文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
不管怎麽說,接著往下講。從現代到後現代,特別是文化上的轉變,背後的social force到底是什麽?Urry的觀點是工人階級的分化和中產階級的細化(數量壯大)(p102 the weakened collective powers of the working class and the heightened powers of the service and other middle classes have generated a widespread audience for new cultural forms and particularly for what some term “post-tourism”)
對於這幫中產階級的消費問題,Urry用了Bourdieu在Distinction(1984)的分析,各個階層所做的就是不斷加強界限和壁壘。p102 in such struggles a central role is played by cultural institutions, especially education and the media.而文化領域的生產規則是不同於經濟領域的 (its own logic, currency and rate)教育和媒體對於文化領域的資本再生產有至關重要的作用。而這兩個行業的從業人員被布迪厄稱為service class,他們不占有經濟資本比如土地,行業準入依賴的是教育,言行,布迪厄對service class(服務階層,包括知識分子,媒體從業人員)的評論是,他們在旅遊中因此尋求the culturally most legitimate and economically cheapest practices的活動,也故意挑戰工作和休閑這種傳統界限,比如在工作時穿的很休閑。
在這群人中,又尤其要注意those whose work is predominately symbolic,比如廣告,媒體p103,注意他們對fashion和style的追求。這群「新興中產」未必被「傳統知識分子」,old cultural-capital establishment接受,所以會對嚴肅文化,高雅文化有一種挑戰,也對傳統文化資本「去神秘化」,他們創造的文化都是travel faster,在「今日先鋒」與「第二天就爛大街」之間迅速轉換著。這就造成了一種奇異的混雜(stylistic melting-pot),新舊,懷舊與未來風,自然與人工……
進一步地,布迪厄認為這群人和old petiti bourgeoistie對pleasure的理解有很大不同,老式中產以「節製」為美,為道德,新中產則不同,they urge a morality of pleasure as a duty.而且求新求變。
Urry認為媒體對「去差異化」的文化影響至深,用梅羅維茨的觀點說p105 the media and new media are significant in reducing the importance of separate and distinct system of information and pleasure.
而追溯這群新中產的成長,回到1960年代,他們的青春期充滿反叛和權威的衰落,而且介於青少年和成人之間的那段時間又拉長了(an immensely extended luminal zone derived from the decline in parental authority and the extension of the period when one is neither child nor adult. (Martin, 1982))所以媒體界,文化界的很多規則都重寫了。這群人極為矛盾,又懷舊,又崇尚新的。一方面是the loss of historical sense,一方面是媒體發達圖景下的three-minute culture. 不斷換臺,immediate consumption purchase。
這群人的品味對旅遊業的影響巨大,首先是在旅遊地問題上,the prioritization of “culture” over a particular construction of “nature” or “natural desire”.其次,要求使用的東西「純自然」。特別值得注意的是,80年代末, Independent報紙發起的 “Campaign for Real Holidays”,說旅遊被現成的系統綁架,號召不去那些重度商業化的地方,real holiday makers依賴盡量少的旅遊機構。但是這種提倡其實也很快被大旅遊公司收編,「我們提供一對一服務」。
在這個80年代末發起的運動中,有很多值得強調的地方,p108travel rather than tourism, individual choice, avoiding the package holidaymaker, the need to be an educated traveler, and a global operation that permits individual care and attention.他們對 “real”或者 “natural”的強調其實無甚新奇,也和當時的鄉村保護運動結合在一起,和農業,工業在英國社會中的角色發生變化有關。對鄉村的迷戀,本身就是時代變遷的一個符號,p109 there is a relationship here between postmodernism and this current obsession with the countryside. the attractions of the countryside derive in part from the disillusionment with the modern。是戰後對「現代性」的祛魅和反思。但是,鄉村作為tourist gaze, normally has erased from it farm machinery, labourers, tractors, motorways…這個現象就是MacCannell說的將東西「博物館化」,這不再是一個生產性,創造性場所,empty。但是另一方面,也有組織專門experience it physically的活動p111
但是他這段引的文獻全是80年代的,必須考慮的是三十年後的適用度如何。
愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.
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