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Comment by 史識 庫 12 hours ago

1.2话语和现实

众所周知，在西方，history这个词一直具有二义性（作为：历史1：历史实在过程〔史实〕；和历史2：作为表达此过程的文字表现〔史书〕），二者的区别也是到了晚近才趋于明确的。但是直到今日，史学家中还是有不少人把二者混同，这表现在，有意无意地会把历史古籍所记内容当作历史现实的直接报导；以为研究历史就是研究古籍文本内容本身，因而欠缺须先行考查该文藉本身及其与所指涉的历史现实之关系的性质。

而古史辨派的古籍批评运动，可以说是自发地倾向于区分了history的这两层意思，意识到史书（历史2）不仅不等于史事（历史1），而且史书不一定正确“代表”史事。其次他们意识到，古史学家的研究对象，应当是指历史2，而不是指历史1。也就是，历史学家并无可能把已经消失的历史1（史事）当作观察和分析的对象，而只能是把历史2（史书）当作研究对象。

这就是说，虽然史学家的最终目的是为了了解历史1，但他只能通过对历史2的研究来间接地、相对地达此目的。

严格来说，古史学家的“真正”对象是历史2和历史1之间的“意指关系”，也就是历史2如何“指涉”历史1。这种历史学科所需的研究原则，恰恰相关于现代符号学的思维倾向：即一般话语之“表达面”和“内容面”之间的意指关系问题。应当说，古史辨派诸人都程度不同地体现了这种“文本反思优先”的态度，而顾颉刚先生是其中观点最明确、方法最彻底的一位。

中国古代考据学史，特别是清代以来达到顶峰的考据学研究，也均在不同方面和不同程度上直观地体现了符号学式的思考倾向。但是只有当中西文化全面交流的二十世纪，区分历史1和历史2的意识才全面成熟，其标志是，学者认识到史书不等于自然具有“代表”史实的资格；因此，学者应该首先研究有关二者之间联系的方式以及导致二者并不相等的诸多原因（包括“历史2”的形成、结构和运作方式等等）。可以说，古史辨派对史书和史事的辨伪工作，大致反映着一种具有符号学旨趣的时代学术理性主义思潮。

区分历史1和历史2概念的必要性，还由于学界长期以来普遍混淆了“历史学论述”和以历史1为对象和以历史2为手段的任何一种政治、社会、文化论述。结果，对历代“历史现实”的任何一种议论，往往会被含混地称作“历史论述”。这也是历史学论述的学科结构至今难以蠡清的原因之一。在本文中，我们将借助历史话题进行各种文化社会性议论的所谓“历史思想”完全排除于讨论之外。

2。 顾颉刚史学思想

顾颉刚史学思想的主要特点是：在其史学研究中始终一贯地坚持一种彻底的理性主义。顾颉刚史学理性主义，虽然并未表现在对理论本身的研究中，却充分体现在他的大量具体史学分析实践中，并体现在其贯彻史学理性主义的精神、态度和意志中。理性主义学术实践涵有浓厚的伦理学方面，我们需要向顾颉刚先生学习的，首先是他追求客观真理的这种学术伦理态度。

中国古史学术发展中的问题，首先还不是什么追求时新理论的问题，而是导正学人治学伦理态度问题。在这方面，《古史辨》第一册的编辑精神，为我们提供了一个永久的精神示范。* （李幼蒸：顾颉刚史学与历史符号学---兼论中国古史学的理论发展问题 2012-06-19爱思想平台）

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 22, 2024 at 8:52am

Boundary: an imaginary line

Boundary, n. In political geography, an imaginary line between two nations, separating the imaginary rights of one from the imaginary rights of another. — Ambrose Bierce

To build a theory of international relations on accidents of geography and history is dangerous. — Kenneth Waltz

Descriptive anatomy is to physiology what geography is to history, and just as it is not enough to know the typography of a country to understand its history, so also it is not enough to know the anatomy of organs to understand their functions. — Claude Bernard

Anatomy is to physiology as geography is to history; it describes the theatre of events. — Jean Fernel

I believe very strongly, and have fought since many years ago - at least over 30 years ago - to get architecture not just within schools, but architecture talked about under history, geography, science, technology, art. — Richard Rogers

In the teaching of geography and history a sympathetic understanding (should) be fostered for the characteristics of the different peoples of the world, especially for those who we are in the habit of describing as "primitive. — Albert Einstein

History is philosophy teaching by example, and also warning; its two eyes are geography and chronology. — James A. Garfield

As Geography without History seemeth a carkasse without motion; so History without Geography wandreth as a Vagrant without a certain habitation. — John Smith

History is philosophy teaching by example and also by warning. — Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke

It is impossible to understand history, international politics, the world economy, religions, philosophy, or ‘patterns of culture’ without taking geography into account. — Kenneth C. Davis

The reality is that capital punishment in America is a lottery. It is a punishment that is shaped by the constraints of poverty, race, geography and local politics. — Bryan Stevenson

The policies of all powers are inherent in their geography. — Napoleon Bonaparte

Give children beauty, not the record of bloody slaughters and barbarous brawls, as they call history, or of the latitude and longitude of places nobody cares to visit, as they call geography. — Oscar Wilde

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 20, 2024 at 8:58pm

Free field trips into the wilderness to paint

I never thought that I would support myself with art - everyone in the Group of Seven had day jobs. I became a geography teacher so that I could get free field trips into the wilderness to paint. — Robert Bateman

Children can take lessons in that school via the Internet and can score extra points like e.g. in Geography or History. That sounds very promising and is a fantastic basis for future steps. — Anatoly Karpov

It doesn't matter if a character is a lawyer, a cop or a geography teacher. If there's a story in there, where the character has a passion and a fire in his belly and story to tell, then it's enough for an actor to get excited about. — Clive Standen

Geography does not define you - love does. — Eve Ensler

Paris is not a city, it is the image, the symbol of France, its today and yesterday, the reflection of its history, its geography and its hidden essence. — Nina Berberova

Several technological and political forces have converged, and that has produced a global, Web-enabled playing field that allows for multiple forms of collaboration without regard to geography or distance - or soon, even language. — Thomas Friedman

Basically, Islamic State is a combined al Qaeda and Lebanese Hezbollah on steroids, destabilizing the region, dissolving borders/changing the political geography in the Mid-east, and hardening political positions that make Mid-east peace-building more remote by the day. — James Mattis

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 19, 2024 at 5:13pm

Geography is just physics slowed down, with a couple of trees stuck in it

Geography is just physics slowed down, with a couple of trees stuck in it. — Terry Pratchett

It must be hard for humans, forever floundering through inconvenient geography. Humans are always lost. It's a basic characteristic. It explains a lot about them. — Terry Pratchett

To make revolution in Korea we must know Korean history and geography as well as the customs of the Korean people. Only then is it possible to educate our people in a way that suits them and to inspire in them an ardent love for their native place and their motherland. — Kim Il-sung

In the U.K., we have the best geography teachers in the world! — Prince Andrew

The study of geography is about more than just memorizing places on a map. It's about understanding the complexity of our world, appreciating the diversity of cultures that exists across continents. And in the end, it's about using all that knowledge to help bridge divides and bring people together. — Barack Obama

If we finished our work, the teacher would say, 'Now don't read ahead.' But sometimes I hid the book I was reading behind my geography book and did read ahead. You can hide a lot behind a geography book. — Beverly Cleary

Those whom nature hath so joined together, let no man put asunder — John F. Kennedy

Israel is a colonialist-imperialist phenomenon. There is no such thing as an Israeli people. Before 1948, world geography knew of no state such as Israel. Israel is the result of an invasion, of aggression. — Muammar al-Gaddafi

We meet fellow humans throughout our travels,Become close - friends, dates, lovers.Always we are distanced againfrom death, geography, or meeting others,Only dialtone on the phone,cold and empty beneath the covers. — Patri Friedman

I am afforded a bit of easy wonderment in relative comfort as to how humans have lasted so long. Climate- and geography-wise, the planet seems to have little use for us. — Henry Rollins

I think the idea of migration through time is very important because every human being does that and it unites us with people who migrate through geography. — Mohsin Hamid

History is a compass that you locate yourself on the map of human geography, politically, culturally, financially. — John Henrik Clarke

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 18, 2024 at 4:08pm

I don’t want to make an incremental change in some technology in my life. I want to create a whole new technology, and one that is aimed at helping humanity at all levels regardless of geography or ethnicity or age or gender. — Elizabeth Holmes

Geography can be about the triumph of the human spirit as much as the subjugation of earth by the human hand. — Tim Marshall

I believe that the physical is the geography of the being. — Louise Berliawsky Nevelson

Technology should be accessible to all, regardless of geography, income, or background. — Jen-Hsun Jensen Huang

In our changing world nothing changes more than geography. — Pearl S. Buck

When the Soviet Union broke apart, it split into 15 countries. Geography had its revenge on the
Soviets, and a more logical picture reappeared on the map. — Tim Marshall

Without geography you're nowhere. — Jimmy Buffett

There is no such thing as European geography. Europe is a concept without definition. — Tim Marshall

It is the relationship between the physical environment and the environed organism, between physiography and ontography (to coin a term), that constitutes the essential principles of geography today. — William Morris Davis

Russia's weakness is geography's revenge. — Tim Marshall

No choice we can make as a nation lies between our history and our geography. We can hardly change either of them. They are immutable. The only choice we can make as a nation is the choice about our future. — Paul Keating

Climate change will put even more pressure on the geography of water. — Tim Marshall

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 17, 2024 at 10:40am

Geography is destiny, and history is its interpreter

Geography is destiny, and history is its interpreter. — Tim Marshall

Violence against women is perhaps the most shameful human rights violation, and it is perhaps the most pervasive. It knows no boundaries of geography, culture or wealth. As long as it continues, we cannot claim to be making real progress towards equality, development and peace — Kofi Annan

The door might not be opened to a woman again for a long, long time, and I had a kind of duty to other women to walk in and sit down on the chair that was offered, and so establish the right of others long hence and far distant in geography to sit in the high seats. — Frances Perkins

Geography: the more geographical factors we understand, the better we can see through them to the human decisions that lie behind them. — Tim Marshall

I like geography. I like to know where places are. — Tom Felton

Early Russia, centered around Moscow in the 13th century, was indefensible. There were no mountains, no deserts, and few rivers. — Tim Marshall

If geography is prose, maps are iconography. — Lennart Meri

If you know a country's geography, you can understand and predict its foreign policy. — Napoleon Bonaparte

Spain is struggling, and has always struggled because of its geography. Its narrow coastal plains have poor soil, and access to markets is hindered internally by its short rivers and a highland plateau surrounded by mountain ranges. It was left behind after the Second World War, as under the Franco dictatorship it was politically frozen out of much of modern Europe. The newly democratic Spain joined the EU in 1986. By the 1990s, it had begun to catch up with the rest of Western Europe, but its inherent geographic and financial weaknesses continue to hold it back and have intensified the problems of overspending and loose central fiscal control, making it among the countries hit worst by the ’08 economic crisis. — Tim Marshall

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 16, 2024 at 1:10pm

Man Can Change Geography

Geography does not change, but man does, and man can change geography. — Tim Marshall

There is a geography of the human spirit, common to all peoples. — Linda Hogan

Like most parents, I've been stumped by homework, the big questions, such as: 'What is the point of geography - the pilot always knows where we are going?'. Answer: 'If you didn't know any geography, people would think you were an American, and you wouldn't be able to put them right because you wouldn't know where they live.' — A. A. Gill

What makes a nation in the beginning is a good piece of geography. — Robert Frost

For whatever you're doing, for your creative juices, your geography's got a hell of a lot to do with it. You really have to be in a good place, and then you have to be either on your way there or on your way from there. — Neil Young

Geography is the art of the mappable. — Peter Haggett

Geography prepares for the world of work - geographers, with their skills of analysis are highly employable! — Michael Palin

The United States and Canada are a triumph of geography over history. — Tim Marshall

Why are there no great women artists?' sounds as ignorant of human geography as the query 'Why are there no Eskimo tennis teams? — Francine du Plessix Gray

I didn't see many female politicians on TV. I didn't see women in history textbooks, so I did geography, and art and English literature. But I know I must have been affected by not seeing women represented. — Emma Watson

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 15, 2024 at 1:35pm

Nature can be a means of reassuring ourselves of our sanity as creatures

We simply need that wild country available to us... For it can be a means of reassuring ourselves of our sanity as creatures, a part of the geography of hope. — Wallace Stegner

The ending of partition was inevitable because Ireland was one nation by history and tradition , by facts of race, geography, and economy — Seamus Costello

Having lasted for 4,000 years, the use of nature's materials to express ideas about nature may be expected to continue. The best garden designs are produced with an awareness of the art, science, history, geography, philosophy, social habits and construction techniques of their period. — Tom Turner

John Hall, my geography teacher at school inspired me to a lifelong interest in geography and a curiosity about our world which has stayed with me through my life. Geography is a living, breathing subject, constantly adapting itself to change. It is dynamic and relevant. For me geography is a great adventure with a purpose. — Michael Palin

The contrast between northern and southern Europe is also at least partially attributable to the fact that the south has fewer coastal plains suitable for agriculture, and has suffered more from drought and natural disasters than the north. The arable land and waterways of the North European Plain which stretches from France to Russia enables crops and other goods to be produced and moved easily. — Tim Marshall

Borders are important, but they don't stop geography. — Tim Marshall

Geography is the subject which holds the key to our future — Michael Palin

A thousand times, when the train slowed or stopped, I thought of jumping off. I wanted to die in a ditch. I wanted to disappear. I wanted a different history and geography. In rhythm with the wheels I said I want I want I want I want I stayed on the train. — Lewis Nordan

God created war so that Americans would learn geography. — Mark Twain

The richest, most powerful countries on earth do not have to worry about geography. The poorest, weakest countries on earth are prisoners of geography. — Tim Marshall

A virtuoso performance. Scott Thompson’s biography of the soldier statesman Fidel V. Ramos illustrates the fascinating and complex geography of Filipino politics and its relation with the American hegemon. It’s first-rate scholarship and equally first-rate writing. — F. Sionil José

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 14, 2024 at 1:14pm

The South China Sea is a crucial link in the ‘global commons’, connecting the Pacific to the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Europe. Right now, along with the East China Sea, it is the most contested piece of sea in the world and one of the main reasons for the current anxiety over China's intentions. ― Bill Hayton, The South China Sea: The Struggle for Power in Asia

“It will be a Sea with agreed boundaries based upon universal principles and governed by shared responsibilities to use its resources most wisely, a Sea where fish stocks are managed collectively for the benefit of all, where the impacts of oil exploration and international shipping are alleviated and where search and rescue operations can take place unimpeded. It could happen – if a line is redrawn.” ― Bill Hayton, The South China Sea: The Struggle for Power in Asia

Physical geography and geology are inseparable scientific twins. — Roderick Murchison

It's time for Black people to stop playing the separating game of geography, of where the slave ship put us down. We must concentrate on where the slave ship picked us up. — John Henrik Clarke

Chris Martin looks like a geography teacher. — Liam Gallagher

An hour or two spent in writing from dictation, another hour or two in reading aloud, a little geography and a little history and a little physics made the day pass busily. — Hudson Stuck

Argentina lacks the size and population to become the primary regional power in Latin America, which looks to be Brazil’s destiny, but it has the quality of land to create a standard of living comparable to that of the European countries. If Argentina gets its economics right, its geography will enable it to become the power it has never been. — Tim Marshall

The reason for our success is no secret. It comes down to one single principle that transcends time and geography, religion and culture. It’s the Golden Rule – the simple idea that if you treat people well, the way you would like to be treated, they will do the same. — Isadore Sharp

Collateral learning in the way of formation of enduring attitudes, of likes and dislikes, may be and often is much more important than the spelling lesson or lesson in geography or history that is learned. — John Dewey

At present cats have more purchasing power and influence than the poor of this planet. Accidents of geography and colonial history should no longer determine who gets the fish. — Derek Wall

Comment by 史識 庫 on February 13, 2024 at 2:39pm

A great city may be seen as the construction of words as well as stone — Great Quotation by Yi-Fu Tuan

1. Geography is the study of earth as the home of people.

2. Place is security, space is freedom.

3. A great city may be seen as the construction of words as well as stone.

4. All creative effort – including the making of an omelet – is preceded by destruction.

5. It is by thoughtful reflection that the elusive moments of the past draw near to us in present reality and gain a measure of permanence.

6. Lucidity, I maintain, is almost always desirable.

7. In a sense, every human construction, whether mental or material, is a component in a landscape of fear because it exists in constant chaos. Thus children’s fairy tales as well as adult’s legends, cosmological myths, and indeed philosophical systems are shelters built by the mind in which human beings can rest, at least temporarily, from the siege of inchoate experience and of doubt.

8. People tend to suppress that which they cannot express.

9. Animals are like humans, only more openly carnal and sexual, more openly and therefore more disarmingly absurd.

10.Place is security, space is freedom.

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