「幸福感」之間的關聯。研究結果清楚顯示,人們的主觀幸福感與其所感知的社會連結程度之間存在穩定且顯著的正向關係,特別是在「城市層級」的歸屬感中,此種關聯最為強烈。此發現不僅深化了社會心理學對幸福來源的理解,也再次驗證人類作為社會性動物,其心理福祉高度依賴於與他人及群體之間的連結品質。

首先,研究指出「對城市的歸屬感」是預測幸福感最重要的因素。城市作為個體日常生活的主要空間,不僅承載工作、居住與社交活動,更是人際互動與情感記憶累積的核心場域。當個體對所在城市產生認同與依附時,往往意味著其已成功融入當地社會網絡,並獲得相對穩定的支持系統與安全感。這種微觀層級的社會連結,能有效降低孤立感並提升生活滿意度,進而轉化為更高的整體幸福感。因此,本研究強調,幸福感並非抽象概念,而是深植於具體生活環境與人際互動之中。

其次,研究亦發現較宏觀層級的歸屬感,例如對國家、洲或世界的認同,同樣與幸福感呈正相關,但影響程度較城市歸屬感為弱。這顯示個體雖然能從更大範圍的集體身份中獲得意義感與象徵性支持,例如國族認同所帶來的文化歸屬或全球認同所產生的普世連結感,但這些抽象層次的連結在日常情緒支持與心理安定上的作用仍有限。換言之,越接近生活經驗核心的社會連結,其對幸福感的影響越直接且明顯。

值得注意的是,「對區域的歸屬感」在本研究中並未呈現顯著的幸福預測力。此結果可能與「區域」概念在不同國家與文化中定義模糊有關。受訪者對於區域的理解可能涵蓋省份、州、地理區或文化區域等不同層次,導致資料在比較時出現不一致性。此一發現提醒未來跨文化研究在設計問卷時,需更加重視概念操作化的一致性,以避免測量誤差影響結果解釋。

此外,本研究的重要貢獻之一,在於其控制多項社會人口變項(如年齡、性別、教育程度與收入)後,仍確認社區歸屬感對幸福感具有獨立解釋力。此結果意味著,即使在資源分配不均或經濟條件差異顯著的情況下,心理層面的社會連結仍然是影響幸福的重要來源。因此,公共政策若欲提升人民福祉,除了改善物質條件外,也應重視社會凝聚力的培養,例如強化社區參與、促進地方互動及建立包容性社會環境。

綜合而言,本研究提供一個跨文化且大規模的實證基礎,證明「歸屬感」是影響人類幸福的重要心理機制。它提醒我們,幸福不僅來自個人成就或經濟收入,更深植於人與社會之間的連結品質。當個體能在其所處社會中感受到被接納、被理解與被連結時,其心理狀態將更為穩定且正向。未來研究可進一步探討數位社群、虛擬互動以及全球化背景下新型態歸屬感的作用機制,以更全面理解當代社會中的幸福來源。

參考文獻:
Díez-Medrano, J., & et al. (2023). *Happiness and Sense of Community Belonging in the World Value Survey*. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 4(3), 100101. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100101](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100101)

Comment by Ra Zola on May 9, 2026 at 5:32pm

[愛墾研創·教改]冰封大陸上的民族重生:論《南極大陸》中越冬組員研究工作的文化意涵與時代精神

摘要:本研究以 1957 年日本第一次南極越冬觀測隊為核心,分析日本TBS2011年60週年紀念電視劇《南極大陸》(Antarctica)中所呈現的科研工作如何超越單純的學術範疇,演變為二戰後日本重返國際社會、重建民族認同的文化符號。透過對極光、氣象、地磁等研究項目的考察,本文探討了個人研究計畫與國家集體榮譽之間的緊密關聯。

壹、緒論:極地的科學與民族的雪恥

1957年,日本作為「國際地球觀測年」(International Geophysical Year, IGY)的一員,派遣觀測隊前往南極。在文化意義上,這不僅是一場科學探險,更是二戰戰敗後,日本試圖在不涉及軍事與領土野心的前提下,以「科技貢獻」重回世界舞台的關鍵一步。

貳、個人研究的專業性與領先性

在第三話中,每位組員的專業工作都具備了成為「日本第一」的潛力:

1.極光與宇宙觀測:在當時,極光觀測是理解地球磁場與太陽能量交換的核心途徑。若能首度捕捉到南極地區精確的極光數據,將使日本物理學界在電波傳播研究上取得國際領先地位。

2.極端氣象觀測:面對每秒100公尺的暴風雪,氣象員的數據記錄是人類首次對該經緯度區域氣候的長期追蹤。這對全球氣候模型建立具有無可取代的價值。

3.地磁與地理勘測:透過倉持岳志等隊員對冰層厚度與地磁的實地測量,日本得以繪製出屬於自己的南極地圖,象徵著對未知領域的知識開拓權。

參、科研工作與民族認同的建構

論文認為,劇中強調的「研究工作」具有雙重文化屬性:

技術的自尊心:在設備落後於歐美強國的情況下,組員必須以極高的手工調試與維護能力保證觀測不中斷。這種「工匠精神」(Monozukuri)在極地的延伸,強化了日本人的技術認同。

從「加害者」到「貢獻者」:透過對南極生態與地球環境的科學關注,日本從二戰中的侵略形象,轉化為守護地球未來、貢獻人類知識進步的積極力量。

肆、樺太犬與科研物流的文化共生

不應忽視的是,科研工作的成功依賴於極地的物流系統——樺太犬隊。太郎與次郎等犬隻不僅是運輸工具,更被賦予了日本民族堅毅、耐勞的文化投射。研究工作的每一次推進,都是人、犬與嚴酷自然共同搏鬥的成果。

伍、結論

《南極大陸》中的每一項研究計畫,都是組員爭取國家榮譽的微觀戰場。在南極這個無主之地上,日本科研隊員透過定時的觀測、數據的積累與對極限的挑戰,成功將科學數據轉化為民族自信的燃料。這場「盛舉」宣告了日本在知識領域的重新崛起,並確立了科技立國的文化底色。

Comment by Ra Zola on April 30, 2026 at 12:58pm

[愛墾研創]「離散」與「華語語系」概念下的獨中

這句話若落在馬來西亞華文獨中的脈絡,其實觸及了一個相當核心、甚至帶有歷史張力的問題:華文獨中究竟是「記憶的容器」,還是「生成的場域」?

從「離散」(Diaspora)的角度來看,華文獨中的存在,首先意味著一種文化記憶的制度化保存。自19世紀南來移民以來,華人社群在語言與教育上面臨斷裂的風險,於是華文學校(尤其是獨立中學)成為維繫漢語書寫、文化經典與歷史敘事的重要機制。在這個意義上,獨中回應的是「我們從哪裡來」:它承載著對中華文化的延續、對祖籍地的象徵性認同,以及對文化斷裂的集體焦慮。課程中的古典文學、歷史敘事與倫理價值,都可以視為一種「離散記憶的再生產」。

然而,若僅停留於此,華文獨中便容易被固定為「文化守成者」,甚至陷入一種單向的原鄉想像。而「華語語系」(Sinophone)的視角,恰恰在此提出了關鍵轉向——它要求我們重新思考:華文獨中是否也能回答「我們在這裡如何成為自己」?

這意味著,獨中不應只是傳承「中國文化」,而應成為「馬來西亞華人文化生成」的現場。換言之,華文教育的價值,不僅在於語言的保存,更在於如何用這種語言去表達在地經驗:馬來西亞的多元族群關係、宗教互動、日常生活、政治現實,乃至於熱帶氣候下的感知與情感結構。當學生用華文書寫「這裡」而非僅僅書寫「那裡」時,華文才真正轉化為一種在地的文化資源,而非外來的文化負擔。

因此,這句話對獨中的深層啟示在於一種「雙重任務」:

一方面,它不能放棄離散所帶來的歷史深度——沒有記憶,就沒有文化的厚度;但另一方面,它更需要完成Sinophone意義上的轉化——沒有在地生成,文化便無法真正扎根。

在實踐層面,這可能意味著幾個方向的轉變:例如課程中增加馬來西亞華文文學與地方歷史的比重;鼓勵學生以華文進行在地敘事與創作;甚至在校園文化中培養一種多語共存的敏感性,而非將華文置於封閉的單一文化框架之中。

更深一層來看,華文獨中其實正處於一種極具創造力的位置:它既是離散歷史的產物,又是華語語系文化的前線。它不只是「保存者」,也可以是「轉化者」與「生成者」。

如果說「離散」讓人記得來路,那麼華文獨中的未來,或許正在於:如何讓這份來路,不再只是回望的方向,而成為在此地繼續生長的土壤。

Comment by Ra Zola on April 27, 2026 at 9:00pm

日劇《美麗人生》(Beautiful Life: 〜ふたりでいた日々〜,2000,TBS )金句~痛苦、脆弱與現實

或許,根本沒有永遠。
Maybe forever doesn’t exist.

為什麼會這麼痛苦?
Why does it hurt this much?

那段時光就像夢一樣。
It felt like a dream.

我害怕失去你。
I’m afraid of losing you.

越珍貴的東西,越容易破碎。
The most precious things break easily.

愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.

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