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Comment by Place Link on January 17, 2024 at 7:26pm

东海岸经济区：关丹、北根与云冰旅游业

（关丹4日讯）彭亨州务大臣拿督斯里旺罗斯迪表示，自东海岸经济特区发展理事会（ECERDC）（East Coast Economic Region [ECER] Development Council ）成立以来，彭亨已实施14个总值40亿令吉的高影响力项目。

他说，该项目涵盖关丹、北根和云冰等地区的旅游业、制造业、基础设施发展、农业企业和社会经济等多个领域。

他表示，这些项目包括马中关丹产业园（MCKIP）、北根汽车园、甘孟清真食品中心、彭亨科技园（甘孟 Gambang，Pahang Technology Park），以及关丹港扩建及城市发展 。

农业综合企业方面，已完成的项目包括姆阿占莎（Muadzam Shah）畜牧业研究与创新中心（MSCRIC）和云冰综合黄梨产业（RIPP）。

旅游业则涉及珍尼湖州立公园和北根遗产旅游发展，关丹海滨区的关丹188塔、土产手工艺商业中心和河畔公园。

他是今日在彭亨州议会议上回答巴登东姑州议员穆斯达巴隆提问时，这么说。

后者要求列出东海岸经济特区发展理事会下的高影响力项目。

确保东彭发展平衡

旺罗斯迪也介绍其他几个正在实施的项目，即关丹的遮拉丁海龟保护和信息中心及北根旧市镇的旧建筑升级改造。

正在实施的还有马中关丹产业园的3个制造业项目和一个基础设施发展项目，涉及从登嘉楼甘马挽到彭亨州重要工业地格宾的输水管道。

在回应穆斯达巴隆口头质询时，旺罗斯迪并不否认东彭和中彭有更多发展和拨款，但州政府已采取行动，确保东彭发展更加平衡。

“州政府不仅依赖东海岸经济特区发展理事会，事实上自2018年，我担任州务大臣第一年已建立‘西彭Plus’（Pahang Barat Plus）计划促进区经济，许多项目正在西部实施。”

西彭包括文冬县、劳勿县和立卑县，而连突县和百乐县（Bera）则囊括在西彭Plus。

放眼明年逾11亿税收

彭亨州政府收入连续两年突破10亿令吉大关，放眼明年11亿3700万令吉税收目标。

彭亨州务大臣拿督斯里旺罗斯迪表示，截至12月3日，彭亨州政府已取得11亿6000万令吉收入，超过2023年财政预算案设定的10亿8000万令吉目标。

“这是一项了不起的成就，彭亨州政府连续两年收入超过10亿令吉。这使彭亨与雪兰莪和柔佛等其他发达州属持平。”

他表示，截至今年11月28日，彭亨州的投资总额为164亿令吉，其中包括47亿令吉的国内投资和116亿令吉的外国投资。

“这些数字清楚地表明，投资者对彭亨州的潜力和稳定充满信心。”

他今天在彭亨州议会提呈以“关注彭亨，人民繁荣”为主题的2024年彭亨财政预算案时，如此指出。

调查漏税降低债务

旺罗斯迪说，彭亨州政府将继续解决漏税问题，以增加对国库的贡献，并实现明年目标。

“我们将继续调查漏税情况，并监督参与彭亨州种植园计划的联邦机构，除了林业，我们也将探讨其他收入来源，包括可再生能源。”

同时，他表示州政府已成功减债，从去年的10亿3000万令吉减至今年11月的约9亿8349万令吉。

“如果在各方和合作下，债务能够进一步减少，彭亨州政府将继续努力降低债务。”

（2023年12月05日南洋商报；原題：大臣:涵盖多区多领域 彭40亿发展14大项目）

Comment by Place Link on January 14, 2024 at 10:37am

Old Pahang Kingdom

Old Pahang Kingdom (Malay: Kerajaan Pahang Tua[4]) was a historical Malay polity centred in the Pahang region in the east coast of Malay Peninsula. The polity appeared in foreign records from as early as the 5th century[5] and at its height, covered much of modern state of Pahang and the entire southerly part of the peninsula.[6] Throughout its pre-Melakan history, Pahang was established as a mueang[7] or naksat[8] of some major regional Malayic mandalas including Langkasuka,[9] Srivijaya[10] and Ligor.[11] Around the middle of the 15th century, it was brought into the orbit of Melaka Sultanate and subsequently established as a vassal Muslim Sultanate in 1470, following the coronation of the grandson of the former Maharaja as the first Sultan of Pahang.[12]

The naming of Pahang relates to the ancient practice in Malayic culture of defining territorial definitions and apportioning lands by water-sheds.[13] The term 'Pahang' in referring to the kingdom thus, is thought to originate from the name of Pahang River.[14] There have been many theories on the origin of the name. According to Malay legend, across the river at Kampung Kembahang where the present stream of the Pahang parts company with the Pahang Tua, in ancient time stretched a huge mahang tree (macaranga) from which the river and kingdom derived their name. This legend agrees with oral tradition among Proto-Malay Jakun peoples that say their forefathers called the country Mahang.[15]

Other notable theory was espoused by William Linehan, that relates the early foundation of the kingdom to the settlers from ancient Khmer civilisation, and claims its naming origin to the word saamnbahang (Khmer: សំណប៉ាហាំង) meaning 'tin', based on the discovery of prehistoric tin mines in the state.[16]

There were many variations of the name Pahang in history. The Book of Song referred to the kingdom as Pohuang or Panhuang.[17] The Chinese chronicler Zhao Rugua knew it as Pong-fong. According to the continuation of Ma Duanlin's Wenxian Tongkao, Pahang was called Siam-lao thasi. By Arabs and Europeans, the kingdom was variously styled Pam, Pan, Paam, Paon, Phaan, Phang, Paham, Pahan, Pahaun, Phaung, Phahangh.[18]

Comment by Place Link on January 14, 2024 at 10:36am

Prehistory

Archaeological evidence revealed the existence of human habitation in the area that is today Pahang from as early as the paleolithic age. At Gunung Senyum have been found relics of mesolithic civilisation using paleolithic implements. At Sungai Lembing, Kuantan, have been discovered paleolithic artefacts chipped and without trace of polishing, the remains of a 6,000-year-old civilisation.[19] Traces of Hoabinhian culture is represented by a number of limestone cave sites.[20] Late neolithic relics are abundant, including polished tools, quoit discs, stone ear pendants, stone bracelets and cross-hatched bark pounders.[21] By around 400 BC, the development of bronze casting led to the flourishing of the Đông Sơn culture, notably for its elaborate bronze war drums.[22]

The early iron civilisation in Pahang that began around the beginning of Common Era is associated by prehistorians with the late neolithic culture. Relics from this era, found along the rivers are particularly numerous in Tembeling Valley, which served as the old main northern highway of communication. Ancient gold workings in Pahang are thought to date back to this early Iron Age as well.[23]

Early period

The Kra Isthmus region of the Malay peninsula and its peripheries are recognised by historians as the cradle of Malayic civilisations.[24] Primordial Malayic kingdoms are described as tributaries to Funan by 2nd century Chinese sources.[25]

Ancient settlements can be traced from Tembeling to as far south as Merchong. Their tracks can also be found in deep hinterland of Jelai, along the Chini Lake, and up to the head-waters of the Rompin.[26] A polity identified as Koli in Geographia or Kiu-Li, centred on the estuary of Pahang River south of Langkasuka, flourished in the 3rd century CE. It possessed an important international port, where many foreign ships stopped to barter and resupply.[27] In common with most of the states in the Malay Peninsula during that time, Kiu-Li was in contact with Funan. The Chinese records mention that an embassy sent to Funan by the Indian king Murunda sailed from Kiu-Li's port (between 240 and 245 CE). Murunda presented to the Funanese king Fan Chang four horses from the Yuezhi (Kushan) stud farms.[28]

Comment by Place Link on January 13, 2024 at 2:45pm

By the middle of the 5th century, another polity suggestive as ancient Pahang, was described in the Book of Song as Pohuang or Panhuang (婆皇). The king of Pohuang, She-li- Po-luo-ba-mo ('Sri Bhadravarman') was recorded to have sent an envoy to the Liu Song court in 449–450 with forty-one types of products. In 456–457, another envoy of the same country, led by a Senapati, arrived at the Chinese capital, Jiankang.[29] This ancient Pahang is believed to had been established later as a mueang[30] to the mandala of Langkasuka-Kedah centred in modern-day Patani region that rose to prominence with the regression of Funan from the 6th century.[31] The Langkasuka-Kedah with its city states that controlled both coastal fronts of Malay peninsula, assumed importance in the trading network involving Rome, India and China.[32] The growth in trade brought in foreign influence throughout these city states. The discovery of many Buddhist votive tablets and Hindu icons points toward strong Indian influence during this period.[33]

By the beginning of the 8th century, Langkasuka-Kedah came under the military and political hegemony of Srivijaya. However, the gradual domination of Langkasuka-Kedah was not achieved by conventional warfare, and no records of major seaborne naval expeditions exist. The submission of Langkasuka-Kedah to the might of Srivijaya was of benefit and interest to the former for, as a commercial centre, it was useful to be allied to a powerful with a navy strong enough to protect them.[34]

Classical period

In the centuries that followed, up to the final decline of Srivijaya, Langkasuka-Kedah was one of its closest allies and Kedah rose to become a principal port and even the seat of the Srivijayan Maharaja. Langkasuka-Kedah's fortune were, therefore intertwined with Srivijaya's, and the former's decline only came after the fall of the latter to Chola raids from South India in the 11th century.[35] The power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the rise of Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, commonly known in Malay tradition as 'Ligor'. By the 13th century, the kingdom succeeded to incorporate most of the Malay Peninsula including Pahang under its mandala. During this period, Pahang, designated as Muaeng Pahang[36] was established as one of the twelve naksat city states[37] of Ligor.[38] In the early 14th century, the fortune of Ligor was in turn eclipsed by the rise of Thai Buddhist power, and the expansion southwards by Ram Khamhaeng of Sukhotai who brought it under Thai hegemony.[39]

The 14th century was the time of the earliest recorded evidence of Islam in the east coast of Malay peninsula.[40][41] The period also coincides with Pahang, began consolidating its influence in the southern part of the Malay peninsula. The kingdom, described by Portuguese historian, Manuel Godinho de Erédia as Pam, was one of the two kingdoms of Malayos in the peninsula, in succession to Pattani, that flourished before the establishment of Melaka in the 15th century. The Pahang ruler then, titled Maharaja, was also the overlord of countries of Ujong Tanah ('land's end'), the southerly part of the peninsula including Temasek.[42] The Majapahit chronicle, Nagarakretagama even used the name Pahang to designate the Malay peninsula, an indication of the importance of this kingdom.[43]

Comment by Place Link on January 13, 2024 at 2:44pm

The History of Ming records several envoy missions from Pahang to the Ming court in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the year 1378, Maharaja Tajau sent envoys with a letter on a gold leaf and bringing as tribute six foreign slaves and products of the country. In the year 1411, during the reign of Maharaja Pa-la-mi-so-la-ta-lo-si-ni (transliterated by historian as 'Parameswara Teluk Chini'), he also sent envoys carrying tributes. The Chinese returned the favour in 1412 by sending the legendary Admiral Zheng He as an envoy to Pahang, and in the year 1414, Pahang sent tribute again to China. In the year 1416, they sent tribute together with Kozhikode and Java envoys, and in return Zheng He was again ordered to go to Pahang.[44]

Melakan invasion

The 15th century witnessed the rise of Melaka Sultanate, which under the Sang Sapurba dynasty had aggressively consolidated its influence on the west coast of Malay peninsula. Earlier, at the end of the 13th century, the dynasty wrested the small trading outpost at Temasek from Pahang influence and established the short-lived Kingdom of Singapura which was sacked by the Javanese a century later. The renegade last king Seri Iskandar Shah established Melaka to succeed Singapura.

Muzaffar Shah, the fifth sultan of Melaka, who reigned from 1445 to 1458, refused to acknowledge the suzerainty of Ligor over his country. The Ligorians, in assertion of their claim, sent an invading army led by Awi Chakri, overland to Melaka. The invaders, who were aided by Pahang auxiliaries, followed the old route by the Tembeling, Pahang and Bera rivers. They were easily defeated and fled back by the same route. Subsequently, they attempted a naval invasion, but were again beaten. Muzaffar Shah then conceived the idea of checking Ligorian pretensions by attacking the Ligor vassal state of Pahang. An expedition was organised by Muzaffar's son, Raja Abdullah and was personally led by the Melakan Bendahara Tun Perak with two hundred sail, big and small, accordingly proceeded to Pahang and conquered it in the year 1454. The reigning ruler of Pahang, Maharaja Dewa Sura, fled to the interior while his daughter Putri Wanang Seri was captured. The victors, anxious to gain the goodwill of the Bendahara, hastened in pursuit of the fugitive king until he was captured and carried together with his daughter to Melaka.[45]

In the year that Pahang was conquered, Raja Abdullah married Putri Wanang Seri, the daughter of the captive king, whose name had been changed, probably on conversion to Islam, to Putri Lela Wangsa. By her he had two sons Raja Ahmad and Raja Muhammad.[46]

Comment by Place Link on January 13, 2024 at 2:43pm

Administration

Little is known on the administrative system used in Pahang, but throughout its history, several government titles are recorded. The government was headed by a maharaja (literally 'emperor') as an absolute monarch,[47] a similar title held by its overlord in Ligor.[48] Towards the end of the kingdom, the maharaja was recorded by de Erédia as belonging to the same dynasty that ruled Ligor.[49] A title known as Senapati was recorded in the Book of Song, a Sanskrit word literally means 'lord of the army'. The Senapati was recorded in the Chinese chronicle to had headed several envoy missions to China.[50] Other than that, a Pahang Shahbandar was known to have ruled Temasek before the island was wrested from Pahang by the Sang Sapurba dynasty. The word Shahbandar is a title adopted from Persian that literally means 'lord of the port'.[51]

The old court name was Inderapura, and the capital has always been known as 'the town'. The pre-Melakans calling it by Sanskrit name Pura, the Malays 'Pekan', the Portuguese 'a Cidade', while the people of Rompin and Bebar described the capital as Pekan Pahang. Pura may have covered a much larger than the town known as Pekan today. In addition to modern Pekan, it appears to have comprised the land on the banks of Pahang river as far as Tanjung Langgar.[52]
Culture

The culture of ancient Pahang was the result of amalgamation of various Mon-Khmer and Malayic cultures.[53][54] The pre-Melakan inhabitants of the country, together with people of Isthmus region's civilisation further north, were collectively referred as 'Siamese' in the Malay Annals[55] of the Melaka Sultanate, although they were identified culturally as Malays by Portuguese historian de Erédia.[56] On the other hand, de Erédia adopted the term 'Siam' and applied it in a broader context, referring to the overlord of these historical 'Siamese' people, that is the Thai kingdom of Ayuthaya.[57] This broad Portuguese application of the term was later popularised as an exonym for successive Thai kingdoms by other European writers.

In the classical Malay text Hikayat Hang Tuah, it was noted that although the Pahang people regarded themselves as Malays, they spoke and sang their folk songs in an outlandish language that differs from the Malay language spoken in Melaka, which would indicate a mixture of tongues and races.[58] The pre-Melakan Pahang people were also described by Fei Xin as the adherents of Mahayana Buddhism, on which were superimposed tantric orgies involving human sacrifices. Its influence in Pahang, though it waned with the introduction of Islam, may be traced up to the beginning of the 17th century.[59]

Economy

The most important product of ancient Pahang was gold. Its auriferous mines were considered the best and the largest in the whole peninsula. It was from here that there came the gold which formed the subject of the ancient trade with Alexandria.[60] The peninsula as a whole was known to the world as a source of the precious metal to the extent that it was proclaimed Chrysḗ Chersónēsos (the golden peninsula) by Ptolemy.[61] According to Fei Xin, Pahang also produced rice, salt which was made by boiling the sea water, and wine by fermenting the sap of the coconut tree. Fei Xin also mentioned on rare and valuable forest products like camphor barus, olibanum, agarwood, sandalwood, sapanwood, pepper and many others. Pahang, in turn, imported silver, coloured silk, Java cloth, copper and ironware, gongs and boards.[62](source: Wikipedia)

Comment by Place Link on December 26, 2023 at 9:10am

陈明发·古来哥打路新廊园坵（Kelan Estate）

1970年代末大火灾前，从新山走唯一的大路北上，过了古来哥打路口百来二百公尺，大街右手边第一间店，是侨亚酒家。

它后面是火车路，过了火车路有个巴士终站。念预备班时，我曾在这里乘车到新廊园坵（Kelan Estate）去找戴国富、戴本良和符汉仁同学。

上吉隆坡念书后很多年，我把那地方记成了另一个园坵，新港（Sengkang）。

我离开古来毕竟太久了。

这两个地方，英文读音分别很大。

用地方上通用的海陆丰、河婆客家话来念，新廊是Sin Long；新港是Sin Kong。

华语读音也很接近，但还是有所区别。

许多时候，那“新廊”总让人想到“新郎”；“新郎是新廊人”听起来就别扭。

客家话就没这问题：Sin Long（第二声） Hei Sin Long（第四声） Yin。

Comment by Place Link on December 20, 2023 at 10:15pm

陳明發·柔佛古来古迹（大發現）

謝謝蔡漢生同學，他神通廣大，找来了這個古来公園古迹的前世身份，有圖為證呢。

也謝謝他的同學Chin Siow Eng的口述歷史，Hjh Rosmawati Abdul Aziz珍貴的歷史照片。

好幾年前，我曾嘗試在面子書羣組詢問這事，結果全無音信。這回，真是喜出望外了。

Message by Chin Siow Eng:

Very imaginative guesses abt the chimneys haha. When the old police quarters were demolished and turned into a park, they kept some of the chimneys. One of my old classmates used to live at the police barrack, a stone’s throw from our primary sch. Enlarge photo to hv an idea how the barrack looked like, each unit with its own kitchen( n chimney). Photo courtesy of my old classmate, Hjh Rosmawati Abdul Aziz.

Comment by Place Link on December 19, 2023 at 6:04pm

陳明發·柔佛古来古迹

在社媒羣組問老鄉同學，這照片裏的古来歷史遺蹟是什麽玩意兒。

照片是整20年前在古來市議會旁拍的。是熏膠片廠房的烟囱嗎？記得老同學林明義以前就住這附近。有人答，是當年焚燒垃圾的地方。明義說，不是的，是厨房的烟囱。


厨房遺迹？一柱一柱怎麽靠得那麼近？那肯定是很大的房子，普通人家哪需要那麽多的排氣管？照明義的記憶，那片空地上曾是村長的大房子。我做了個猜測，那廚房很可能是當年緊急狀態時期（1948-1960年）燒大鍋飯的地方。燒好了，送到新村某个固定地点，各家各户拿着碗捧着碟来領。在對抗馬共的年歲，截流糧食是最有效的方法之一。

我1961年三歲時才從巴生外婆家下到古來榴槤頭，就是父親爲了我和母親可避過古来新村那個時期的困難生活。

這烟囱古迹旁過去是個大操场。馬戲團、遊藝場到來時，都是在哪兒紥營，鎮上可熱鬧好一陣子。

我家後面有條小路，五分鐘穿過去，便到了那儿。馬戲團的大象、老虎獅子嚎叫，睡夢裡都聽得到。

小孩最樂的，是一列大象隊伍一隻緊跟一隻，從馬戲團紥營處出發去新街場古來河洗澡。後面總會跟着一群唧唧喳喳的村中孩子。

馬戲團那時候如果要招新人，孩子們恐怕會馬上跟着他們走。（19.12.2023）

補註：

蔡漢生同學回應: 當年古來的警察局就是在這裏，這裏有一排警察宿舍，一個烟囱一個家庭的廚房。

我: 這麽靠近，像是膠園“公司屋”那樣的建築。茅廁與洗澡間都是在外面共用的。我根據小時候去過新港，二號公司，三號公司等處的模糊印象猜測。

（20.12.2023）

Comment by Place Link on May 23, 2023 at 11:20am

陳崗〈西湖：旅遊者符號〉（1）

提要：旅遊者符號實踐概念的提出，旨在進一步凸顯旅遊者在旅遊吸引物符號建構中的主體性。本文以杭州西湖的“西子”詩詞為例，初步探討了旅遊者符號實踐概念的基本內涵、理論支撐與研究價值。旅遊者符號實踐並不是對已有符號記憶的被動接受，而是借助旅遊者的親身體驗，不斷將其運用到旅遊實踐中去加以檢驗、深化和再創造的動態演進過程。


符號學理論、實踐理論和（身體）現象學理論，構成了旅遊者符號實踐研究的三大理論支撐。符號實踐是旅遊者符號體驗過程中主觀與客觀、過去與現在、已知與可能、我者與他者、代表物與對象等諸多二元關係的中間環節和關鍵樞紐，既關係到旅遊者的符號體驗質量，也與旅遊目的地可持續發展息息相關，因而具有一定的研究價值。 

2011 年，杭州西湖作為我國迄今為止唯一一例“關聯性文化景觀（Associative cultural Landscape） ”被列入世界遺產名錄。根據聯合國科教文組織《實施世界遺產公約操作指南》，關聯性文化景觀“以與自然因素、強烈的宗教、藝術或文化相聯系為特征，而不是以文化物證為特征”[1]。

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