亦筆,馬來西亞現代詩作者,作品曾收入《大馬新銳詩選》等合輯。

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Comment by Virunga on September 24, 2024 at 9:03pm

APP Iconada: Horizon of Expectation

"Horizon of expectation" (Erwartungshorizont) is a concept central to Hans Robert Jauss's reception theory, which explores how readers interpret literary texts within their specific historical and cultural contexts. Jauss, a prominent figure in the field of literary theory, argues that a reader's understanding of a text is shaped by their own "horizon of expectation," which includes their cultural background, historical period, and personal experiences. (compare with: The Dream Society)

In the context of poetic and cultural-creative experiences, the horizon of expectation helps us understand that each reader brings their own set of expectations and interpretative frameworks to a text. This horizon is not static; it evolves over time as cultural norms and societal values change. Consequently, the same literary work can be interpreted in various ways depending on when and by whom it is read.

For example, a poem written in the 19th century might be understood differently by contemporary readers compared to its original audience. Modern readers might bring new perspectives influenced by contemporary issues, which can shift the interpretation of the poem's themes, language, and aesthetics.

Jauss's theory emphasizes that this dynamic interaction between the reader’s horizon and the text contributes to a richer and more nuanced understanding of literature. It also highlights how cultural and creative experiences are not fixed but continually redefined by changing expectations and interpretations. This concept encourages a more flexible and historically informed approach to literary criticism, acknowledging that the value and meaning of artistic works are subject to ongoing reinterpretation.

Comment by Virunga on September 24, 2024 at 12:16pm

50 most popular quotations by Karl Kraus

Karl Kraus was an Austrian writer, journalist, and satirist, known for his sharp wit and criticism of the press, culture, and society. His aphorisms are still highly regarded for their insight and biting humor. Here are 50 of his most popular quotations.

1. "The devil is an optimist if he thinks he can make people meaner."
2. "Journalists write because they have nothing to say, and they have something to say because they write."

3. "Corruption is worse than prostitution. The latter might endanger the morals of an individual, the former invariably endangers the morals of the entire country."
4. "There are women who can make a man feel that he is a man. That’s why they like women who make them feel they are boys."

5. "Morality is a burglar’s tool whose merit lies in never being left behind at the scene of the crime."
6. "A writer is someone who can make a riddle out of an answer."

7. "The closer the look one takes at a word, the greater distance from which it looks back."
8. "A man’s manners are a mirror in which he shows his portrait."

9. "Psychoanalysis is that mental illness for which it regards itself as therapy."
10. "Education is what most receive, many pass on, and few possess."

11. "Squeeze human nature into the straitjacket of criminal justice and crime will appear."
12. "Progress, under whose feet the grass is growing, has always been the wrong road for the traveler."

13. "Children play soldiers. That makes sense. But why do soldiers play children?"
14. "A weak man has doubts before a decision; a strong man has them afterwards."

15. "I don’t like to meddle in my private affairs."
16. "He who knows nothing is closer to the truth than he whose mind is filled with falsehoods and errors."

Comment by Virunga on September 24, 2024 at 5:32am

16. "He who knows nothing is closer to the truth than he whose mind is filled with falsehoods and errors."

17. "The truth is always a labyrinth, requiring careful navigation, but its beauties are beyond compare."

18. "The world is a prison in which solitary confinement is preferable."

19. "Democracy means the opportunity to be everyone’s slave."

20. "Laws are like spider webs, which catch the little flies, but let the big ones pass."

21. "The world’s history is one long, gruesome charade in which the worst crimes are sanctioned in the name of progress."

22. "The war has brought out the courage of men and the cowardice of nations."

23. "The invention of printing press has made a bridge between the Tower of Babel and the World Trade Center."

24. "It is the paper that puts the lie in all the mouths."

25. "Liberty has never come from the government. Liberty has always come from the subjects of it."

26. "There is nothing so pitiable as a misunderstood and overestimated man."

27. "Morality is a burglar's tool whose merit lies in never being left behind at the scene of the crime."

28. "The price of freedom is eternal surveillance."

29. "Artists have a right to be modest and a duty to be vain."

30. "Language is the mother of thought, not its handmaiden."

31. "What we understand is nothing; we only ever understand ourselves."

32. "The catastrophe of the world is not that people do not know, but that they do not listen."

33. "Love between the sexes is a war. If not for love, the world would not exist."

34. "An aphorism never coincides with the truth: it is either a half-truth or one-and-a-half truths."

35. "People who believe in immortality are like soldiers who shoot at a flag."

36. "The streets of Vienna are paved with culture; the streets of other cities with asphalt."

37. "He who has something to say hides it between the lines."

38. "War is, at first, the hope that one will be better off; next, the expectation that the other fellow will be worse off; then, the satisfaction that he isn't any better off; and finally, the surprise at everyone's being worse off."

39. "Artists have a right to be modest and a duty to be vain."

40. "The devil is an optimist if he thinks he can make people meaner."



(con't to)

(50 most popular quotations by Karl Kraus)

Comment by Virunga on September 23, 2024 at 11:17pm

爱垦APP: 梦想社会

《梦想社会》(The Dream Society)由罗尔夫·詹森(Rolf Jensen)2001年出版,提出了一个大胆的预言:随着信息时代的结束,人类社会将进入一个以情感、想象力和故事为核心的“梦想社会”。在这个社会中,经济价值将不再主要由物质产品或信息驱动,而是由能够激发人们情感共鸣和满足他们梦想的体验所驱动。

克里斯蒂瓦的互文性与文化叙事的演变

詹森的“梦想社会”理论与克里斯蒂瓦的互文性理论有相通之处,特别是在文化叙事的构建和传播上。詹森认为未来的社会将围绕着故事和叙事展开,而这些故事并不是孤立存在的,而是建立在已有的文化符号和故事之上。这与克里斯蒂瓦的互文性理论相吻合,强调任何新叙事都是在已有文本的基础上形成的。詹森预测的商业模式实际上是在借助互文性,通过重新包装和传播人们熟悉的文化符号来创造价值。

雅各布森的诗性功能与品牌叙事

雅各布森的诗性功能理论在詹森的“梦想社会”中得到了具体应用。詹森指出,未来的品牌将不再只是功能性商品的代表,而是情感和身份的象征。品牌将通过诗性功能,利用语言和符号的美学力量,创造能够与消费者深层次情感产生共鸣的叙事。这个过程类似于雅各布森描述的诗性功能,即语言不仅传递信息,还创造意义和情感体验。

认知诗学与消费者体验

认知诗学关注的是人类如何通过认知机制理解和体验文学作品。在詹森的“梦想社会”中,这一理论可以用来解释消费者如何通过品牌故事和情感体验来构建他们的认知世界。詹森的观点是,在未来的社会中,成功的品牌将是那些能够激发消费者想象力、引发情感共鸣的品牌。这种品牌体验可以被视为一种认知诗学的过程,消费者通过参与品牌故事,激发自己的创造力和情感反应,从而增强对品牌的忠诚度。

Comment by Virunga on September 23, 2024 at 11:17pm

情动转向与文化创造力

詹森的“梦想社会”也可以与情动转向(Affective Turn)的理论相联系。他强调,未来的经济驱动力将是情感,而非理性或逻辑。这与情感转向的观点一致,即现代社会的文化创造力越来越多地依赖于情感的流动和表达。詹森的预测在一定程度上预示了一个以情感为核心的文化创造力时代的到来,在这个时代,情感将成为商业和文化生产的核心动力。

《梦想社会》作为一本展望未来社会的作品,通过将经济与文化、情感和想象力结合在一起,预示了一个充满叙事和体验的未来。结合克里斯蒂瓦的互文性理论、雅各布森的诗性功能理论、认知诗学和情感转向的讨论,可以更深入地理解詹森所描绘的未来社会,以及他如何预测文化和经济的转型。詹森的“梦想社会”不仅预示了未来商业模式的转变,也揭示了文化叙事在塑造人类社会中的核心作用。


从“情动转向”角度来看,故事和文化叙事确实是建立在已有的文化符号和故事之上的,且通过激发情感共鸣来增强其影响力。以下是四个具体实例:

可口可乐的“分享快乐”营销活动

背景: 可口可乐一直以来以“快乐”作为品牌核心理念。在全球范围内,它通过各种广告和营销活动,将这一理念深入人心。2011年,可口可乐推出了“分享可乐,分享快乐”(Share a Coke)活动,将经典的可乐瓶标签替换为常见的人名,鼓励消费者购买带有自己或朋友名字的瓶子。

情动转向的体现: 这项活动利用了人们对社交关系的情感依赖,激发了人与人之间的情感联系。消费者通过购买、分享带有名字的可乐瓶,体验到了一种个人化的情感参与,而这种情感参与是基于已有的“快乐”符号和品牌故事之上的。

Nike的“Just Do It”运动与社会正义

背景: Nike的“Just Do It”口号已经成为鼓舞个人追求卓越的全球符号。近年来,Nike通过与知名运动员合作,特别是在涉及社会正义和种族平等的问题上,进一步深化了这个口号的含义。2018年,Nike推出了与NFL运动员Colin Kaepernick合作的广告,Kaepernick因在国歌期间跪地抗议种族不公而闻名。

情感转向的体现: 这次广告活动不仅建立在“Just Do It”这一鼓励个人力量的符号上,还通过与社会正义、种族平等这些更深层次的情感议题相结合,增强了品牌的情感吸引力。这种情感转向将消费者的关注点从个人成功扩展到了社会变革。

迪士尼的“狮子王”与“非洲情感”

背景: 1994年,迪士尼的动画电影《狮子王》(The Lion King)大获成功,成为全球文化符号的一部分。影片通过讲述辛巴的成长故事,探索了家庭、责任和自我发现的主题。2019年,迪士尼发布了这部经典影片的真人版重拍,在全球引发了新一轮的情感共鸣。


情动转向的体现: 《狮子王》的故事情节深植于非洲文化和自然景观之中,影片通过音乐、场景和角色设计,唤起观众对非洲的情感联结。这个情感转向不仅依赖于对自然与家庭的基本情感符号,还通过重拍进一步激发了观众对原版电影的怀旧情感,深化了情感共鸣。

Airbnb的“住在别处”与全球社区情感

背景: Airbnb作为一个全球住宿分享平台,其广告和营销活动常常强调“住在别处”的体验,不仅仅是提供住宿,而是通过融入当地社区和文化来创造独特的生活体验。


情动转向的体现: Airbnb的叙事不仅仅基于旅行和探索的符号,更通过强调人与人之间的情感连接,强化了全球社区意识。它通过展示住客与房东之间的真实情感互动,激发了一种全球家庭感,这种情感联结是建立在已有的旅行和探索故事的基础上,但通过情感转向达到了更深层次的认同和共鸣。


这些实例表明,品牌和文化叙事不仅是符号和故事的简单重复,而是通过情感转向,将这些符号与情感紧密结合,创造出能够激发深层次共鸣的文化产品。这样的故事和营销策略之所以成功,正是因为它们能够利用已有的文化符号,扩展其情感影响力,并在观众心中建立更持久的联系。

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Comment by Virunga on September 23, 2024 at 6:43pm

(Con't From) 41. "The secret of the demagogue is to appear as dumb as his audience so that these people can believe themselves as clever as he."

42. "Children play soldiers. That makes sense. But why do soldiers play children?"

43. "The moral of journalism is that there is no such thing as a neutral observer."

44. "A child becomes an adult when he realizes that he has a right not only to be right but also to be wrong."

45. "An illusion in existence is worth two realities in the imagination."

46. "How is the world ruled and led to war? Diplomats lie to journalists and believe these lies when they see them in print."

47. "The right word may be effective, but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause."

48. "When you’ve written what you want to say, always take out the first and the last sentence."

49. "A weak man has doubts before a decision; a strong man has them afterwards."

50. "It is not just that those who learn to win the crowd, and those who are able to win over their colleagues, are winning each other."

(50 most popular quotations by Karl Kraus,
Karl Kraus was an Austrian writer, journalist, and satirist, known for his sharp wit and criticism of the press, culture, and society. His aphorisms are still highly regarded for their insight and biting humor.
Kraus’s quotes often appeared first in his periodical, "Die Fackel," and were later compiled into books and collections posthumously by various editors and scholars. His writings remain influential in the realms of satire, journalism, and aphoristic literature.

Here are 50 of his most popular quotations.

These quotations reflect Kraus' deep skepticism of society, language, and the press, often articulated with sharp wit and dark humor. These quotes are extracted from a variety of his works, rather than a single book. He was prolific, writing aphorisms, essays, and satirical pieces across many different platforms. Some key sources include:

1. "Die Fackel" (The Torch) Kraus's own literary and political magazine, where many of his aphorisms, essays, and critiques were first published.

2. "Aphorismen" (Aphorisms) Kraus was known for his sharp and concise aphorisms, which were often compiled in various collections.

3. "Sprüche und Widersprüche" (Sayings and Contradictions) A well-known collection of his aphorisms.

4. "Pro Domo et Mundo" A book containing his essays and aphorisms.

5. "Literature and Lies" Another collection of his critiques and reflections on society and literature.

6. "The Last Days of Mankind" (Die letzten Tage der Menschheit) A dramatic work that contains many of Kraus’s most famous satirical and critical lines.

Comment by Virunga on August 29, 2024 at 8:59pm

[花香]

山楂花也以滔滔不絕的芳香給我以無窮的美感,但它偏偏不讓我深入其間,就同那些反覆演奏的旋律一樣,從不肯深入到曲中的奧秘處。

【陀思妥耶夫斯基】

如果我們只是注意色彩的特殊效果,而不善於從主題上將這美感世界聯系起來,那麼這個美感世界對當今時代就是一個謎,任何東西都與之毫不相像,任何東西都無法對它作出解釋。這種新的美感,在陀思妥耶夫斯基的所有作品中都具有同一個特徵:陀思妥耶夫斯基筆下的女子(跟倫勃朗筆下的女子特徵一樣明顯)表情神秘莫測,可愛的美貌會風雲突變,和藹善良會驟然變成凶惡猙獰(盡管實質上她仍是一個好人)。但千變萬化,他塑造的總是同一種女子。……這些女子都有異曲同工之處。格魯申卡也好,納斯塔西婭也罷,她們的形象不僅跟卡帕奇奧畫中的宮女一樣,而且跟倫勃朗畫中的貝特薩貝一樣,具有神秘莫測的特徵。請注意,那陰陽兩變、得意洋洋的臉,使女子顯示出完全異於天性的樣子。……我們再回過頭來看陀思妥耶夫斯基創造的新的美感世界。它跟弗美爾的畫一樣,這里不僅有靈魂的塑造,而且有衣著和地點色彩的描繪。在陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品里不僅對人物精心刻畫,而且對人物的住宅也作了濃墨渲染。《罪與罰》中的看門人以及那凶殺之屋,《白痴》中羅果靜殺死納斯塔西婭·菲力帕夫娜的那寬高陰暗的凶殺之屋,兩者的描寫難道不一樣妙不可言嗎?這嶄新的、可怕的住所美,這嶄新的、混合的女客美,這就是陀思妥耶夫斯基獨創的世界。批評界將他與果戈里或保爾·德·戈克作比較,這是毫無意義的,因為這種比較根本無法揭示各人所有的秘密美感。

在陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品里,我發現確實有幾口深不可測的井,但是,那幾口井都是打在人類靈魂的幾個孤立的點上。他畢竟是一個偉大的藝術創造者。首先,他描繪的世界,完全像是他獨創的。那些反復出現的小丑,如列別捷夫、卡拉馬佐夫、伊夫爾金、謝格列夫,這一系列人物是多麼令人難以置信,這芸芸眾生比起倫勃朗的《夜巡》中的人物還要怪誕奇異。然而,這芸芸眾生雖說怪誕,形式卻沒有什麼特殊,他們也需要借助燈光和服裝,說到底他們也十分平常。總之,陀思妥耶夫斯基的人物,深刻獨特之中充滿了真實。這些小丑,猶如古代喜劇中的有些人物,扮演著一種瀕臨絕跡的角色,但是他們卻極其真實地反映了人類靈魂的某些側面。可是,有人在評論陀思妥耶夫斯基的時候,筆調之嚴肅莊重,不能不令我咂舌。不知您注意到了沒有,自尊心和傲慢在陀思妥耶夫斯基人物的身上起著重要的作用?對作者來說,愛情和深仇大恨,善良和背信棄義,靦腆和傲慢不遜,這些都不過是同一本性的兩種表現。由於自尊心和傲慢,阿格拉耶、納斯塔西婭、被米基亞扯鬍鬚的老中校以及跟阿療沙是敵人兼朋友的克拉索特金等等人物,都未能「如實」表現出各自的本質。還有許多其他人物也是如此。我對他的作品知之甚少。卡拉馬佐夫的父親致使可憐的白痴女人懷了孕。他的罪過猶如一個神秘莫測的動物性行動,它致使做母親的,並不知道自己已經成為命運之神復仇的工具,暗中聽從母親的本能,懷著對強奸者的怨恨和肉體承認這雙重感情,到卡拉馬佐夫家去分娩。這難道不是一個無愧於古老藝術中那純樸動人的雕塑的主題嗎?這段情節猶如奧維耶多教堂雕塑上的女人形象,神秘偉大,令人肅穆。

 (摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)

Comment by Virunga on August 21, 2024 at 3:49pm

【熟悉的與反常的】

誠然,從我們最熟悉的現實中抽象出來的藝術確實是存在的,而且它們的領域可能是最為廣闊的。但是同樣確實的是,一樣強烈的興趣——有時它就是美感——也可能來自某種氣質導致的活動,它們跟我們所能感覺和相信的東西相去太遠,以致我們根本無法理解它們,以致當我們看到它們展示在面前時只覺得那是一種無端憑空而來的場景。薛西斯,那位大流士之子,命令用笞鞭去抽打吞噬了他的船隊的大海,難道還有比這更氣勢磅礴的詩篇嗎?

【賭咒發誓】

妒意的乖張、輕信的盲目,都要比我們鍾愛的這個女人所能想像的程度強烈得多。她主動對我們詛咒發誓說某人只是她的一個朋友,我們暗中卻不由得吃了一驚,因為我們這才知道——先前簡直就沒想到過——那個男子居然會是她的朋友。她為了表白自己的誠意,還一五一十講給我們聽,當天下午他倆是怎麼一起喝茶的,聽著聽著,我們原來沒法看到的場景、沒法猜到的情狀,仿佛都在眼前顯現了出來。她承認說,那人要她當他的情婦,使我們感到揪心的是她居然若無其事地聽著他說這種話。她說她拒絕了。可是這會兒,當我們回想起她告訴我們的這番話的時候,我們不禁要忖度一下這種拒絕是否真誠,因為在她絮絮叨叨講給我們聽的事情中間,缺乏一種必要的、邏輯的聯系,而這種聯系恰恰是比一個人所說的許許多多話更能表明它們的真實性的。隨後她又用一種鄙夷不屑的口氣說:「我挺乾脆,對他說這事沒門。」無論哪一個社會階層的女人,每當她要說謊時,往往都是用的這種口氣。可我們還得感謝她拒絕了那人,還得用我們的誠意鼓勵她今後繼續向我們作這種殘酷的表白。我們至多添上這麼一句:「不過,既然他已經提了這種建議,您怎麼還能跟他一塊兒喝茶呢?」「我不想讓他記恨我,說我不夠朋友。」我們不敢對她說,她要是拒絕跟他一起喝茶,或許就是對我們更夠朋友。……但我們仍能在心里感覺得到,她們一准對那些男人信誓旦旦地說過:「我絕不會說的。誰也甭想從我嘴里問出半句話來,我會守口如瓶。」

(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)

Comment by Virunga on August 13, 2024 at 8:02am

史言·論「場所」概念的拓撲學含義

摘要:本文擬從理論批評出發,由比較「場景」與「場所」兩則概念的區別談起,詳述現象學視域下「場所」的拓撲學義,進而引出文學作品空間書寫的聚焦所在——「場所意象」,為下一步從現象學文學批評的角度提出「拓撲分析」進行理論鋪墊和學理准備。

長久以來,西方文藝思潮對於「場景」(scene)的刻意關注,幾乎掩蓋了「場所」(place)在文學中的存在意義和價值,兩則概念相互混淆的做法,更助長著近代文藝思想中「時間性」優於「空間性」的作風。本文擬從理論批評出發,由比較「場景」與「場所」兩則概念的區別談起,詳述現象學視域下「場所」的拓撲學含義,進而引出文學文本空間書寫的聚焦所在——「場所意象」,為下一步從現象學文學批評的角度提出「拓撲分析」進行理論鋪墊和學理准備。

一、「場景」:敘事學視域下的時間性術語

西方文藝理論在20世紀經歷了多次重要「轉向」,當初開啟新紀元的「非理性轉向」與「語言論轉向」,百年之後已然風光不再,取而代之

的是西方文藝思潮的「空間轉向」。所謂「空間轉向」,即把之前給予時間、歷史和社會的青睞轉移到空間上來,或者說,聚焦於文學作品的「空間性」(spatiality)上來。隨之產生的「空間批評」作為一套嶄新的文學批評理論與方法,於20世紀80年代後逐漸得以完善,文學作品中的空間再不是以往那種「死寂」「固定」「非辯證」和「靜止」的,僅承載作者敘述內容的「容器」。

轉型的空間批評方法不但融合了文化地理學和多種後現代批評理論,更呈現出跨學科的、開放式的理論面貌,成為綜合人文、歷史、政治、地理、社會、建築等的研究焦點,從而使人們對空間的認識,由單純的自然景觀屬性,邁向文化、身份、主體性等多維的研究層次。

Comment by Virunga on August 10, 2024 at 8:21pm

將文學中的空間書寫放置在當前「空間轉向」與「空間批評」的總體框架和宏大背景下加以考察,已成為不可回避之趨勢。而著落至文學研究的具體操演場域,則可以通過「場景」與「場所」在時、空層面上的不同意涵加以集中審視。

在此,筆者首先希望借助上述這兩則術語的比較,做一番必要的概念清理工作,從而引出後文對於「場所」概念拓撲學含義的集中討論。1.  經典敘事學的「簡化策略」及其後果20世紀文藝理論以「時間性」為主要研究對象的人文學科,首推「民俗學」(Folklore),以及稍後隨之興起的「敘事學」(Narratology),而「場景」正是標示這兩門學科「時間性」研究十分重要的概念。傳統民俗學曾經一度被界定為「歷史」之學,是以「時間」為中心的學問。19世紀末20世紀初,民俗學因芬蘭「歷史—地理學派」的異軍突起,而名噪一時。

該學派在進化論、實證主義的啟發下,通過考辨大量民間故事異文,試圖重建故事的原始型態。因此,主要采用歷史的、歷時的或共時的比較方法,借助對不同地區相關民間文化異文的搜集和比照,探索某一民俗流傳演變的狀況。1「歷史—地理學派」在解釋民俗方面的理論貢獻是追尋故事的生活史,提出「類型」(type) 、「  母題  」(motif)等術語,以及建立民間故事分類系統。「歷史—地理學派」除了深刻影響後世民俗學研究之外,也對20世紀60、70年代「經典敘事學」的建構起了直接或間接的作用。


1葉濤、吳存浩:《民俗學導論》,濟南:山東教育出版社,2002年 ,第19頁  。[YE Tao and WU Cunhao, Minsuxue daolun (Introduction to Folklore), Jinan: Shandong Education Press, 2002, 19.]

2林繼富、王丹:《解釋民俗學》,武漢:華中師范大學出版社,2006年 ,第254—259頁  。[LIN Jifu and WANG Dan, Jieshi minsuxue (Interpretation of Folklore)

3申丹、王麗亞:《西方敘事學:經典與後經典》,北京:北京大學出版社,2010年 ,第2—3頁 ,第5—7頁  。[SHEN Dan  and  WANG  Liya,  Xifang  xushixue:  jingdian  yu  houjingdian  (Western  Narratology:  Classics  and  Post-Classics),  Beijing: Peking University Press, 2010, 2-3, 5-7.]


在《民間故事形態學  》(Morphology  of  the  Folktale)中,普羅普選擇100則俄國民間故事,先將故事的組成成分分離出來,再按照這些成分對故事進行比較,從而得出形態學意義的結果,故事成分和這些成分彼此之間的關係是其研究重點。4

眾所周知,1969年法國敘事學家托多羅夫(Tzvetan Todorov, 1939—)提出「敘事學」這一術語,標誌了「經典敘事學」的正式形成。這門學科最初以「結構主義」為理論背景,而與民俗學更是頗具淵源,普羅普(Vladimir Propp, 1895—1970)的民間故事結構形態的分析,就直接影響著結構主義的代表人物列維-施特勞斯(Claude Lévi-Strauss, 1908—2009)3

眾所周知,1969年法國敘事學家托多羅夫(Tzvetan Todorov, 1939—)提出「敘事學」這一術語,標志了「經典敘事學」的正式形成。這門學科最初以「結構主義」為理論背景,而與民俗學更是頗具淵源,普羅普(Vladimir Propp, 1895—1970)的民間故事結構形態的分析,就直接影響著結構主義的代表人物列維-施特勞斯(Claude Lévi-Strauss, 1908—2009)3

  言·論「場所」概念的拓撲學含義 Topological Meaning of the Concept of 「Place」;見《國際比較文學INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE LITERATURE》; 2019 年第 2 卷第 4 期, 765頁—788頁;作者簡介:史言,廈門大學人文學院中文系助理教授。聨絡方式:shiyanxm@xmu.edu.cn; 關鍵詞:場所;場景;空間性;拓撲學)

愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.

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