文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
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近年來,政府很少認真對待「內在價值」。「社會價值」確實在所有政府的思考中佔據了一席之地,但並未獲得與「經濟價值」同等的重視,這一點從目前的論述中可以看出。
也許新的、明確的文化轉向並不令人驚訝,因為英國最近經歷了多起具有文化形式的危機。這些危機包括公眾對來自歐盟的大規模移民和更廣泛的移民問題的擔憂;英國與歐盟的曖昧關系,這在2016年6月23日的「脫歐」公投中得以體現;本土聖戰主義的存在以及官方和公眾對英國穆斯林社區某些群體社會融合的關注;以及蘇格蘭獨立運動對大英帝國認同的持續挑戰。對於如何解決英國文化運作中的這些缺陷,創意經濟顯然無法提供一條新的路線圖。無疑,正是在這個背景下,官方文化政策議程才擴大到關注社會包容、為少數族裔和經濟上處於劣勢的年輕人創造就業機會,以及如何應對和利用英國日益增長的多樣性。由於當前的文化危機也是英國國家的危機,英國如何在國際上展示自己——即其「軟實力」和「品牌」的問題——以及如何吸引游客和觀光者,自然也成為了重要議題。
然而,所有這些都與保守黨政府熱情倡導減少對文化部門的公共支持以及鼓勵這些領域的工作者通過籌集更多私人資金來彌補資金缺口的做法相矛盾。最終,我們不得不得出結論,在名義上以文化政策為幌子取消創意經濟的持續重要性並不那麼容易。在提供文化經濟價值的統計數據時,白皮書援引了政府的創意經濟統計數據(DCMS 2016a, 16)。此外,在討論「衡量框架」的使用時,該框架「旨在整合有關文化價值的證據」,白皮書不出所料地指出,評估文化政策的影響在「經濟發展方面最為強勁。對於個人幸福感、教育成就、生活機會和軟實力,還需要更多的工作來完善我們衡量文化產生的具體影響的方法」(DCMS 2016a, 58)。因此,是否這是邁向新道路的第一步,或者——更有可能的——只是舊路上的一個轉折,仍有待觀察。
這篇文章討論了由英國藝術與人文研究委員會(AHRC)在2016年4月發佈的一份報告,該報告總結了該研究委員會「文化價值項目」的成果。這個項目的核心在於將個人對藝術和文化的親身體驗置於文化價值探討的中心(Crossick 和 Kaszynska 2016)。該項目旨在質疑經濟價值的優先地位,並試圖重新框定主流話語和政策框架中評估的目的和性質。盡管這一舉措試圖擴展研究委員會在文化研究領域的議程,但也承認「文化價值」的概念「可能被視為一種政策的產物」,因此,研究往往「被公共資金的需求所驅動,這導致了對公共資助藝術的關注」(Crossick 和 Kaszynska 2016,第24頁)。簡而言之,該項目本身不可避免地受到創意經濟議程的框架限制,盡管它試圖擴大辯論的范圍,但仍未能超越原有的認識論障礙。
這一努力試圖擴大學術研究的相關內容,采用了「文化生態」的概念,強調不同的公共資助、商業、第三部門、業餘和參與性實踐之間的相互聯系。雖然需要注意這種現有的複雜性,但「文化生態」這一概念本身也承載了未被深入探討的意義。作者沒有注意到的是,在英國多民族國家深受壓力的背景下,生態隱喻的使用不僅可能被理解為一種美德地將多樣化的文化資助制度和實踐結合起來,也可能——更為顯著地——被視為在國家的組成民族文化之間不經意地豎起圍欄。在蘇格蘭獨立論辯的背景下,英格蘭或蘇格蘭文化生態的潛在政治用途值得考慮。
在一篇尚未發表的關於「文化政策與生態」的論文中,我論述了這種底層整體主義忽視了文化的對抗性特質,並認為文化生態系統的概念將文化生物化,從而使分析者變成了關注其健康和疾病的「醫生」。關於這種治愈思維的實例,參見Holden(2015)和Warwick委員會(2015)。文化生態很容易被改寫為「國家生態」,對身份認同產生深遠影響。Thomas(2016,第73頁)在構建忽視英國其他民族的英格蘭歷史方面提出了類似的觀點。
結論
自從創意經濟成為政策對象以來,它逐漸催生了一個支持創意經濟的「創意經濟產業」,這個產業不僅是國家的,也是國際的。學術研究和出版已經成為其中的重要組成部分,此外還有來自政策顧問、創意顧問和由以盈利為目的的思想經紀人和利益團體組織的會議的不斷湧現。
創意經濟思維的擁護意味著文化主要被視為具有可交易的經濟價值。一個自我維持、自我指涉的思想框架已經發展起來,且對批評幾乎免疫。創意經濟思維的無處不在引發了對研究議程如何被制定以及學者在辯論中因此處於何種位置的問題的思考。
指出經濟維度的普遍存在並不意味著其他對文化的評價已經被完全遮蔽。確實存在反向話語,正如所展示的,政策的權宜性意味著可以根據情況做出妥協和采用不同的表達方式。在政策世界之外,許多人仍然為了內在的滿足感、追求美學目標、自我實現和自我發展而參與文化實踐。比如Sennett(2008)所描述的塑造高水平技能的耐心追求或精心制作物品的工藝敏感性,並沒有消失。McRobbie(2016,第13-14頁及第6章)對Sennett理想化的工藝提出了保留意見,尤其是因為他對性別的處理方式。但他的工作仍然為「創意者」的話語提供了一個重要的規范性反敘述。
如果我們停止談論創意經濟,會有什麼損失嗎?幾乎沒有。我們仍然有辦法討論人類的創造力和原創性。沒有什麼能阻止我們清晰地談論那些繼續存在但長期被一個便利標簽遮蔽的多樣化文化實踐,而這個標簽將經濟置於主導地位並如此堅持地塑造了公共話語。這無疑是對重新思考的一種邀請。
(菲利普·施萊辛格: 創意經濟全球正統觀念的發明 / Schlesinger, P. (2016). The creative economy: invention of a global orthodoxy. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 30(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2016.1201651)
International tourism growth continues to outpace the global economy
1.5 billion international tourist arrivals were recorded in 2019, globally. A 4% increase on the previous year which is also forecast for 2020, confirming tourism as a leading and resilient economic sector, especially in view of current uncertainties. By the same token, this calls for such growth to be managed responsibly so as to best seize the opportunities tourism can generate for communities around the world.
According to the first comprehensive report on global tourism numbers and trends of the new decade, the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, this represents the tenth consecutive year of growth.
All regions saw a rise in international arrivals in 2019. However, uncertainty surrounding Brexit, the collapse of Thomas Cook, geopolitical and social tensions and the global economic slowdown all contributed to a slower growth in 2019, when compared to the exceptional rates of 2017 and 2018. This slowdown affected mainly advanced economies and particularly Europe and Asia and the Pacific.
Looking ahead, growth of 3% to 4% is predicted for 2020, an outlook reflected in the latest UNWTO Confidence Index which shows a cautious optimism: 47% of participants believe tourism will perform better and 43% at the same level of 2019. Major sporting events, including the Tokyo Olympics, and cultural events such as Expo 2020 Dubai are expected to have a positive impact on the sector.
Presenting the results, UNWTO Secretary-General Zurab Pololikashvili stressed that “in these times of uncertainty and volatility, tourism remains a reliable economic sector”. Against the backdrop of recently downgraded global economic perspectives, international trade tensions, social unrest and geopolitical uncertainty, “our sector keeps outpacing the world economy and calling upon us to not only grow but to grow better”, he added.
Given tourism’s position as a top export sector and creator of employment, UNWTO advocates the need for responsible growth. Tourism has, therefore, a place at the heart of global development policies, and the opportunity to gain further political recognition and make a real impact as the Decade of Action gets underway, leaving just ten years to fulfill the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
The Middle East has emerged as the fastest-growing region for international tourism arrivals in 2019, growing at almost double the global average (+8%). Growth in Asia and the Pacific slowed down but still showed above-average growth, with international arrivals up 5%.
Europe where growth was also slower than in previous years (+4%) continues to lead in terms of international arrivals numbers, welcoming 743 million international tourists last year (51% of the global market). The Americas (+2%) showed a mixed picture as many island destinations in the Caribbean consolidated their recovery after the 2017 hurricanes while arrivals fell in South America due partly to ongoing social and political turmoil. Limited data available for Africa (+4%) points to continued strong results in North Africa (+9%) while arrivals in Sub-Saharan Africa grew slower in 2019 (+1.5%).
Against a backdrop of global economic slowdown, tourism spending continued to grow, most notably among the world’s top ten spenders. France reported the strongest increase in international tourism expenditure among the world’s top ten outbound markets (+11%), while the United States (+6%) led growth in absolute terms, aided by a strong dollar.
However, some large emerging markets such as Brazil and Saudi Arabia reported declines in tourism spending. China, the world’s top source market saw outbound trips increase by 14% in the first half of 2019, though expenditure fell 4%.
“The number of destinations earning US$1 billion or more from international tourism has almost doubled since 1998,” adds Mr Pololikashvili. “The challenge we face is to make sure the benefits are shared as widely as possible and that nobody is left behind. In 2020, UNWTO celebrates the Year of Tourism and Rural Development, and we hope to see our sector lead positive change in rural communities, creating jobs and opportunities, driving economic growth and preserving culture.”
This latest evidence of the strength and resilience of the tourism sector comes as the UN celebrates its 75th anniversary. During 2020, through the UN75 initiative the UN is carrying out the largest, most inclusive conversation on the role of global cooperation in building a better future for all, with tourism to be high on the agenda. (https://www.unwto.org,20 Jan 2020,International tourism growth continues to outpace the global economy)
旅遊:聯合國、世界旅遊組織&世界貿易組織都說了什麽?
聯合國世界旅遊組織28日發布的數據顯示,新冠疫情導致全球旅遊人數大幅減少,2020年全球旅遊業收入損失1.3萬億美元,成為“旅遊業歷史上最糟糕年份”。
世界旅遊組織在聲明中說,全球旅遊業去年損失的收入是2009年受金融危機影響所損失的“11倍多”,1億至1.2億個與旅遊業直接相關的工作面臨風險。
數據顯示,2020年全球入境遊客總人次較上一年減少10億人次,降幅達74%。其中,亞洲和太平洋地區減少84%,降幅最大;非洲和中東地區減少75%;歐洲地區去年夏天雖“迎來小規模短暫反彈”但全年下降70%;美洲減少69%。
上一次出現全球入境遊客人次減少是2009年。受金融危機影響,當年全球入境遊客人次同比減少4%。
世界貿易組織說,專家認為全球旅遊業活動2023年前不會恢復至新冠疫情暴發前水平。旅遊業得以重啟時,戶外旅遊和自然旅遊需求將上升,國內旅遊也將更受歡迎。(30.1.2021 新華社 (2020年全球旅遊業收入損失1.3萬億美元)
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