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Comment by 文創 庫 on January 25, 2024 at 11:26pm


Mapping Creative Hubs in Malaysia by British Council (2017)

When we began this research project, we started by compiling a list of places or groups that we felt could be considered “creative hubs”. It soon became clear that the term can contain multitudes. Here is the definition from the Creative Hub Kit (2015) commissioned by British Council:

A creative hub is a place, either physical or virtual, which brings creative people together. It is a convenor, providing space and support for networking, business development and community engagement within the creative, cultural and tech sectors. 1

Based on this definition, it would be possible to compile a list of hundreds of hubs in Malaysia. As we started to go through our list, however, we felt it was worth creating a more specific set of criteria to focus our research. Jon Dovey and Andy C. Pratt’s report, “Creative Hubs: Understanding the New Economy” (2016), presented further qualities to consider in this process:

Three important themes emerge from our study. They are specific to the nature of creative enterprises and to the wider creative economy, which alerts us to the differences between creative hubs and hi-tech, maker, new media, etc. hubs. The first is that the creative hub is more than a building and more than a network. Success depends on collaboration and exchange between its members.

Second, that creative hubs are embedded in their communities and regions, their economic, cultural and social activities. Every hub is different and dependent on its local context. Third, that multi criteria evaluation of creative hubs should be used to articulate their success or failure. 2

(Emphasis added)

Based on the themes outlined above, we decided that we would focus on surveying and interviewing creative hubs which firstly, show “collaboration and exchange”; and secondly, demonstrate an impact on and from the “local context” through being embedded in their communities.

Thirdly, we decided to define creative hubs as those aligned with the arts, either as a producer or support system for literature, performance, visual art, crafts, film, design and other art forms.

This third and final criteria led us to exclude hubs that might, on paper, qualify as a “creative hub” based on the broader definition. For example, Malaysia has several commercial co-working spaces that are shared by technology startups. These certainly allow for networking and business development. But in this study, due to limited time and scope, we have decided to focus on hubs that lean more towards the creative sector than the tech sector.

Comment by 文創 庫 on January 23, 2024 at 4:35pm

By focusing our research on the arts, we hope to offer insights on a creative landscape that is often neglected as a pillar of society and economy.

By contrast, Malaysia’s technology sector has been publicly proclaimed as a driver of the national economy since the 1990s, when the Multimedia Super Corridor was established by then Prime Minister Tun Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad.

Cyberjaya, a local “Silicon Valley” was purpose-built as a technology city and, as of 2014, has received RM17 billion worth of investments. 3

In the national budget for 2017, RM80 million was set aside for reinvigorating the arts, less than half the amount – RM200 million – to be invested in technology startups, while RM400 million was set aside for the tourism industry. 4

As the old saying goes, “Necessity is the mother of invention”. Many creative hubs in Malaysia are grassroots, by virtue of receiving very little federal or state government support. Yet these same creative hubs are also the glue for various artistic communities. They create connections between individuals, individuals and groups, and groups and locales.

In the British Council paper “Working With and Through Creative Hubs”, Lynsey Smith and Ellen O’Hara write that “[Creative hubs] may differ in size and focus, but ultimately ‘a hub is a hub’ when it unites, inspires and promotes a community.” 5

It is this sense of community that we used as a starting point for researching creative hubs in Malaysia.

Ref:

1 Matheson, Janine and Gillian Easson, Creative HubKit, British Council, 2015, p.4

2 Dovey, Jon and Andy C. Pratt, “Creative Hubs: Understanding The New Economy”, British Council, 2016, p.7

3 Cyberview Sdn Bhd, “Strong Growth: A Tech City Scorecard”, Cyberjaya Malaysia.
Available: http://www.cyberjayamalaysia.com.my/docs/default-source/publications/
facts-and-figures/strong-growth.pdf?sfvrsn=4 [Accessed 14 April 2017]

4 Government of Malaysia, “2017 Budget Speech”, Bajet Malaysia, 21 October 2016.
Available: http://www.bajet.com.my/2017-budget-speech [Accessed 14 April 2017]

5 Smith, Lynsey and Ellen O’Hara, British Council, “Working With and Through Creative Hubs”, p.5

Adapting Research Terms

It is worth remembering that the term “creative hubs” is fairly new. Many of the teams we interviewed would not necessarily use this term to describe themselves. At best, it can be used as an umbrella term to describe varied groups and spaces.

British Council provided a list of “hub types” to form part of our basic survey. We adapted and expanded on this list for more relevance to the Malaysian context and the scope of our research.

Original list of hub types:

• Studio
• Co-working space
• Makerspace
• Incubator
• Art Centre
• Network
• Other

Final list of hub types used for survey:

• Studio / art collective
• Co-working space
• Workshop
• Incubator / residency
• Event space / performance venue
• Gallery
• Network
• Event organiser
• Other

(APRIL 2017, WWW.BRITISHCOUNCIL.MY)

Comment by 文創 庫 on January 22, 2024 at 11:07am
Creative Europe: Books and Publishing

Overview of the sector

Publishing is one of the largest cultural industries in Europe, with a total market value estimated at €36-38 billion. According to a 2022 report of the European Publishers Federation, the entire book value chain is estimated to employ more than half a million people. The European book sector is incredibly rich and diverse, with more than 575,000 titles published annually.

However, many readers across Europe do not have access to the richness and diversity of European literature. The primary reasons for this are the linguistic and geographical fragmentation of the market. Literature from many European countries are rarely able to translate into the wide array of languages that make up its landscape.

The book sector has also accelerated its digital transition to address the changing habits of the market, so that it can broaden its readership and make the diversity of European literature more accessible.

Like many other culture and creative sectors, the publishing and book industry is working to contribute to the European Green Deal transition and rethink the ways industry contributes to the ongoing climate crisis.

The COVID-19 crisis has further amplified these trends and the need to support the recovery and competitiveness of the book sector.

Support for the book sector in the Creative Europe programme

The main objectives of the Creative Europe programme regarding the book sector is to reinforce the circulation of works in Europe, diversify the audience for European literature and strengthen the competitiveness of the publishing sector.

Creative Europe supports the book sector through horizontal funding schemes (cooperation projects, European platforms, European networks, Culture Moves Europe) and through sector specific actions such as support to Literary translation/Circulation of European literary works, the European Union prize for Literature and more recently the Day of European Authors.

In addition, policy actions such as the Open Method of Coordination (on Multilingualism & Translation in 2020-2021 and on Libraries in 2024) enable discussions with the sector, stakeholders and with EU member states and provide policy orientation on key issues.

Literary translation support (Circulation of European Literary Works)

The Creative Europe programme provides funding to organisations operating in the book and publishing sector to encourage the translation, publication, promotion and distribution of European works of fiction, mainly from less-represented European languages. The financial support covers 60% of the total costs of the projects. Most of the promotional activities (authors’ visits, festivals, readings…) are organised in cooperation with booksellers, libraries or literature festivals to reinforce the local/national book ecosystem.

Comment by 文創 庫 on January 22, 2024 at 11:06am

The first Creative Europe programme (2014-2020) supported more than 400 projects in the book and publishing sector, with over 3000 translations of literary works, from more than 40 source languages into more than 30 target languages. More than 2/3 of the supported translations are from lesser-used languages (European languages other than English, Spanish, German and French), which shows the real value of the Programme to safeguard, develop and promote European cultural and linguistic diversity.

Read more about Creative Europe support to literary translation (2021-27)

Since the beginning of the 2021-2027 programme, 90 projects have been selected for the translation and promotion of more than 1,000 books across Europe.

Find out more about the funding scheme “Circulation of European Literary Works”

Cooperation, networks and platforms

In addition to supporting literary translation, the programme co-finances a variety of cooperation, networks and platforms funding schemes’ projects. The following past or ongoing projects are some examples of how Creative Europe supports the book sector throughout the value chain from the author to the reader.

Talent development

CELA (Connecting Emerging Literary Artists) trains and connects 30 emerging authors, 80 emerging translators and 6 emerging literary professionals offering a bigger opportunity to small languages and to drive change.

Poetry promotion

The Versopolis platform created in 2017 has grown over the years to include 23 poetry and literary festivals in Europe. Together they have promoted more than 200 poets from 32 different European languages and over 1,800 of their poems have been published on the website.

Book fairs

The project ALDUS (European Book Fairs’ network) is an international network of the largest book fairs in the world (Frankfurt and Bologna), several national fairs and publishing associations, with the ultimate goal of further professionalising the fast-changing European landscape of publishing.

Booksellers

The project RISE by the International and European federation of booksellers is a three-year project aiming to upscale, reinforce and maximise the capacity and resilience of the European bookselling sector.

Reading

The project Libraries of Emotions brings together various organisations from across Europe to promote a new and innovative way of reading and encourage bibliotherapy sessions in European public libraries.

Inclusion

Every story matters is a project whose aim is to increase the creation, availability and promotion of inclusive books for children and young adults in the EU.

Multilingualism

The main objective of the LEILA project is to create tools and structural dynamics to promote the discoverability of works published in the Arabic language.

(Source: https://culture.ec.europa.eu

Comment by 文創 庫 on January 18, 2024 at 9:02pm


馬来西亞服飾文創


如果你不曉得東馬有哪些原住民、擁有哪些服裝特色和傳統文化,不如就透過這些惟妙惟肖的婆羅洲娃娃,來認識和欣賞東馬美麗的多元文化吧!

伊班(Iban):(左)伊班族女性上身披著的披肩(Marik Empang),由彩珠和布球制成,絢麗多彩,腰間纏著銀腰帶和銀裝飾,舞動時銀飾互相敲碰,發出悅耳清脆的叮當聲響。(右)慶祝豐收節時,伊班族男性一般會戴上由犀鳥羽毛制成的羽冠,上半身披著厚披肩(Gagong),下半身以花紋美麗的編織布料遮蓋, 手持盾牌(Terabai),造型十分英武。

伊班(Iban):由於地緣關係,居住在不同地區的伊班人,有著不同造型的傳統服飾。圖為居住在Skrang的伊班族女性服飾和巴當艾(Batang Ai)一帶的伊班族男性服飾。


居住在拉讓江(Batang Rajang)一帶的伊班族。

衛斯理自小在砂拉越長屋社區的大環境下長大,大學畢業不久就開始在馬航擔任空服人員。盡管在這11年間,他到過許多國家,接觸花花世界,卻絲毫沒影響他對自身傳統文化的熱愛和維護傳承的熱情。

衛斯理靠網絡自學縫紉技術,身上富有民族特色的衣服就是他親手縫制的。

每年的6月1日,他和家人一定會慶祝伊班人的重大節日——豐收節(Hari Gawai)。他形容,在這年中盛大節慶,每個人都會穿上不同款式和色彩的傳統服裝,非常壯觀熱鬧。

然而,自2020年疫情暴發,航空業受到巨大沖擊,衛斯理不僅工作和收入受影響,也無法回鄉慶祝節慶。被迫呆在異鄉的他,冒起了制作原住民傳統服飾給娃娃的念頭,將對家鄉的思念,投注在縫制原住民傳統服裝的愛好上。

「那時是5月份,想到豐收節快到了,我就開始制作第一個穿著伊班族傳統服裝的婆羅洲娃娃,當作是在疫情緣故沒法回家的情況下,用另一種方式來慶祝節日。」

當時他把自己的作品上傳到網上,孰料引起不少關注,陸續有好些朋友聯系他,要求定制穿上他們族群傳統服裝的婆羅洲娃娃,就這樣順水推舟般地,衛斯理將其愛好發展成了副業,陸續制作出更多不同的傳統服飾婆羅洲娃娃。

卡達山(Kadazan):卡達山族傳統的黑色民族服裝,點綴著許多珠飾,銀銅色腰帶,金黃色花邊,盤起的發絲顯得清麗優雅。

參考真實傳統服飾,勤上網考察資料

「對我來說,制作婆羅洲娃娃最有趣的地方是,在制作之余,我可以學習到其他族群的文化背景、傳統服飾的特色和背後意義等。」

服飾文化對一個族群來說有著深遠的意義,也是生活的智慧結晶。在開始縫制娃娃服飾之前,衛斯理都會參考和研究大量的資料,盡可能按照傳統服飾的真實樣貌去縫制,不隨意加入自己的設計。

Dayak Salako族:大部分居住在古晉的倫樂(Lundu)地區,擁有獨特的語言和文化。

為了呈現婆羅洲娃娃的傳統服飾,他會先在網上利用谷歌和YouTube來搜集資料,查看該族群的傳統服飾以及裝飾配件背後的意義,然後把照片影印出來,依圖制作婆羅洲娃娃的服飾。

馬蘭諾(Melanau):馬蘭諾族的傳統服裝一般以黑色和紅色作為搭配,並以金飾作點綴。

Comment by 文創 庫 on January 18, 2024 at 9:02pm

制作工序繁雜,材料配件細小多樣

衛斯理通常在普通商店購買娃娃。每次制作服飾前,他都會給娃娃「洗澡」,把娃娃臉上的妝容和眼睛全清除掉,待穿上漂亮的服飾,設好發型以後,再給娃娃畫眉、點睛、上妝,給予每個婆羅洲娃娃一雙獨特而美麗的靈魂之窗。他笑說:「有時做不一樣的東西,會讓人充滿驚喜。」

制作婆羅洲娃娃服飾的工序相當繁雜,而材料更是多樣。受訪時,他邊說邊把材料工具拿出來給我們看,單是串珠銀飾,就分為幾十個小格子。

在他看來,尋找服飾配件材料的過程是最困難的,由於每樣物件都十分細小的關系,他必須逐樣檢查和觸摸,才能挑選出大小合適的零件。有些材料買回來後還不能直接使用,必須經過一輪巧思和DIY,弄成特定造型,才能縫制在服飾上。有的則必須用相似的材料來頂替。

制作婆羅洲娃娃服飾的材料細小多樣,單是串珠銀飾,就分為幾十個小格子。

他舉例說道:「伊班族在以前都會穿上使用錢幣來裝飾的服飾,因為錢幣是用銀制成的,穿戴越多的銀飾,就代表越有財富和地位。」由於錢幣體積較大,和娃娃身形不符,便以小巧的鈴鐺來替代。

分享原住民珍貴的傳統服飾文化

他分享,制作婆羅洲娃娃一般需要3至5天的時間,若包括研究服飾、尋找合適材料等過程,往往要耗上兩三星期。大部分的婆羅洲娃娃價格介於350令吉至500令吉之間,依據手工的難易度而調整價格。

內陸居民或烏魯人(Orang Ulu)是居住在砂拉越美裡內陸地區民族的統稱,涵蓋加央族(Kayan)、肯亞(Kenyah)、本南(Penan)等。

由於沒有任何本地原住民服飾娃娃可作參考,衛斯理起初在制作娃娃服飾時,都是靠自己研究、反復嘗試和摸索,長時間下來,才真正積累自己的一套制作方法和技巧。

砂拉越馬來族群婦女在出席婚禮或盛大節慶時,都會披著美麗的馬來刺繡頭巾或圍巾(Keringkam),凸顯高貴優雅的一面。

至今,衛斯理制作了超過200個傳統服飾婆羅洲娃娃,涵蓋本地15個族群、超過20種不同的傳統服飾,不僅限於婆羅洲,也包括馬來西亞半島地區的族群服飾。

每每完成制作,他都會把婆羅洲娃娃的照片上載到臉書和Instagram,同時不忘分享傳統民族服飾的知識,希望讓更多國內外的網友能一同欣賞豐富多彩的傳統文化,好好認識這片國土。

雖然經營客制婆羅洲娃娃的副業已有一段時日,但他表示,目前仍沒打算制作外國民族服飾的娃娃,希望能專注於制作本地族群的傳統服飾,發掘更多本地鮮為人知的族群和文化。

他笑說:「捕捉本地的人事物,是很有趣的事。」

在他看來,婆羅洲娃娃不只是玩具,它更像是一個媒介或一種方式,來幫助他傳達他想表達的重要信息,同時守護這些有可能消失的傳統服飾和文化。

「我想向大馬人帶出的重要信息是,本地擁有許多不同的族群和文化,才會組成現今的馬來西亞,創造出和諧的環境。」唯有互相認識,理解和尊重其他族群的宗教文化,才能創造出更團結、更美麗的馬來西亞。

(5.10.2022 星洲日報副刊 - 東西;記者蒙慧賢;攝影蔡偉傳;原題:身穿原住民服飾的婆羅洲娃娃)

Comment by 文創 庫 on January 9, 2024 at 10:35am


邱立本·兩岸中華文化逆轉的歷史諷刺

兩岸的中華文化盟主地位逆轉,是歷史的巨大諷刺。神州大地重返漢家詩書的世界,但寶島卻陷入「反中仇中」的漩渦。也許要待2024年臺灣政黨輪替,才可以讓被顛倒的顛倒回來。

1978年,中國改革開放的元年。當時中美還沒建交,但少數中國年輕精英都來到美國留學讀研究生,他們都是公派生,要了解美國最新的發展,但也暴露了他們知識結構的缺陷。

這些中國年輕精英在和臺灣在美國的留學生互動的過程中,被發現他們對中華文化的認識非常膚淺,遠遠落後於臺灣,無論是基本的歷史典故、用詞遣句、很多成語的運用,都不如來自臺灣的留學生,有時候甚至鬧出了笑話。如臺灣學生會問:「您府上是哪裏?令尊是做什麽工作?」結果中國學生會回答說:「我府上是山東,我的令尊是老師。」這些對「敬語」無知的回答,都讓臺灣的留學生忍俊不禁。

1970年代臺灣學生從小就熟讀唐詩宋詞、經史子集,都是大學聯考的必考,因而處處顯示中華文化的底蘊,而中國學生歷經文革和政治運動,即便最優秀的學生,都深受傳統文化斷層之苦,往往陷在「革命」的語境中,寫文章都是奇怪的歐化語法,如「不可戰勝的中國人民」(硬譯The Invincible Chinese),出現歧義。臺灣留學生就會調侃說:「不可戰勝」就是失敗了,難道說中國人民失敗了?

臺灣在1945年光復之後,中華文化成為主旋律,不僅國語運動如火如荼,中華文化的經典也是必修科目,錢穆等國學大師被蔣介石奉為國賓,中小學生對於古詩詞都朗朗上口。1960年代中國爆發文化大革命,臺灣則推動「中華文化復興運動」抗衡,展示臺灣才是中華文化的道統。

但歷史的反諷是,到了2023年,兩岸的中華文化地位大逆轉。臺灣「去中國化」的逆流越演越烈,新一代被「臺獨」的課綱所誤導,對中華文化失去了感情,2019年疫情期間,綠營的「108課綱」更將很多教科書的經典範文取消,如範仲淹的《始得西山宴遊記》、《岳陽樓記》等都被廢除,讓北一女老師區桂芝痛批「無恥」。

相反地,過去十幾年間,中國全力復興傳統中華文化,揚棄了過去馬列史觀解釋中國歷史的弊端,新一代都大量背誦唐詩宋詞,電視上普及中華傳統文化的節目,如《中華好詩詞》、《典籍裏的中國》等都膾炙人口。中華文化重返神州大地,並且在新的載體上,以深入淺出的方式呈現,如小紅書、抖音等的短視頻,都有大量的中華文化精華普及化的作品,如「意公子」、何楚涵老師等的詮釋,都深入淺出,深受年輕人的喜愛。

對全球華人來說,兩岸中華文化盟主地位的逆轉,令人五味雜陳,既慶幸神州大地重返漢家詩書的世界,但卻痛惜寶島陷入「反中仇中」的漩渦。也許要待2024年初臺灣政黨輪替,才可以讓被顛倒的顛倒回來。

(2023年12月29日 亞洲周刊專區;本文作者:《亞洲周刊》總編輯邱立本

Comment by 文創 庫 on December 15, 2023 at 11:02am


張彥·文産升级:豐富形式,文化創

當前,科技進步對文化創新的驅動作用越來越強,文化與科技的聯繫從來沒有像今天這樣緊密。信息技術革命正加速向經濟社會各領域廣泛滲透,爲人民生活提供了新平台、新渠道,也爲文化繁榮發展創造了新載體、新機遇。我們要深入學習貫徹習近平文化思想,把握文化與科技融合發展趨勢,運用科技手段激發文化創新活力,爲文化創新插上科技翅膀,不斷形成新的文化産品形態,更好滿足廣大人民群衆的精神文化需求。

豐富文化表現形式。中國主席習近平指出:“要正確運用新的技術、新的手段,激發創意靈感、豐富文化內涵、表達思想情感,使文藝創作呈現更有內涵、更有潛力的新境界。”數字技術具有跨領域、跨時空、跨層級、跨系统等特徵,能夠整合各類文化資源,不斷豐富文化創新創造的手段形式。比如,運用虛擬現實、增強現實、混合現實等數字技術,對中華優秀傳統文化進行時代化表達、多元化表達,推動文化場景拓展,能夠更好展現中華文化的魅力韻味。

在杭州亞運會開幕式的文藝表演中,高科技賦能的地屏全景呈現錢塘江兩岸水墨畫捲,江南風韻儘展風採。在良渚古城遺址公園,遊客通過增強現實技術能“親眼看見”良渚時期莫角山宮殿的盛景。北京故宮博物院、西安秦始皇帝陵博物院等以虛擬展覽、數字文物等形式複現文物細節,實現了博物館陳列展覽、精品館藏、相關知識圖譜等內容的可視化、創意化。

神秘獨特的三星堆文化通過數字表情包、網絡遊戲等創意IP與潮流單品跨界融合,讓更多人更加便捷地感受沉甸甸的歷史寶藏。人們對凝結文化記憶、凝聚宏大文化敘事、廣泛參與文化事業的訴求,正在通過數字技術得以實現。

促進文化産業昇級。習主席指出:“文化和科技融合,既催生了新的文化業態、延伸了文化産業鏈,又集聚了大量創新人才,是朝陽産業,大有前途。”文化和科技融合的新業態成爲文化産業的增長點。虛擬現實技術、數字動畫、線上文娛旅遊服務、文化數據資源處理與存儲服務等多個領域的碰撞,爲文化産業發展提供了強勁動力。比如,智能化縮短了文化産品製作分發周期,加速文化創意産業發展與傳播。

深圳雲上文博會按照展館展區分類展示文化産品和項目,利用全景拍攝技術模擬線下展示場景,將線下展覽內容在雲上平台進行同步展示,並強化網上交易功能,打造永不落幕的“數字文博會”。

再如,互聯網技術與文博産業深度融合,實現數據安全實時共享、文化場館易管可控。“故宮·騰訊聯合創新實驗室”集成了採集、加工、音視頻製作等功能模塊,在大幅度提高文化産品産業數字化效率的同時,以虛擬演播技術替代常規綠幕和專業硬件,大幅度降低成本。又如,傳統文化産業同數字技術的融合發展,推動着文物保護利用和文化遺産傳承。

“數字敦煌·開放素材庫”是全球首個基於區塊鏈的數字文化遺産開放共享平台,6500餘份高清數字資源檔案向全球開放。藉助區塊鏈技術,該庫素材的原創証明和相關的授權、支付、下載等信息實時上鏈存証,每一例素材的授權使用均可查証,有效解決了文物數字資産的確權保護難題。文化産業數字化轉型,以科技創新爲動力,以融合發展爲路徑,有力推動文化産業高質量發展。

滿足群衆文化需求。文化和科技都是爲人服務的。習近平強調:“把人民放在心中最高位置,把人民滿意不滿意作爲檢驗藝術的最高標準,創作更多滿足人民文化需求和增強人民精神力量的優秀作品”。運用先進科技手段,助推文化領域供給側結構性改革和需求側服務模式創新,能夠更好滿足人民的精神文化需求。

如今,許多地方積極利用物聯網、雲計算、大數據、人工智能等對公共文化服務進行全方位、全鏈條改造。比如,以多種方式驅動文化IP創新重塑、跨行業滲透,對文化産品及服務供給進行深度挖掘,實現服務模式創新。

行浸式光影演藝“夜上黃鶴樓”,以黃鶴樓公園爲載體,運用激光投影、前景紗屏、演員影像互動、3D動畫燈等多項創新技術,實現光影技術與藝術完美融合,讓人們身臨其境。陝西歷史博物館通過高清影像及數據採集,以數字化虛擬展示方式,讓觀衆近距離、全方位觀賞和感知唐代壁畫的精彩。又如,數字科技與傳統業態有機結合,産生雲看展、雲演藝、雲視聽、雲旅遊等應用場景。

話劇《暴風雨》在國家大劇院上演時,超高清信號將表演實時傳至千裡之外的江西景德鎮陶溪川大劇院,兩地觀衆同步享受藝術盛宴。截至目前,國家大劇院線上演出已累計播出近200場,全網點擊量超50億次。科技讓群衆文化需求得到更好滿足。
(原題:豐富文化表現形式 促進文化産業昇級,爲文化創新插上科技翅膀; 作者爲浙江大學社會科學研究院常務副院長;《 人民日報 》2023年11月10日 13 版)

Comment by 文創 庫 on September 1, 2023 at 9:07am


劉怡君〈在利物浦聽見披頭四(the Beatles)―利物浦披頭四音樂觀光〉

從巅峰到谷底,利物浦走過許多嚴峻考驗,現今利物浦已是 2008 年歐洲文化之都,這都是近年來致力發展城市特色的結果。檢視現今利物浦之於世界地圖的城市意象有三:亞伯特碼頭(Albert Dock)、足球、披頭四樂團(The Beatles)

亞伯特碼頭象徵聯合國教科文組織世界遺產、英國最大規模一級古蹟建築群、利物浦博物館群所在地,甚至可視為利物浦輝煌海權時代的歷史化身。足球作為英國最受歡迎運動之一,利物浦足球俱樂部則被視為利物浦之城市資產,再塑利物浦的城市形象,刺激利物浦觀光市場。

但最令人好奇的是,披頭四―20 世紀流行音樂界的傳奇,在 1960 年代掀起披頭狂熱(Beatlemania)後,經由什麼媒介將其音樂(性)保留/轉化成為利物浦城市的無形文化資產,並透過音樂觀光形式持續強化其音樂意象與城市之間的連結直至今日,並將利物浦包裝成為歐洲流行樂之都(City of Pop)

故利用此次實習參訪,觀察披頭四音樂觀光在利物浦的發展,以瞭解作為披頭四發跡地,利物浦如何呈現獨一無二的披頭四文化資產將其成功轉化為文化觀光商品,並強調資產的他性(Otherness),吸引發展出傲視全球的音樂觀光,持續放送披頭狂熱。

「目的地—音樂」 從抵達約翰藍儂機場(John Lennon Airport),根據英國市議會統計,每年吸引超過六十萬名遊客在利物浦從事與音樂相關的觀光活動(Research, 2011)。如此驚人的參觀人次與經濟效益,必定得相對提供一定數量與品質的相關景點及活動。根據 Herbert(2001)的論述,將核心替換成為「音樂地方」,兩側延伸分類,分別為音樂景點之一般性質及特殊性質(表 6.1)

音樂景點的一般性質與景點環境、可及性、落點、設備與服務等外在條件較為關聯,而特殊條件則強調景點的「音樂性」,例如與歌曲或歌手相關,景點強調音樂或歌者的保存性。

將其與 GibsonConnell(2005)所提出之音樂觀光景點類別結合,可整理出位於利物浦的披頭四音樂觀光五大音樂觀光景點類別,如下:
1.
博物館(Museums)

原物真實性及建構真實性之結合代表,如利物浦博物館(Museum of Liverpool)、披頭四故事館(The Beatles Story)。利物浦博物館為英國百年來所建造之最大國家博物館,披頭四特展為三樓常設展之一,因應博物館性質,展覽強調原物真實性展示了披頭四相關物件(圖 6.1),並定時於 360 度環繞播映室播放披頭四短片 The Beatles Show― In the Town Where I Was Born,除了吸引披頭四歌迷前來朝聖,一睹偶像演奏過的樂器、穿過服裝、歷年相關報導、發行過的唱片專輯等外,常設展也等於提供了機會讓來自世界各地對於披頭四不甚熟悉的參觀民眾,在瞭解利物浦城市歷史外,也能更加瞭解利物浦傳奇之聲,音樂景點一般性質中的可及性提高了許多。

Comment by 文創 庫 on August 31, 2023 at 7:50pm

(續上)位於亞伯特碼頭的 The Beatles Story 則是另一風格截然不同的私人經營博物館,不特別強調原物真實性,而改採故事敘述手法,結合新穎科技設備,生動呈現披頭四團史與其發展。語音導覽藉由虛擬約翰藍儂妹妹茱麗亞的聲音述說,使遊客可在館內盡情肆意地體驗披頭四魅力。館內動線從披頭四的相遇結合,德國現場表演意外走紅,結合解說與報導重現各關鍵場景(圖 6.2),如披頭四發跡的馬修街(Mathew Street)與洞穴俱樂部(the Cavern Club),讓遊客更加深刻體驗披頭四成名歷史。

故事館並將無形的歌詞場景化為有形,例如圖 6.3.1 的黃色潛水艇(Yellow Submarine)與圖 6.3.2 草莓園(Strawberry Field),滿足遊客及樂迷的想像,也比僅僅聆聽歌曲或觀看歌詞來得有趣。Fab 4D Experience 更是老少咸宜的感官體驗,短短數分鐘影片,參觀者坐在搖晃的椅子上觀賞 3D 影片,搭配一首首熟悉歌曲,還不時聞到草莓香,感覺到水花四濺、章魚觸角觸摸的癢癢感,叫人意猶未盡。

2.
和歌手/樂團有相關聯之景點

(Places connected with the lives of the singer/band): 如約翰藍儂高中母校(Quarry Bank Grammar School,現稱為 Calderstones)保羅麥卡尼舊家(20 Forthlin Road)、約翰藍儂舊家(Mendips)、約翰藍儂與保羅麥卡尼初識教堂(St. Peter’s Church Hall)等。具有價值且高度相關聯之景點,如保羅麥卡尼舊家 20 Forthlin Road 和約翰藍儂舊家 Mendips 就受到英國國家信託(the National Trust)保護管理,沒有事先預約無法入內參觀。其他如團員出生之醫院、曾就讀學校、團員相識教堂等,大多未受到特別觀光化如標示或解說牌幟設置,唯有透過導覽行程可及性較高。

3.
歌詞性景點(Lyrical places):

 出現於歌名或歌詞中的場景,如〈Strawberry Fields Forever〉歌曲中的Strawberry Fields,名字出自靠近約翰藍儂童年住處的 Salvation Army house“Strawberry Field”,同時也是約翰藍儂童年的遊憩地。現今該景點僅為一門口寫有“Strawberry Field”的荒地,以閘門圍住而無法進入,但仍舊吸引無數樂迷遊客在“Strawberry Field”字前合影留念(圖 6.4.1)。Penny Lane 則是一個出現在歌名〈Penny Lane〉中而聲名大噪的街道名,歌曲中描繪出約翰藍儂與保羅麥卡尼童年成長的郊區景象。作為一音樂觀光景點,Penny Lane 因為落點關係較偏離市區,因此影響它的遊客造訪量,但仍吸引忠實披頭四樂迷到此一遊, 以進行 Penny Lane 街牌之符號收集(圖 6.4.2)(下續)

愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.

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