文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
(哲人王俄狄浦斯2019-11-09建議如下~~)
第6則: Thus it may be said that a Monad can only come into being or come to an end all at once; that is to say, it can come into being only by creation and come to an end only by annihilation, while that which is compound comes into being or comes to an end by parts.
原譯:因而可以說,單子只能突然地產生或消亡;也就是說,它只能通過創造而產生,通過毀滅而消亡,而複合物則部分地產生或消亡。
原譯文將「it can come into being only by creation and come to an end only by annihilation」譯作「它只能通過創造而產生,通過毀滅而消亡」。我以為似乎不妥,提出以供探討:
首先,「come into being」原譯文譯作「產生」似有不妥。學界對作為西方哲學中核心概念的「be」應怎麼對譯,已有太多爭論,或譯作「存在」,或譯作「萬有」,甚至直接譯作「是」,但不管如何,至少可知這個詞不僅僅指代發生學意義上的「產生」。若回溯至亞里士多德,「be」一詞當指「一物之為一物」的原則性理據,故而我以為將「come into being」譯作「成其所是」更為恰當。
其次,「creation」和「annihilation」都是帶有濃厚宗教色彩的詞匯,而原譯文似乎忽視了這一點,只平淡無奇地將之地譯作「創造」和「毀滅」。「create」本意應是指「神創」,同詞源的「creationism」和「creationist」分別指「神創論」和「神創論者」即是一證,現代英語中用「create」表示通常意義上的「創造」應是一種派生或者說引申的用法(即人對神的模仿),故「creature」一詞嚴格說來也應該譯作「造物」而非自然科學意義上的「生物」。至於「annihilation」一詞,電子詞典將之譯為「大毀滅」、「大災難」,但這分明不是一個常用詞,如果我沒有記錯,《聖經》中是用這個詞指稱末日審判時的世界毀滅,故而也不是任何意義上的「災難」都可以使用這個詞。結合《單子論》第5則:For the same reason there is no conceivable way in which a simple substance can come into being by natural means, since it cannot be formed by the combination of parts [composition].(同理,不可想像單純實體會以自然的方式而被產生,因為它不是由部分的組合而構成的。)可知,萊布尼茨此處是想說:單子不能像自然物一樣自然地產生和消亡,而只能依靠超自然的上帝的創始而產生,依靠末日毀滅而消亡。可見,萊布尼茨此處用「creation」和「annihilation」二詞,即已暗含單子只能由上帝產生和毀滅的意思,盡管文中只字未提「上帝」一詞,而原譯文「它只能通過創造而產生,通過毀滅而消亡」則全然體現不出這一點。
7. Further, there is no way of explaining how a Monad can be altered in quality or internally changed by any other created thing; since it is impossible to change the place of anything in it or to conceive in it any internal motion which could be produced, directed, increased or diminished therein, although all this is possible in the case of compounds, in which there are changes among the parts. The Monads have no windows, through which anything could come in or go out. Accidents cannot separate themselves from substances nor go about outside of them, as the
① 可參見卡羅琳·麥西特《自然之死》第 可參見卡羅琳·麥西特《自然之死》第 可參見卡羅琳·麥西特《自然之死》第 可參見卡羅琳·麥西特《自然之死》第 11 章,第 章,第 2節,「 節,「 康韋、范·赫爾蒙特與萊布尼茨的單子論」,吳 」,吳 」,吳 國盛等譯,吉林人民出版社 19991999199919993
『sensible species』 of the Scholastics used to do. Thus neither substance nor accident can come into a Monad from outside.
而且,無法解釋單子如何可能被其他的創造物施以質的改變或內在的變化;因為不可能改變它內部的任何東西的位置,也不可想像在其中任何內部的變化能夠被產生、引導、增加或減少,而所有這些在複合物的情況下都是可能的,因為在其中變化是相關於部分的。單子沒有可供事物出入的窗戶。偶性不能脫離實體存在,不能游離於實體之外,象經院哲學家的「感性形式」①那樣。因而實體和偶性都不能從外部進入單子。
解釋:
在此,萊布尼茨接受了近代哲學中流行的機械力學的思想,即一切作用都是相關於量的。既然單子沒有任何量的規定性,那麼它就不可能接受任何外界的作用和影響,「沒有可供事物出入的窗戶」,從而具有徹底的獨立自足性。
8. Yet the Monads must have some qualities, otherwise they would not even be existing things. And if simple substances did not differ in quality, there would be absolutely no means of perceiving any change in things. For what is in the compound can come only from the simple elements it contains, and the Monads, if they had no qualities, would be indistinguishable from one another, since they do not differ in quantity. Consequently, space being a plenum, each part of space would always receive, in any motion, exactly the equivalent of what it already had, and no one state of things would be discernible from another.
然而,單子必須具有一些性質,否則它們就甚至不是存在物了。而且,如果單純實體不在性質上相區別,就根本沒有辦法來覺察事物的變化。因為存在於複合物中的東西,只能源於它所包含的簡單要素。而單子如果不在性質上有所不同的話,就不可能把它們區別開來,因為它們不能在量上相不同。因此,空間作為「充實」,在任何一個運動中,空間的每一部分只是接受它已具有的運動的等價物,事物的任何一種狀態都不能與其它狀態相區別了。
解釋:
萊布尼茨首先確定單子必須具有一些性質,其次,單子的性質必須彼此不同,否則,經驗世界的變化和多樣性就不能得到說明,因為作為現象的複合物最終是由單純物的單子所決定的。與當時流行的自然哲學不同,萊布尼茨否認虛空的存在,並認為,如果單子之間沒有質的差別,那麼現象世界作為充滿同質物體的充實的空間,就不會有任何變化和區別了。
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