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Comment by 陳老頭 on July 14, 2024 at 6:58am

The painter may paint blankness, applying white paint perhaps but rarely leaves the canvas untouched. But there are also similarities between the blank space of the painter and the poet. One similarity is suggested by Gilles Deleuze in his meditation on Francis Bacon. Here he suggests that the blank canvas that con fronts the painter is not blank at all but invested with every painting ever done before. In fact, it would be a mistake to think that the painter works on a white and virgin surface. The entire surface is already invested virtually with all kinds of clichés, which the painter will have to break with (Deleuze 2005, 11). The image Deleuze gives us is of a painter confronted with the whole tradition of painting right there on the blank space which is no longer blank. This is the same for a poet who has to face the page/screen with the knowledge of all the poems that have gone before. There are all the ballads and sonnets, the free verse and the sesti nas, Caedmon’s Hymn, the long lines of Whitman, the dashes of Dickenson, iambic pentameter, half rhyme, sprung rhythm, spondees, syllabic experiments, language poetry and limericks – all of these pre-figure the first letter written or typed. The space is not blank but dizzyingly full. Returning to Deleuze: It is a mistake to think that the painter works on a white surface. The figurative belief fol lows from this mistake. If the painter were before a white surface, he – or she – could reproduce on it an external object functioning as a model. The painter has many things in his head, or around him, or in his studio. Now everything he has in his head or around him is already in the canvas, more or less virtually, more or less actually, before he begins his work. They are all present in the canvas as so many images, actual or virtual, so that the painter does not have to cover a blank surface, but rather would have to empty it out, clear it, clean it. (Deleuze 2005, 87).

The space of the poet, like that of the artist’s is a space to fill with what gets defined by the words or a seething endless presence of everything that has been written before. Once there is a poem on the page then an act of dwelling has occurred that brings space and place into being. If we move beyond the blankness of the empty page/ screen then we begin to see all the other ways in which space works for the poem. Take any poem, copy it, and apply a thick black marker to the lines of text. You end up with a black shape and a white shape. Space works as margins, as gaps, as signi f iers of intent when the poet does anything other than left align the lines. Naturally this use of space is most pronounced in forms of experimental poetry in the modern ist tradition: concrete poetry, Mallarme’s radical departures from the left margin, the projective verse of the Black Mountain School or the contemporary experimen tation with ‘erasure’. But space and place do their work too in traditional forms. The popularity of the sonnet is partly attributable to the perfect way it sits on the page, announcing itself as a poem. 3 Stasis and Flux The topos of the poem results from its play of ink and the absence of ink.

Comment by 陳老頭 on July 12, 2024 at 8:44am

Something has to appear for space to emerge. Georges Perec makes this clear: This is how space begins, with words only, signs traced on the blank page. To describe space: to name it, to trace it, like those portolano-makers who saturated the coastlines with the names of harbours, the names of capes, the names of inlets, until in the end the land was only separated from the sea by a continuous ribbon of text (Perec 1997, 13).

Perec’s book, Species of Spaces is a catalogue of spaces and places with chapters devoted to “The Apartment”, “The Street” and “The Town” for instance. The first chapter, though, is “The Page”. The page is immediately equivalent to spaces we may more easily think of as the world beyond the page.

The page and its markings are not removed from, and about, the world – they are of the world. In this chapter Perec outlines the nature of a topopoetics in simple terms. Writing, particularly writing poems, is the production of space and place.

It is a cartographic act that combines senses of home and journey. The process of writing creates coordinates – a top and a bottom, left and right, beginning and end. In amongst the words are pauses and hesitations. There is a poetic topological correspondence between the poem and the place it is about. In Peter Stockwell’s account of ‘cognitive poetics’ a key idea is the notion of f igure/ground – the notion that some things appear to be more important, more fluid, more foregrounded while others remain as background and setting (and thus seem ingly less important) (Stockwell 2002).

The first is figure and the second is ground. The figure is prominent and the ground is not. This occurs most obviously in the way characters are more important than the places they are in in novels. Description is often about ground and action involves figures. Figures often move across a

We make our places by doing them –by beating the bounds rather than drawing a line in the sand. Beyond that place of movement is the white of silence. But even that space is being shaped, if only as the negative image of the poem. 4 Inside and Outside One way of thinking about place is to think of it as a singular thing – specific, par ticular, bounded and separate.

The very idea of place is bound up with uniqueness and a sense of division from what lies beyond it. But places are actually connected into networks and flows – they have an extrovert side (Massey 1997). This paradoxi cal sense of separation and connectedness is noted by Malpas.

One of the features of place is the way in which it establishes relations of inside and out side – relations that are directly tied to the essential connection between place and boundary or limit. To be located is to be within, to be somehow enclosed, but in a way that at the same time opens up, that makes possible.

Already this indicates some of the directions in which any thinking of place must move – toward ideas of opening and closing, of concealing and revealing, or focus and horizon, of finitude and “transcendence,” of limit and possibility, of mutual relationality and coconstitution (Malpas 2012b, 2). This feature of place is one that translates into the topos of the poem. Poems too open and close, conceal and reveal. (Con't  below)

Comment by 陳老頭 on July 11, 2024 at 7:04am

Poems speak to things which lie outside the poem. Clearly the poem has a referential function – like all language. It is about something. But even if we include the things the poem directly names on the inside of the poem, there is yet another set of things that are not directly named but instead gestured towards. In this way the poem opens up to the world. We have seen how one of the features of place is the way in which it gathers things.

A place is a unique assemblage. The things that constitute a place often appear to us as specific to that place even if they have, in fact, travelled from else where. Things form a particular topography of place at the same time as their jour neys link the inside of a place to elsewhere. Poetry is one way in which we stop and wonder at the specificity of the way things appear to us in place.

Poetry involves being attentive to things and the way I which they are gathered. Poetry is an ‘encounter with the world’. No matter the changes in Heidegger’s philosophical vocabulary, a key point around which his thinking constantly turns is the idea that thinking arises, and can only arise, out of our original encounter with the world – an encounter that is always singular and situated, in which we encounter ourselves as well as the world, and in which what first appears is not something abstract or fragmented, but rather the things themselves, as things, in their con crete unity (Malpas 2012b, 14).

This insistence on the specificity of ‘things themselves’ is one way we can think about poetic attention. A poetic concern ground that appears relatively static. This movement, in a poem, is expressed with direction words such as “over” or “in” or “towards”. Topopoetics challenges some of the assumptions of the figure/ground equation. As place is most often equated with ground it tends to have a degree of deadness associated with it. It seems less important.

Topopoetics draws our attention to the opposite – the active presence of place in the poem. Another key term in cognitive poetics is “image schema” which refers to “loca tive expressions of place” (Stockwell 2002, 16). Stockwell gives the examples of “JOURNEY, CONTAINER, CONDUIT, UP/DOWN, FRONT/BACK, OVER/ UNDER, INTO/OUT OF”. Terms of mobility catch our attention and urge us to continue reading – static elements are frankly boring and we quickly forget them. The difference between the moving elements and static elements produces literary and cognitive effects. But even before any particular word is written or read we have the poem – the lines that form a shape in space. As we read left to right and top to bottom against the white space a figure forms over ground. A passage is enacted. Stuff happens.

Poems are made out of arrangements of type and blank space – figure and ground in a physical, pre-verbal sense. I am not sure what the cognitive content of this patterning is but it is surely important to poetry – even before the specifics of actual words and their meanings. This is the start of the geography of the poem. There are two spatial metaphors at work in the basic language of poetry that point towards the way a poem is an act of dwelling: these are the words ‘stanza’ and ‘verse’.

Comment by 陳老頭 on July 9, 2024 at 7:53pm

(Con't) Stanza means ‘room’, ‘station’ or ‘stopping place’ and refers to blocks of black separated by white on the page. These are rooms we pass between surrounded by outside. Stanzas found their way into written poetry through the act of memoriz ing verse. Rooms, or stopping places, are memorized and filled with words that would be activated by an imagined walk through the rooms. While stanzas are clearly places to stop – they are also clearly linked by movement. Movement also occurs within the stanzas as we follow the lines of text.

The word ‘verse’ comes from the practice of tilling the soil – agriculture – the root of ‘culture’. It is rooted in the Latin versus, meaning a ‘furrow’ or a ‘turning of the plow’. As the farmer (or farm worker) tills the soil they come to an edge, turn around, then make their way back, pacing out the day. Verse can thus be found in ‘reverse’. These two ideas – stanza – as a block of bounded space and verse as an action – a form of practice that brings those blocks alive and reminds us that they are only there because of move ment – these two ideas describe something of the geography of the poem as the interplay of fixity and flux of being and becoming.

Poetry is often referred to as freezing time. In fact, many kinds of representation are said to freeze time (and thus, in some circles, representation has become deeply suspect) (Anderson and Harrison 2010). In poetry’s case, this could not be further from the truth. Poetry, to me, is a mobile form related to walking and, indeed, ploughing and reversing. This sense of mobile journeying in the poem is part of the topological understanding of the poem on the page.

Perec knew this: I write: I inhabit my sheet of paper, I invest it, I travel across it, I incite blanks, spaces (jumps in the meaning, discontinuities, transitions, changes of key) (Perec 1997, 3) with place starts from a recognition of an original encounter which is “singular and situated”. The more the poem can reflect this situated singularity the more faithful it will be to the place that lies beyond it. But it would be wrong to think of the ‘concrete unity’ of place as a pure, bounded entity with no relation to a world (even an abstract world) beyond it. Places always point to a world beyond them, and so do poems.

One way in which the place of the poem opens up to its outside is through metaphor. Metaphor is another component of poetics that has a spatial root in travel. Metaphor comes from the Greek metaphorá (μεταφορά ) for ‘transfer’ or ‘carryover’.

In modern Athens, the vehicles of mass transportation are called metaphorai. To go to work or come home, one takes a “metaphor” – a bus or a train. Stories could also take this noble name: every day, they traverse and organize places; they select and link them together; they make sentences and itineraries out of them. They are spatial trajectories (de Certeau 1984, 115).

Metaphors perform two operations simultaneously – they say a equals band, at the same time, a does not equal b. Just saying a is the same as b is not metaphorical.

For a metaphor to be a metaphor a has to also be different from b. The more different they are the more powerful the metaphor. This is true as long a and b are not so different that they are not, in fact, similar in any way.

Comment by 陳老頭 on July 8, 2024 at 8:28pm

（con't from above）Metaphors have a spatial logic, they connect a thing which is present in the poem to something which is absent outside of it. In doing this the absent thing becomes present. The inside is connected to the outside. Using metaphor means seeing one thing as another – a form of understanding that is “fundamentally spatial in organization” (Zwicky 2003, § 3). This spatiality is one which is not bounded and singular but, instead, one which makes a connection, or, as Jan Zwicky puts it. “a linguistic
short-circuit.”

Non-metaphorical ways of speaking conduct meaning, in insulated carriers, to certain ends and purposes. Metaphors shave off the insulation and meaning arcs across the gap (Zwicky 2003, § 68).
The place which is a poem has both the meanings which lie within the boundaries marked by the presence of type, and the meanings that this type connects to. The text of the poem is both a neat, closed entity and a set of links to what lies beyond.

It is in this sense that the metaphor formulas a=b and a≠b simultaneously recognizes the inherent qualities of what lies within the poem and the connections to what lies without.

A metaphor can appear to be a gesture of healing – it pulls a stitch through the rift that our  capacity for language opens between us and the world. A metaphor is an explicit refusal of the idea that the distinctness of things is their fundamental ontological characteristic.

But their distinctness is one of their most fundamental ontological characteristics (the other being their interpenetration and connectedness). In this sense, a metaphor heals nothing – there is nothing to be healed (Zwicky 2003, § 59).

Metaphor works on the dual capacity to recognize the concrete unity of the assemblage of things that lies before us and to insist on their connectedness to a world beyond. Things (and the assemblages of things which are places) are both distinct (in that there is no other assemblage exactly like this one) and connected (things are always interconnected). Metaphor allows us to be near to things, in the way both a poet and a phenomenologist insist on, and to recognize a constitutive outside. This outside is also a world of things, practices and meanings that can be drawn upon to recognize the specificity of ‘here’.

5 Conclusion

In this essay I have developed a basis for topopoetics – a way of reading poetry that uses spatial thinking to interpret the work a poem does. This is distinct from an analysis of poems about place – or the poetics of sense of place. While it is clear than many poets evoke place in their poetry and that geography may be one of the few constants in the history of English language poetry, it is also the case that poems are kinds of places and they enact a form of dwelling. Indeed, it was poetry that
inspired much of Heidegger’s thinking about place and dwelling. Topopoetics insists on the active nature of spatial thinking in the process of interpretation. Place and space are not just setting or subject but are, rather, woven into the fabric of poetic making itself. I have made a start to outlining topopoetics through reference to the role of blank space, stasis and flux and inside and outside in order to show how spatiality is implicated in the process of meaning making. This, in turn, becomes a tool in relating the poem to the places the poem is about.

（Towards Topopoetics: Space, Place and the Poem，Tim Cresswell，© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 B.B. Janz (ed.), Place, Space and Hermeneutics, Contributions to Hermeneutics 5, Pg.319-331，See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net）

Comment by 陳老頭 on July 5, 2024 at 6:49am

[椴樹]

椴樹的芳香仿佛是一種只有付出勞而無當的代價才能得到的報償。

[汽油味]

猶如風在逐漸增大，樓下駛過一輛汽車，我聽之異常高興。我問道了汽油味。善於挑剔的人會覺得，空氣中飄蕩著汽油味，是一大遺憾（他們是一些講究實際的人，在他們看來，這氣味把鄉村的空氣搞糟了）。另有一些思想家，也是一些講究實際的人。當然他們有他們自己的方式，他們注重事實，認為如果人類的眼睛能看到更多的色彩，鼻孔能辨別更多的香味，那麼人類就會更加幸福，就將富有更濃的詩意，這其實不過等於說，不穿僧袍，換上豪華套裝，生活就會更加美麗，這不過是將天真無知套上哲學外衣而已。對於我來說，這汽油味卻是另一回事（與此相仿，樟腦和香根草，其香型本身並不好聞，卻使我激動，它喚起我對到達巴爾貝克的當天那湛藍大海的回憶）。在我去古維爾的拉埃斯聖約翰教堂的日子裡，這氣味和著機器噴冒的黑煙，曾多少次消散於蒼白的藍天；多少個夏日的午後，阿爾貝蒂娜畫畫，是它隨我出門溜達。現在我身臥暗室，這氣味又在在身邊吹開了矢車菊、麗春花和車軸草。它如田野的芬芳，使我陶醉；它不像山楂樹前的馥香，受其濃烈成分的牽制，固定在山楂樹籬前的范圍內，不能向遠處飄發。它是四處飄揚的芳香，大路聞之奔馳，土地聞之改樣，宮殿紛紛跑來迎客，天空大放晴朗；它使力量倍增，它是動力騰飛的象征……

僅僅是過去的某個時刻嗎？也許還遠遠不止。某個東西，它同時為過去和現在所共有，比過去和現在都本質得多。在我生命到歷程中，現實曾多少次使我失望，因為在我感知它到時候，我的想像力，這唯一使我得以享用美的手段無法與之適應。我們只能呢個想像不在眼前的事物，這是一條不可回避的法則。而現在，這條嚴峻的法則因為自然使出的一個絕招而失去和中止了它的效力。這個絕招使某種感覺——餐廳或鐵鎚敲打的聲音、相同的書名等等——同時在過去和現在發出誘人的光彩。它既使我的想像力領略到這種感覺，又使我的感官因為聲音，因為布料的接觸等等而產生確實的震動，為想像的夢幻補充了它們通常所缺少的東西，存在的意識，而且，幸虧有這一手，使我的生命在瞬息之間能夠取得、分離出和固定它從未體會的東西：一段出於純淨狀態的時光。……此時復蘇的那個生命只從事物的本質汲取養料，也唯有在事物的本質中他才能獲得自己的養分、他的歡樂。他在現時的觀察中日趨衰弱，現時的感官不可能為他提供本質；他在對過去的思考中日趨衰弱，理智擠干了這個過去的水分；他在未來的期待中日趨衰弱，主觀意願用現在和過去的片段拼湊成這個未來，它還抽去其中部分真實，只保留其中符合功利主義的結局、狹隘的認的結局，意願為它們指定的結局。然而，通常隱蔽的和永遠存在的事物本質上一旦獲釋，我們真正的我，有時仿佛久已死亡實際上卻並非全然死去的我，在收受到為他奉獻的絕世養料時，蘇醒、活力漸增，曾經聽到過的某個聲音或者聞到過的一股氣味立即會被重新聽到或聞到，既存在於現在，又存在於過去，現實而非現時，理想而不抽象。逾越時間序列的一分鐘為了使我們感覺到這一分鐘，在我們身上重新鑄就越出時間序列的人。而這個人，我們知道他對自己的歡樂是有信心的，即使一塊馬德萊娜點心的普普通通的滋味邏輯上似乎並不包含著這種歡樂的全部理由，我們知道「死亡」這個詞對他是沒有意義的；既然已處於時間之外，前途中又有什麼能使他感到害怕呢？

（摘自：《追憶似水年華》[法語：À la recherche du temps perdu，英语：In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive]，[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ，1871年—1922年] 的作品，出版時間：1913–1927，共7卷）

Comment by 陳老頭 on June 23, 2024 at 9:32am

伍爾芙·密封的容器～～她凝視那穩定的光芒、那冷酷無情的光芒，它和她如此相像，又如此不同，要不是還有她所有那些思想，它會使她俯首聽命（她半夜醒來，看見那光柱曲折地穿越他們的床鋪，照射到地板上），她著迷地、被催眠似地凝視著它，好像它要用它銀光閃閃的手指輕觸她頭腦中一些密封的容器，這些容器一旦被打開，就會使她周身充滿了喜悅，她曾經體驗過幸福，美妙的幸福，強烈的幸福，而那燈塔的光，使洶湧的波濤披上了銀裝，顯得稍爲明亮，當夕陽的餘晖褪盡，大海也失去了它的藍色，純粹是檸檬色的海浪滾滾而來，它翻騰起伏，拍擊海岸，浪花四濺；狂喜陶醉的光芒，在她眼中閃爍，純潔喜悅的波濤，湧入她的心田，而她感覺到：這已經足夠了！已經足夠了！（摘自：弗吉尼亞·伍爾芙：到燈塔去 27）

Comment by 陳老頭 on June 22, 2024 at 11:24am

趙秀鳳·崔亞霄：多模態體認詩學—基於體認語言學的研究

摘要：本文把多模態文學的認知研究置於體認語言學理論視域，考察多模態文學交流的體認性特征，提出構建和推動「多模態體認詩學」的研究設想。 多模態文學的認知研究結合具體文學作品揭示了多模態文學交流過程的多維體認特征。一方面，多模態文學符號也與語言符號一樣，具有認知性、社會性和文化性，其交流過程也涉及身體體驗和認知加工的循環互動；另一方面，多模態文學交流過程中的體認特征也體現出一定的獨特性，即體認的多模態性、多維交互性和複雜系統性。 為此，本文提出應從拓寬體認語言學的外延、豐富體認語言學的理論蘊含、推動體認語言學和詩學的交叉融合三個方面，推動「多模態體認詩學」研究。 本研究從文學和語言學跨學科視野，探討人類符號交際的體認性，有助於在後現代語境下切實推動多領域的互動交流對話，踐行體認語言學的後現代主義哲學觀，推動學術研究的開放多元。

近年來，在歐美興起了一種新的文學研究動向———多模態認知詩學研究，從認知的角度考察多種模態協同表征的文學的交流過程和效果。 這一研究動向由以英國謝菲爾德大學艾莉森·吉本斯（Alison Gibbons）為代表的一批學者推動，他們把研究對象從純文字小說拓展到運用多種模態符號創作的各類文學如後現代實驗文學（Page，2009；Gibbons，2012；Caracciolo，2014：）。 該研究動向關注語言和非語言符號協同構成的多模態實驗文學對讀者認知體驗和接受產生的影響，反過來，也考察讀者的認知體驗對後現代實驗文學創作發揮的制約性作用，即關注多模態文學與讀者之間的互動體驗。

多種模態符號協同互動所創建的文學作品對讀者的常規閱讀圖式，包括感知體驗、認知解讀、理解和情感反應，都帶來了新的改變或挑戰，其突出特點就是後現代多模態文學高度彰顯文學作品自身的物質性、互文指涉、排版的新奇性等，對讀者在文學體驗過程中的涉身參與提出了新要求。

不同於傳統純文字小說，多模態小說不但需要讀者想象性參與虛構小說故事世界，而且需要切實調動身體器官實施相應行為，需要不斷在小說創建的文本世界和作者及讀者所在的話語世界之間穿插切換，這種新型文學交流得以順暢進行的前提正是多模態符號的體認性。

正是基於對後現代實驗文學多模態交互體認特征的認識，吉本斯於2012年出版了《多模態認知詩學和實驗文學》（Multimodality， Cognition， And Experimental Literature）一書，整合認知語言學、神經認知科學、視覺感知、多模態符號學等多領域研究成果，強調沿用廣義認知原則，如多感官感知原則、涉身體驗原則等，探究多模態敘事對讀者敘事體驗和情感反應的影響。 在該書中，吉本斯以四部後現代實驗小說為例，詳細闡述了讀者的閱讀感知體驗。 之後，吉本斯沿用這一研究路徑，發表了系列研究成果（Brayetal 2012； Gibbons，2016； Gibbons，2021），使多模態認知詩學成為文學認知研究領域的後起之秀。

縱觀已有的多模態認知詩學研究，筆者發現無論其理論闡述還是應用實踐都與王寅（2014：）提出的「體認語言學」（Embodied-Cognitive Linguistics，簡稱：ECL）的核心觀點不謀而合。 本文意在基於體認語言學的理論視域，梳理並考察多模態認知詩學闡述的多模態體認觀，加強兩個不同研究領域之間的互動，進一步推動文學和語言學研究在「後現代哲學」語境下的「同堂對話」 （賈娟 等，2020： 32），豐富「體認」內涵，拓展體認語言學的應用范疇，推動構建「多模態體認詩學」。

另一方面來看，體認語言學（王寅，2014：）無論是在理論建構，還是個案分析及應用方面，都得到了蓬勃發展。 體認語言學對語言的各個層面都展示出了強大的闡釋力，如轉喻（魏在江，2019）、指類句（雷卿，2019）、兼語構式 （劉雲飛，2019）、名謂句 （帖伊 等，2019）、虛擬位移 （張克定，2020）、歇後語（王寅，2020） 等。 筆者認為，體認語言學不但精確概括了語言的本質，其基本觀點和核心原則對其他社會符號也有強大的闡釋力。 例如，在特定社會文化語境中，人們用於社會交往的各類手勢、視覺符號乃至聲音，更是在人與現實世界體驗互動和認知加工過程中形成的，兼具認知性和社會性。 之所以能夠進入社會交際，正是因為這類對複雜現實進行簡約性表征的非語言符號也是「來自人與人、人與自然的互動，來自人對這些互動的體驗和認知加工」 （牛保義，2021：28）。

正是在這層意義上，我們贊同王銘鈺等（2021）的主張，應把體認語言學上升為「體認符號學」，有必要結合多種符號組合和應用實例，闡述「體認」在更廣泛符號層面的普遍意義和價值。

基於以上考慮，本文試圖結合已有研究，從多模態文學交流的體認特征入手，闡述借鑑體認語言學的核心理論和方法，針對多模態文學的語類特征，推動「多模態體認詩學」研究。

1.多模態文學交流的體認特征

1.1 體認的多模態性

王寅（2014）在認知語言學涉身體驗基礎上，結合中國傳統哲學和後現代哲學的基本立場，提出了語言意義的「體認觀」，將其哲學立場命名為「體認哲學」，強調「人本性」和「唯物論」的辯證統一。

體認觀一方面堅持了喬姆斯基和認知語言學從人的心智角度研究語言的基本取向 （王銘玉等，2021： 2），另一方面又與後現代哲學的人本主義立場一脈相承，突出強調語言和語言研究中的人本性（賈娟等，2020：33），主張語言研究必須強調人對現實世界進行的體驗（王寅，2014： 61⁃67） ，因此，體認哲學觀更加全面綜合，更接近人類語言交際的現實。

（原題：多模態體認詩學—基於體認語言學的研究；作者趙秀鳳&崔亞霄；原載：外國語文 [雙月刊]；2023 年9 月；第39 卷　第5期；82至92頁；作者單位： 中國石油大學 外國語學院，北京10224：9；關鍵詞：多模態認知詩學；體認語言學；多模態文學；體認詩學；參考文獻略，請看原文）

Comment by 陳老頭 on June 21, 2024 at 12:15pm

(續上)「體認的人本觀決定體認的多模態本質。」（黃萍等，2021:118）正如顧曰國（2013:3 ）所言：「人類在正常情況下跟外部世界（包括人與人之間） 的互動都是多模態的。」由視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺、味覺組成的多模態感官系統參與到人體察世界的過程中，形成人與世界的多模態互動體驗，經由認知系統的認知加工，形成理性認識（顧曰國，2015）。

這一過程說明體認本身蘊含多模態性，體認是多模態感官系統和認知系統互動的產物。 有學者指出：「語言的產生和使用是基於『多模態感官系統』的『互動體驗』與基於『認知系統』的『認知加工』進行互動的結果。」（黃萍 等，2021:118）事實上，多模態互動體認不限於語言的產生和使用，而是體現於人類話語交際的全過程。 在實際的話語交際過程中，交際雙方往往是多感官協同參與，並不斷互動。 多模態感官的協同聯動不但刺激產生互動感知體驗，而且誘發對意義的認知加工升華。

人類交際過程的「多模態」性，不僅體現於面對面交際中的身體姿勢、手勢、聲音、語調、表情，還體現在書面交際中的字體、排版、顏色、物質性媒介等多模態特征。 也就是說，在實際交際過程中，多模態既是人類用於交際的符號手段，又是人類多種感官協同參與的體認通道。 正是基於這一認識，我們認為有必要探討多模態交際的體認性特征，豐富體認語言學的理論體系，拓展其應用范疇。

在這一方面，多模態認知詩學先行一步，結合後現代實驗文學的多模態特征，進行了開創性研究。 吉本斯運用認知－敘事學研究路徑（Cognitive⁃narratological Approach），不但把模態視為表意資源，還把不同表意系統所誘發的多感官感知、體驗和認知方式納入研究視野，她所建構的多模態認知詩學綜合性分析框架旨在剖析闡釋多模態文學交流的體認過程。 當然，多模態體認過程研究的前提是認知詩學的基本主張———文學是「人類經驗的一種具體形式」（Gavinsetal，2003：1），「文學研究可向我們揭示認知實踐，借此我們不但可以閱讀文學作品，還可以感知和理解世界」 （Gibbons，2021：26）。 多模態認知詩學認為「人們不僅通過語言，而且也通過視覺、聽覺和心理等其他方式接觸世界」 （Gibbons， 2021：38），因此，多模態認知詩學把研究焦點確定為讀者對多模態進行理解和體驗的複雜動態過程，並運用科學的方法對該過程進行動態描述。

多模態文學傾向於突出符號的物質性和意義理解的多模態性，往往通過調動讀者的身體參與，誘發和強化心理體驗。 因此，多模態文學的認知研究高度關注讀者在字體、排版、圖像形狀、顏色、佈局等視覺因素的刺激或操控下作出的行為反應或注意力變化。 如吉本斯（Gibbons，2021：4：5） 運用圖形－背景理論，解釋眼睛如何在一個視域內部或跨視域之間移動。 「在閱讀視覺語篇時，意義的理解尤其需要閱讀路徑的動態調整」（Gibbons，2021：25），眼睛在閱讀文本中的移動路徑是在視覺結構誘發下人所做出的主體性反應，如圖1（見下頁）。

讀者在閱讀到該頁時，會主動做出選擇，調整閱讀路徑。 在《書頁之屋》這一多模態小說中，有很多類似的視覺操控手段，調動和激發讀者的閱讀行為，讀者需要根據對故事世界的理解自動調整閱讀順序，甚至需要手動調整書頁的方向，這類設計突出了圖書作為閱讀對象的物理屬性，賦予讀者更多自主性，可以自行選擇閱讀順序和路徑。 這種在物理行為上的「身體」介入，往往會誘發讀者心理上的自我投射（Projection）、自我暗示（self-implication）、情感或認知反應（emotional response）（Gibbons， 2021： 27），從而直接影響讀者對故事世界的體驗和認知。 再如，在托馬蘇拉（Tomasｕia）小說《Vas： 平地上的歌劇》（VAS： An Opera in Fiatland： A Novel，文後簡稱：VAS）中，作者通過排版設計等視覺化手段使符號的物質性被高度前景化，調動讀者的身體器官實施相應行為（趙秀鳳，2021： xiii），如翻頁、調整書本方向、調控閱讀視角等行為反應。 由此，讀者直接參與敘事進程，從而「高度彰顯了讀者在文本體驗過程中的涉身參與性」「強化閱讀、存在、認知和想象等過程的涉身本質」 （趙秀鳳，2021： xiii）。

圖1　《書頁之屋》（Daniele Wski，2000:133）節選

多模態小說VAS中的主題隱喻是運用多模態符號調動多感官參與，彰顯動態性體認的典型實例。 該部小說以多種方式反復建構和表征一個主題隱喻［人類是書籍］。 一方面，這一隱喻體現為故事內聚焦人物感知覺的語言表達。 如主人公「四邊形」（小說中主人公的名字）把手術視為「對自己身體的改寫」（Tomasula， 2002： 193） 和「一次簡單的編輯」 （Tomasula， 2002: 312），以下段落更清晰地表征了人物感知和認知域中的［人體—書籍隱喻］：

四邊形（小說內主人公的名字）停下了筆，看了看指尖的渦紋，這些由線構成的巧妙圖像是祖祖輩輩，世世代代，甚至是經過125，000 代追溯到類人猿時期傳承下來的，它可以由AGCT四個基本字母來表示，這四個字母又可以構成單詞GAT、ATA、AGG，然後這些單詞構成了基因的雙螺旋句子，進而填充細胞內染色體，最後由這些細胞構成軀體這本書。 （Tomasula，2002:312；吉本斯，2021:80）

該段中關於身體的醫學術語「雙螺旋、基因、染色體、細胞」與關於書籍／寫作的常用詞語「句子、文章、書籍」整合編織在一起，最後直接用「軀體這本書」更加顯性表征［書籍—身體隱喻］。 另一方面，該書還刻意創建物理相似性，激活讀者的視知覺感知，親身體會「書籍」域與「身體域」的整合：封面主色調為桃紅色，數條藍灰色橫線隱約穿插而過，隱喻皮膚及皮下靜脈；書頁以肉色為主，其中的文本和圖片漸變為紅色、黑色和米黃色，使整本書的視覺構造仿佛人的軀體，隨著讀者閱讀的深入（即人的年齡的增大），皮膚日漸失去光澤，佈滿皺紋。(下續)

Comment by 陳老頭 on June 20, 2024 at 7:10pm

在文字和視覺模態的協同作用下，讀者「多模態器官」體驗且認識到身體與書籍之間不僅是概念上的跨域映射關係，也是自己身體和心理互動體驗下的「合二為一」。 這一實例完美地揭示了多模態文學對多模態體認的「前景化」調用，突出了體認的多模態性。

1·2 體認的交互性

體認語言學在闡述其核心原則「現實—認知—語言」時，格外強調體認的「互動性」：一是人通過對外部現實世界（包括自然、社會、文化等）直接感性接觸所產生的互動體驗，二是人在外界感性接觸基礎上進行的認知加工。 從「體的互動體驗」到「認的認知加工」，再返回到體驗，循環升華 （王寅，2020: 22）。 從語言的產生、語言的發展到語言的習得都是以人的體認為基礎的（林正軍 等，2021），「現實」「認知」和「語言」之間的互動推動了語言的產生和使用。 體認語言學在闡釋各類語言現象時所使用的理論工具，如概念隱喻、認知參照點、意象圖式、理想認知模型、識解等都是圍繞人與世界的互動展開的理論闡述，都強調人與人、人與自然互動過程中身體感知覺體驗的規律性特征對於語言符號的產生、表達和理解的作用。 例如，王寅（2020）結合大量實例，闡述了隱藏在歇後語背後統一的體認型式：歇後語的前項描寫人較為直觀的感性生活體驗，後項揭示由該體驗所引發的認識，「反映了人們從『感性到理性』，從『具體到抽象』，從『外延到內涵』，從『參照點到目標』，從『明示到推理』，從『背景到圖形』，從『表層到深層』（由表及裡）的體認過程」 （王寅，2020:2）。

體認語言學關於互動性的論述主要闡釋語言產生和使用的規律性特征。 其實，體認的互動性理論能更充分地闡釋讀者在閱讀多模態文學過程中的身心交互特征，如多模態小說VAS中第139頁末端的文字為（「Still, it moves」）在排版上顛倒了文字的方向（圖2）。

圖2　VAS（Tomasula， 2002： 139）節選

要識讀這些文字，讀者必須把書旋轉過來。 這種設計配合該部分表達的主題———宇宙的本質一直處於運動之中，呼應該句「一直在動」的語義，因為讀者必須做出翻轉書本的身體行為，才能讀到「一直在動」這句話。 在該情況下，讀者的身體機能與語言對行為的觸發雙向互動，「執行一個動作有助於理解包含行為動詞的修辭短語和文學短語」（Gibbs，2005：88）。 因此，讀者翻動圖書的身體動作同時啟動了「移動／運動」這一概念，使讀者得以身心協同體驗「移動／運動」，加深對「一直在動」這句話的理解。 此外，該頁配有眾多箭頭和線條組織成的旋轉圖像，視覺、行為動作、感知和文字理解多路徑協同，創造關於宇宙旋轉移動的感性體驗和理性認知。

關於身心體認及其與世界的互動，認知科學家萊德曼（Lederman） 和克萊茨 （Kiatzy）曾指出：

「人們使用觸覺系統來感知真實物體和虛擬物體同時存在的世界，並與其進行互動。」（2001：71）同樣，馬克斯（Marks，2002：2）也指出：「我們正是通過協同觸覺、動覺和本體感受，才同時在閱讀書籍的過程中獲得身體感知和內心體驗。」從這一意義來說，通過調動讀者的身體與書本在實體意義上的直接接觸，VAS成功激活並強化了讀者的交互性體認。 體認的交互性還體現為讀者與人物之間的「協同共振」。 與常規文字小說不同，多模態小說往往借助多模態符號，頻繁調動讀者對故事世界的身體參與，這一點在敘述人物行為動作時，表現得尤為突出。 例如，在《書頁之屋》第4：0⁃：4：1頁，作者通過排版（見圖3）設計出如具象詩般的文字，描述人物戴維森（Davison）攀爬探險的行為過程：

圖3《書頁之屋》（DanieleWski，2000： 4：00） 節選

戴維森步伐緩慢，但是十分堅定，雙手交互爬行上了梯子……他仍然繼續攀爬，最終他的堅持不懈有了回報，爬行了大概半個小時後，他終於爬完了梯子的最後一根。 幾秒鐘過後，他站在一個非常……（DanieleWski， 2000： 4：00；吉本斯，2021：58）

顯然，這段文字被排列為一個梯子的形狀，從底部一行開始，每個橫檔錯落排開，在空白周邊的映襯下，深黑色字體形成的橫檔越發突顯，如同一架梯子斜依在牆上。 文字的排列順序和空間擺放方式，決定了讀者的閱讀方向和順序：自下而上，從左到右，這一順序與人物的攀爬動作一致———從低到高。 可以說，讀者在視覺符號的引導下，眼睛緊隨人物攀爬的動作，拾級而上，與人物「亦步亦趨」，一起「攀爬」。 梯子橫檔一級級向上，迫使眼睛不時穿過空白處，形成視覺跳躍（Gibbons，2021：60）。 眼睛發揮「動能閉合」（Kinetic occiusion）作用，戴維森「不斷換手」攀爬梯子。 從側面來看，當他在前面的那只手抓到高一級橫檔時，後面的手便跟著向前，這個動作類似於眼睛的動能閉合———讀完一段文字後，空白處便進入眼簾。 該例同時充分體現了兩類互動：讀者的身心互動及讀者與人物的協同共振。 當然，這種雙維互動的前提是多模態符號對讀者體認感知的誘發性潛勢。 從一般抽象意義來說，是不同模態之間的符號互動激發了讀者的身心互動及讀者與人物的互動。

正如吉布斯（Gibbons，2005： 66⁃67）所言：「認知是身體與物理／文化世界互動的產物。 思維並不是存在於人的身體內部，而是存在於大腦、身體、世界……交織形成的網絡。 『涉身』就是指大腦、身體和物理／文化環境之間的動態交互。」約翰遜（Johnson，1987：5）也指出：「我們所認識的現實由以下因素所塑造：身體運動型式、時空定位軌跡、我們與物體的互動形式；它絕不僅僅是抽象的概念和命題判斷。」為此，吉本斯（Gibbons，2021：4：2） 強調：「既然涉身是人類理解和體驗的奠基之本，那麼我們似乎可以做出這樣的邏輯推演：身體在閱讀中的參與度越多，閱讀就越有意義，影響就越深遠。」（下續）

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