文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
—勞倫斯散文的詩歌節奏淺談
讀勞倫斯的散文,我們時刻要銘記於心並提醒自己的是:勞倫斯從少年時代起直到生命的終點,他一直是個詩人,而且他最初是以詩歌躋身文壇的。我一直推崇勞倫斯是現代文明廢墟上的歌者,他在寫作那些傳世巨制的小說的同時,一直沒有停止自己的詩歌創作,直到去世前他還完成了詩集《最終的詩》。因此我們有理由說,勞倫斯的散文(prose,在這裏泛指非詩歌)寫作一直與詩歌創作之間有著滲透,這種滲透更明顯地表現為詩對其它類別寫作的影響,從而勞倫斯的散文不可避免地富有詩的節奏和韻律,從根本上說是為詩性的思維和構架所彌漫烘托。或許這就是勞倫斯散文的高蹈之所在。拙文僅僅提出這樣的假說,並非專論,僅僅意在為讀者欣賞勞倫斯的散文提出一個或許有價值的視角。我們不妨參看勞倫斯的原文,尋覓其中無處不在的“詩義”。
在《哈代小說與悲劇》一文中我們讀到勞倫斯這樣富有節奏和意蘊的評論:
書中悲劇真正的內容是什麽?是這荒原。是在這片原始的土地上,本能的生命在隆起。是在本能深處的野蠻躁動中產生了悲劇。是在事物的身體附近,能聽到那躁動,是這躁動創造了我們也毀滅了我們。大地喘息著,憑著野性的本能喘息,愛頓那黑色的土壤強壯、野蠻、有機,如同野獸的身體。就是從這野性的土地裏生出了尤斯塔西婭、威爾德夫、姚伯太太和克裏姆等人。
What is the real stuff of tragedy in the book? It is the Heath. It is the primitive, primal earth, where the instinctive life heaves up. There, in the deep, rude stirring of the instincts, there was the reality that worked the tragedy. Close to the body of things, there can be heard the stir that makes us and destroys us. The earth heaved with raw instinct, Egdon whose dark soil was strong and rude and organic as the body of a beast. Out of this body of crude earth are born Eustacia, Woldeve, Mistress Yeobright, Clym, and all the others.
這樣的句子恰恰也出現在勞倫斯小說《虹》的開篇:
他們身邊,天地生生不息,這樣的湧動怎會休止呢?春天,他們會感到生命活力的沖動,其浪潮不可遏止,年年拋撒出生命的種子,落地生根,留下年輕的生命。他們知道天地的陰陽交匯:大地把陽光收進自己的五臟六腑中,吸飽雨露,又在秋風中變得赤裸無余,連鳥兒都無處藏身……他們捧起母牛的奶子擠奶,那奶子沖撞著人的手掌,奶頭上的血脈沖撞著人手的血脈。他們跨上馬背,雙腿間夾起生命。他們給馬套上馬車,手握韁繩,隨心所欲地勒住暴躁的馬兒。
But heaven and earth was teeming around them, and how should this cease? They felt the rush of the sap in spring, they knew the wave which cannot halt, but every year throws forward the seed to begetting, and falling back, leaves the young born on earth. They knew the intercourse between heaven and earth, sunshine drawn into the breast and bowels, the rain sucked up in the daytime, nakedness that come under the wind in autumn, showing the birds’ nests no longer worth hiding…They took the udder of the cows, the cows yielded milk and pulse against the hands of the men, the pulse of the blood of the teats of the cows beat into the pulse of the hands of the men. They mounted their horses, and held life between the grip of their knees, they harnessed their horses at the wagon, and, with hand on the bridle-rings, drew the heaving of the horses after their will.
這種韻律的美,是非讀原文不得的,特別是那一句the cows yielded milk and pulse against the hands of the men, the pulse of the blood of the teats of the cows beat into the pulse of the hands of the men,完全可以讀出血脈湧動的節奏,完全令人沈醉在兩種血脈相互沖撞的肉感之中。為此有批評家把勞倫斯和哈代對自然的描寫說成是“性感的風景描寫”(sexualization of landscape),這個短語也可用現在時髦的“什麽什麽化”的西式句法來翻譯成“性化風景”。他們所“性化”的是浪漫主義詩人華茲華斯筆下的英國土地。在華詩人的筆下,英國的風景是審美客體,詩人面對客體吟詠風花雪月的詩篇,美則美矣,但能感到審美的主客體是分離的,如《水仙辭》中 I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o’er vale and hills 的詩句,甚至頗為矯情做作。而到了勞倫斯這一代詩人,風景和自然儼然是主體,詩人要揭示其內在的詩性,體現在詩化的散文中,就有了這種自然的節奏生發於此。這種美,源自浪漫主義,但已經是浪漫主義詩歌望塵莫及的了。浪漫主義的特點是感發,而勞倫斯的詩文轉向自然的生發。
在《查泰萊夫人的情人》中對黑暗齷齪的礦區,勞倫斯發出的幾乎是咬牙切齒的恨恨然之聲,這聲音幾乎可以通過朗讀下面的段落發自肺腑,當然我指的是英文原文,不僅是節奏,用詞幾乎都有咬牙切齒之音響效果,如連用幾個black,幾個utter和幾個ugly,這樣的幾個短音節詞不斷跳躍在字裏行間,發自牙縫和舌間,聽上去完全是擲地有聲的咒符:
黑糊糊的磚房,房頂是黑石板鋪就,尖尖的房檐黑得發亮,路上的泥裏攙雜著煤灰,也黑糊糊的,便道也黑糊糊、潮乎乎。這地方看上去似乎一切都讓淒涼晦暗浸透了。這情景將自然美徹底泯滅,把生命的快樂徹底消滅,連鳥獸都有的外表美的本能在這裏都消失殆盡,人類直覺功能的死亡在這裏真是觸目驚心……醜陋,醜陋,還是醜陋。
The blackened brick dwellings, the black slate roofs glistening their sharp edges, the mud black with coal-dust, the pavements wet and black. It was as if dismalness had soaked through and through everything. The utter negation of natural beauty, the utter negation of the gladness of life, the utter absence of the instinct for shapely beauty which every bird and beast has, the utter death of the human intuitive faculty was appalling…ugly, ugly, ugly.
如soaked through and through everything這樣聲效與節奏同步的短語,應該說是朗朗上口,逼著你不能不叨念出聲。
與勞倫斯的原文比較,我那些苦心孤詣煎熬出的譯文真的只能濫竽為勞倫斯錦繡的背面,相形見絀,充其量是傳達其意思,難以再現其詩性的節奏和韻律。當然,從技術層面說,中文再現英文的音效確有困難,這是因為中文是表意文字,成語堆砌,多追求視覺效果的華麗或整飭;而英文是表音文字,是所謂的“語音為中心”語言,天然富於樂感。一個重形色,一個重音韻。或許這是我為自己的譯文開脫的一個客觀理由,如果能開脫一點的話。或許我唯一能感到欣慰的是,表意文字翻譯出來的字數比原文要簡短,如果只出中文版,能節省很多紙張。也因此我建議讀者要研究勞倫斯散文的詩性,必須“念”他的原文,而不僅僅是“看”。這就是勞倫斯留給後代讀者的一門功課,也是勞倫斯文學生命之樹常青的原因之所在:他的文字不僅活在視覺裏,還響徹在讀者的唇齒之間,勞倫斯幾乎將英文這種表音文字創造性地用到了極致。
還有的學者指出勞倫斯散文中通過標點斷句,制造出音效和節奏,加強了意思的表達,這樣的段落不勝枚舉,有意者不妨參看Style in Fiction by Geoffrey Leech一書,更為專業地了解其對英語散文的修辭與風格的剖析,體會英文寫作大師們的散文之美。
愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.
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