文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
二、觀光消費娛樂景
近年來,芬蘭的鄉村地景和荒野漸漸成為娛樂和旅遊的環境。尤其對年輕世代,傳統消費活動(如採苺、釣魚和狩獵)的重要性已經降低,反而是自然體驗的運動活動,如登山和健行則越來越受歡迎。此外,受到都市價值觀的影響,傳統生活活動的意義也變得更富娛樂性。雖然現今的小木屋文化所強調傳統消費活動,而與傳統的小木屋生活之鄉村式意象相呼應,娛樂性的價值在北歐小木屋文化中越來越明顯。在芬蘭,Vuori(1968)認為,早在1960 年代,帶有娛樂傾向的第二個家的旅遊動機中,刺激、比賽、以及極端體驗的追求的重要性早已提升(引自Vepsäläinen & Pitkänen, 2009)。芬蘭的鄉村也因娛樂性活動獲得再現。但是,如Pouta 等(2006)所說,在夏日小木屋的採苺活動,或許是富有鄉村生活象徵性的再生運動,而不只是慣常性的消費活動而已。相較於新式的電動娛樂的活動,鄉村活動的一般再現包含了傳統消費和戶外活動。這也部分說明了傳統鄉村生活「再生」的方法。因此,芬蘭的冒險地景比較可被解釋為一般鄉村的活動地景。
鄉村意象的最近階段發展受到鄉村消費主義的影響,大多缺乏社會團體之間的緊張關係或刻意的意識型態內涵。如Leo Marx 和許多其他學者已經說明了,自然和農業的想像基本上是都市的產物,為一種上層社會投射其視覺秩序於其外的鄉村地區。芬蘭代表國家地景的鄉村性是否會淪為布爾喬亞階級觀光消費凝視下的產物,這個問題值得觀察。
三、芬蘭國家地景中的鄉村意象
如畫像般的景致似乎是芬蘭國家意象的關鍵要素,無論如何,這些如畫般的鄉村地景提供了將國家抽象概念與鄉村社會與景觀的結合契機,同時也建構、強調了具某種特定觀點和特色的鄉村,而將其他的觀點和性格隱藏或邊緣化。從芬蘭的國家意象歷史發展中看出,國家和鄉村意象兩者都非完全合邏輯,也不是單一不變的,反而歷經了各式各樣的意義轉換過程。從芬蘭鄉村國家意象的結構看來,農業的中心地帶概念有其必要性,而且和邊境、核心地帶等類似。芬蘭鄉村意象繼續發展著,或許是藉著不同的論述維續著鄉村地景,受芬蘭大眾支持而努力保留傳統的芬蘭意象。
陸、結語
本文的目的在於藉由分析芬蘭符號學研究傳統,以芬蘭的鄉村意象作為國家地景的案例,描繪出鄉村如何被建構為一個芬蘭民族主義地景意象的特定主題。鄉村地景在芬蘭地景意象歷史進程,以及在各階段中所扮演不同的敘事角色,也在文中一一呈現。總的來說,芬蘭國家地景有著意識形態面向,而其敘事模式也將鄉村再現視為(作為)國家本質上的核心,以反映出一個用以表露芬蘭國家獨特性、共同性的民族主義語彙。
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本文作者闕河嘉為臺灣大學生物產業傳播暨發展學系助理教授
台灣國際研究季刊 第5 卷 第4 期 頁123-42 2009 年/冬季號
Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 123-42 Winter 2009
鏈接:http://www.tisanet.org/quarterly/5-4-6.pdf
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