文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
上文中提到的符號資本,布爾迪厄把他解釋為“積累聲望,名譽或者榮譽的程度,建立在知識(法語:connaissance)和認可(法語:reconnaissance)之上。” (Bourdieu,1993:7)。
而符號權力,則是“symbolic power is a power of constructing reality, it is invisible power which can be exercised only with the complicity of those who do not want to know that they are subject to it or even that they themselves exercise it”,即“符號權力是一種能夠構建現實的權力,它是一種無形的權力,只有那些不想知道自己被它支配,甚至不想知道自己在行使它的人,才能行使這項權力(Bourdieu,1994:164)。”
也就是說,符號權力是一種從屬權力,它是其他權力形式的一種轉化,即轉化為一種不可識別的、美化過的、合法化的形式,其轉化過程與將經濟、文化、社會資本轉化為符號資本的過程類似(Geèienë,2002:117-118)。
布爾迪厄的原文表述較為晦澀,如果借用上文中提到的一些概念,我認為符號權力在藝術語境下可以較為通俗的概括為:藝術家借由知識,以及社會認可所掌握的一種權力,這種權力可以在無形之中創造出‘集體信仰’的,即一種‘點石成金’的能力。
總的來說,布爾迪厄將藝術生產場的特征,概括為一種“倒置的經濟規律”,他指出:“Thus, at least in the most perfectly autonomous sector of the field of cultural production, where the only audience aimed at is other producers (e.g. Symbolist poetry), the economy of practices is based, as in a generalized game of “loser wins”, on a systematic inversion of the fundamental principles of all ordinary economies, that of business (it excludes the pursuit of profit and does not guarantee any sort of correspondence between investments and monetary gains), that of power (it condemns honours and temporal greatness). and even that of institutionalized cultural authority (the absence of any academic training or consecration may be considered a virtue).”
即“至少,在文化生產場中,在那些只把領域中的其他生產者作為受眾的,最為自律的領域中(如象征主義詩歌),實踐行為的經濟規律是一般經濟規律基礎的系統化倒置,遵循著一種“輸者即贏”的法則。
在商業上呈現出排斥對利潤的追求,不對投資和財務回報的對應關係做任何承諾;在權力上呈現出譴責一時的成就和名聲;在體制化的文化權威上,沒有經過任何的學術訓練或者被奉為圭臬,反而是一種高尚的品性。” (Bourdieu,1993:39)
本書的其他幾章,主要是借由福樓拜和法國文學,馬奈繪畫和純粹的藝術凝視(pure gaze)作為具體案例,來解釋藝術場域和文學場域的運作機制和形成原因。由於時間有限尚未精讀,只做了大致瀏覽。考慮到篇幅問題,以及與本課程的關聯度都不如第一章強,所以不在本次讀書筆記中逐一體現。
參考文獻
[1] 李占偉.布爾迪厄文藝思想研究[D].山東師範大學,2011.
[2] 朱偉玨.超越主客觀二元對立——布迪厄的社會學認識論與他的“慣習”概念[J].浙江學刊,2005(03):174-178.
[3] Bourdieu P. The forms of capital.(1986)[J]. Cultural theory: An anthology, 2011, 1: 81-93.
[4] Bourdieu P. The logic of practice[M]. Nice R.(trans.).1990a. Cambridge: Polity.
[5] Bourdieu P. In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology[M]. Stanford University Press, 1990b.
[6] Bourdieu P. Language and symbolic power[M]. Harvard University Press, 1991.
[7] Bourdieu P, Wacquant L J D. An invitation to reflexive sociology[M]. University of Chicago press, 1992a.
[8] Bourdieu P, Wacquant L. Réponses, Paris[J]. Le Seuil, 1992b: 73.
[9] Bourdieu P. The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature[M]. Columbia University Press, 1993.
[10] Gečienė I. The notion of power in the theories of Bourdieu, Foucault and Baudrillard[J]. Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas. 2002.2:116-124.
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