文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
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繼承家學·永守箴規:錢學森祝賀堂侄永健獲諾貝爾化學獎
2008年諾貝爾化學獎北京時間昨日(10月8日)下午6時左右揭曉,瑞典皇家科學院宣布,此前被權威機構看好的美籍華裔科學家錢永健,與日本科學家下村修、美國科學家馬丁·沙爾菲分享2008年諾貝爾化學獎。
自1967年楊振寧、李政道首開華裔科學家獲諾貝爾獎先河,錢永健至此成為第七位獲此殊榮的華裔科學家。在他的身前,是楊振寧、李政道、丁肇中、李遠哲、朱棣文、崔琦等這些星光熠熠的名字。他也是第二位獲得諾貝爾化學獎的華裔科學家。
有意思的是,錢永健還有一個特別的背景:中國著名科學家錢學森的堂侄。昨天,在北京接到消息的錢老一家很高興,向錢永健表示了祝賀,錢永健的堂哥還特別向記者介紹了錢家不為人知的一些軼事。
得知錢永健獲獎的消息,如今正在家休養的錢老聽說後,很是高興,並表示祝賀。「永健雖然出生在美國,但他父母都是堂堂中國人,因而此次獲獎既是中國人的光榮,也是我們錢家人的光榮,可喜可賀。」當記者打電話去錢家時,錢老之子、錢永健的堂哥錢永剛教授受其母之托,正忙著給錢永健發賀電呢。
說起錢永健,錢永剛向記者詳細介紹:原來錢學森與錢永健父親錢學矩為同一祖父,後因錢學矩家中途沒落,作為叔叔,錢學森的父親負擔起了錢學矩姐弟的學費,錢學矩與錢學森兩人一起從上海交大畢業,並赴美國留學。錢學矩與錢學森雖說是堂兄弟,可關係不亞於親兄弟,兩人成績優秀,而且都是搞航空研究的,錢學森回國後,錢學矩憑自己的努力,曾擔任過美國波音公司的總工程師。
「至於我們的名字,還特別有個講究呢。」錢永剛告訴,由於錢家支脈較多,故曾有家規,從第30代孫起啟用家譜———「繼承家學,永守箴規」,而這八字箴言也因此成為錢學森一家的家訓。「永健的子女,至今還都是按照這個原則來命名的,」錢永剛告訴。這也可以看出錢永健在觀念上仍深深扎根中華傳統文化。
「錢學矩有三子,錢永健是老三。」錢永剛說,「自打老爺子回國後,我們兩家一度中斷了好多年聯系。後來,尼克松訪華後,錢學矩夫婦曾攜子女幾次回國探親,兩家人又有了交往。由於當時我在部隊,無緣見面,不過我媽媽與永健他們都挺熟。」
對於自己的科研生活,錢永健曾有句話:「你的科研應當理想地貼合你的個性,這樣,當你在那些不可避免的失敗時才會有一些內在的快樂支持著你。」這句話,似乎正是他人生的寫照。從小就對化學興趣濃厚的錢永健,小時候由於身體不好,時患哮喘病,因此他只能待在屋裡看著哥哥們在外栽花逗草,這也讓在屋裡的他養成了對光和顏色的偏愛。小學時,父母買了一套化學實驗用具給他,不久家裡的地下室就成為了他的實驗室,擺滿了他的瓶瓶罐罐。
16歲時,錢永健用他研究如何將金屬與硫氰化合物結合的論文,獲得「西屋科學天才獎」,這個獎是全美最負盛名的科學類比賽,獲獎者常被譽為「小諾貝爾獎獲得者」。此後,錢永健獲得獎學金進入哈佛攻讀,20歲畢業後再到英國劍橋大學深造,開始了他真正為之奮斗終身的化學研究事業。
「雖然有傳言和預測,但我還是沒有想到真的能獲獎。」昨天,得知了獲獎消息的錢永健還是有些驚訝,「因為我是華裔,可能很多中國人受到很大鼓舞,希望更多中國年輕人也能投身到基礎理論研究中來。」(原題:繼承家學 永守箴規 錢學森祝賀堂侄獲諾獎;作者:夏俊 徐敏 梁建剛 來源:解放日報 發布時間:2008-10-9)
格局:《有小小的快樂就滿足的「少年JUMP」世代》
自己的能力應該由自己判斷。自己想做的事,應該根據自己的判斷,由自己來決定。但是日本的孩子卻受偏差值管制下的世界,度過了訓練自己判斷能力最重要的時期。也就是說,日本的孩子們失去了靠自己的力量判斷自我的能力,而且不是由自己,而是由偏差值來決定自己想做的事。」(248頁)「調教就是透過填鴨方式,把老師所教的東西背起來,考試的時候,只要把背起來的東西再正確的吐出來,偏差值就能高高在上。」(250頁)(大前研一《低IQ年代》,2010,台北商周出版)
陈明发:视角 perspective matters II
在课室里,我告诉学习伙伴说:
由此刻起,我们换个不同的角度看这世界吧。
很多人会抗议说:说换就换吗?
几十年来我都是这样看世界的,
你叫我怎么个换法?
好在那些拼了老命想卖你东西的人,
他们有足够的耐性与感性,
拼了老命在寻常中事物中
尝试不同的角度,看见不同的改变
In the classroom, I told my training partners:
From this moment on, let's look at the world from a different perspective.
Many people might protest, saying, "Can we just switch like that?"
For decades, this is how I've seen the world.
How can you ask me to change now?
Fortunately, those who are desperate to sell you something,
They have enough patience and sensitivity,
Striving desperately in ordinary things,
To try different perspectives and see unique changes.
陈明发:视角 perspective matters
造物主不给你好看,你就给他好看吧;
性感不性感,由我们的视界造成。
If the Creator doesn't give you something nice to look at,
then you should give Him something nice to look at;
whether something is sexy or not
depends on our perspective. (12.12.2011)
詩歌療愈
1.1 引言
詩歌療愈是指使用特定的語言、象徵和故事,來達到干預效果、教育意義或者團隊建設性的目的(Mazza, 2012)。美國心理學家阿瑟·勒內說:「詩歌在治療過程中是一種工具而不是一種說教」(杜浩,2017)。但以往的研究中,對於詩歌的療愈機制鮮少被提及。詩歌的療愈機制可能來源於詩歌可以有效改變創傷者的認知方式,從而對創傷者的心理狀態進行有效的干預。
盡管在應用層面詩歌療愈一直都佔有一席之地(Alfrey et al., 2021),但直到20世紀80年代,詩歌療愈才有了長足的發展(Mazza & Hayton, 2013),使它成為基於表達藝術治療領域中一個較為年輕的分支(Heimes, 2011)。
(Toon Joosen's Amusing Collages Art)
詩歌療法的應用十分廣泛,其應用場景包括心理健康診所(Schwietert, 2004)、精神病院干預(Danila et al., 2018; Johnson, 2017)、社區(Sjollema & Hanley, 2014)、監獄(Rothman & Walker, 1997)和學校(Sassen, 2012)。詩歌療法可以改善的病症也多種多樣,包括治療各種心理健康困難、建立心理韌性(Tegnér, Fox, Philipp, & Thorne, 2009)、發展共情(Ingram, 2003)、改善認知(Danila et al., 2018; Levine-Madori, 2007)、預防心理與行為問題(Esterling, L‘Abate, Murray, & Pennebaker, 1999)、風險評估(Sharlin & Shenhar, 1986; Stirman & Pennebaker, 2001)、社區創傷中的意義形成(Whitworth, 2017)以及支持青少年發展(Kloser, 2013; Williams, 2011)。同樣值得注意的是,詩歌經常被用來補充其他形式的心理治療,特別是基於正念的方法(Shapiro, 2001);形成基於正念的認知療法(Segal, Teas-dale, Williams, & Gemar, 2002)和基於正念的減壓(Santorelli, Kabat-Zinn, Blacker, Meleo-Meyer, & Koerbel, 2017)的課程的一部分。
其實,關於詩歌療愈的實踐,中國古代也不乏先例,比如杜甫好友鄭少文之妻患「情志病」(屬於抑郁症類),杜甫便以詩句「夜闌更秉燭,相對如夜寐」讓她反復吟誦,不久她的病情逐漸好轉。2003年「非典時期」醫務人員創作的「抗非典詩歌」,2008年汶川地震引起的地震詩潮等現象都是采用詩歌療愈作為心理干預的有效方式(葉靜靜等,2012)。當代在閱讀療愈方面也曾經有過嘗試,但就國內而言,詩歌療愈的概念還停留在文學理論的層面,缺乏心理學上的論證分析。
拼貼詩是以詩歌為載體,借用拼貼藝術療法中的拼貼手段,完成的一種「極具美感,是一種視覺享受,但大多與單詞本身的意義無涉(Segebrecht, 2005)」的藝術形式。
詩歌是最高的語言藝術,詩人作為「未被承認的人類立法者」,「世界的推動者和塑造者」,必然涉及疾病這一人類最基本的反面生命經驗(吳迪,2004),拼貼詩作為一種極具美感的詩歌形式,必然能對人的心理起到愉悅和療愈的作用。而這種療效兼具詩歌內容方面對於人認知的干預,也包含「拼貼」這一行為對潛意識層面所起的干預作用。
「拼貼」一詞最初源於繪畫,是在畫板或畫布上將各種不同的材料重新拼合以創造出新的美感的一種技巧。這個詞語後來被借用到文學領域, 這種文字的組合方式與傳統文本的敘述方式不一樣,它將不相干的信息碎片組合在一起以創造出新的意義,產生令人震撼的藝術效果(張帆&馮曉春,2011)。這樣的表述方式關照人內心世界的無意識活動,融合人的各種感受(朱芳,2021)。
(陳思穎,方紫夢,艾麗皮熱•吐魯洪,陳佳欣. 詩歌療愈對情緒的干預作用——以拼貼詩為例;Intervention Effect of Poetry Healing on Emotion—Taking Collage Poetry as an Example[J]. 心理學進展, 2023, 13(03): 1125-1133. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2023.133135 / 作者單位:陳思穎1*,方紫夢1*,艾麗皮熱·吐魯洪1,陳佳欣2;1湖北大學師范學院,湖北 武漢;2湖北大學文學院,湖北 武漢))
陳明發博士·契謝米亥:最佳體驗
我们在前头的系列谈了许多有关“自我意识”和“他者意识”,现在谈环境意识。我们的意识要是发生失序现象,成功将离我们很遥远。甚么是“意识失序”?当我们在进行一项工作时,掠过我们的意识的资讯、讯号,与我们的原意不符,使我们烦躁、伤神、分心。疼痛、愤怒、焦虑、妒嫉、不必要的戒防。心理能量受到干扰,人变得没有效率、颓丧。
Chinese artistLuo Li Rong creates the most realistic feminine sculptures. This precise work and graceful lineaments give you an impression that the time has stopped and a second after the sculptures will move. You can almost see them breathing.
我要向芝加哥大学心理学教授契谢米亥(Csikzentmihalyi)借用“意识失序”(Consciousness Disorder)或“心灵熵”(Psychicentropy),来说明现代人需要文化创意体验,来带给他们和谐的意识状态。所以,提供这方面体验的、体悟的创意人,首先需要来把握这知识。
“意识失序”的反面,则是“最佳体验”或“最充分体验”(Optimal Experience)。契谢米亥称之“流畅感体验”(Flow),因为根据他的研究结果,许多人在工作或生活中,体验过悠然忘我的陶醉时刻,过后都会感觉得轻飘飘,好像自己整个人在“浮动”、“漂游”(Float)一般。
在“流畅感体验”的状态中,一个人的注意力,自由而高度集中地投注于心头所想、手头在做的事。他的意识不必分散去留神其他甚么事,或准备与谁过意不去。性灵能量便透过所需的资讯、精力、创想、热情,犹如鲜泉源源不断地奔涌、喷发。即使是例常重复的日常工作,也变得有意义、非常享受。意识很舒畅、很清醒,有条有理;一切都很自然而顺利地发生,不必费太大劲。
流畅感体验催生更繁复的自我,帮助我们成长。
繁复的自我诞生于两种心理过程:区异与圆融。区异(Differentiation)趋向于独特性,使自我与他人有所分别;而圆融(Integration)则是与他人的联结,包括在实体和见解上,与人有所相同、一致。繁复的自我将这两种趋向统一起来。
流畅感体验让我们觉得更与众不同,因为它促使我们超越一次又一次的考验,我们便变得更自信,更自觉有能力。就像一位爬山高手所对契谢米亥说的,你回过头,看自己所完成的历程,你会很惊讶地想,自己到底是怎样走过来的!
繁复当然意味着复杂,艰巨与混乱。情况可能真的是这样,不过,那是指一个人只陷于“区异”。可是,繁复也涉及独立个体群的“圆融”。例如,一部复杂的机械,虽然具有许多不同的零配件,功能不一,但每个部分都保持高度敏感,因为它联系着其他的部分。和谐地操作着。少了那份融洽的关系,那将是一片混乱。
流畅感体验(Flow)使人高度地集中注意力,意识聚焦,促使我们的自我整合起来,进入圆融状态、秩序分明。思想、动机、感觉以及全部感官都集中在同一个目标。体验是和谐的。当一个流畅感体验过去,我们越发感觉得“和自己站在一起”;不仅如此,也感觉得与人特别亲近,跟世界特别的亲近。(陈明发取材自了英文版,39-41页,Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, FLOW—The Psychology of Optimal Experience, New York: Harper Perennial)
(原載:https://iconada.tv/profiles/blogs/3600580:BlogPost:465210)
與生命的韻律一致
我花費了大量的時間,用于尋找某一件事來做,用于追尋成長完美的途徑,而正在這段時間內,我的生理機能、我心中的神,或隨便稱之為什麼的東西,卻在滴答流失,而我們須做的,其實正是去與這生命的韻律一致。Hugh Prather 修普萊瑟《大地行吟》頁31〈問題與追尋〉
你說你想要“成為某某人的樣子”--那麼,顯然你并不想成為你自己。Hugh Prather 修普萊瑟《大地行吟》頁24〈真正的人〉
石博進“臉書”帖子·自我磨礪超越
廢紙堆中撿拾原欲丟棄小畫,噴水攤平皺紋,加墨添彩修飾,當時才能不濟,如今只需吹灰之氣,便姑且不太妨礙觀瞻。時光不能徒然虛度,心智當隨歲月消短而增長。願人間坎坷都因自我磨礪而圓順平坦。
陳明發·藝術與成長團體
欣賞石博進老師的帖子,常有驚喜。這次,不止一個,是三個。一,畫本身就是一個富足的作品;二,了解畫家創作的心理歷程,加深了對畫的欣賞;三,這個對創作與欣賞過程的把握,在更大的議題上,何嘗不是生命學習的一個途徑?
坊間有不少成長團體,說是採納了完形和感官等治療技法,西體中用,能幫助人們開發生命潛能。欣賞石博進老師的創作心靈過程,平平淡淡卻是實實在在的道出,怎樣從尋常瑣事,甚至是“廢物利用”,提煉出好作品,真正的奧妙在於那一份貼近生命脈搏的創造力。“願人間坎坷都因自我磨礪而圓順平坦”,是多大的成長能量?講開發生命潛藏,我建議不妨參與藝術創作坊。其實,人人都是自己生命的藝術家。(April 27, 2015 原創)
F.A.I.L. = First Attempt In Learning by Nepean Tutoring
“If you fail, never give up because F.A.I.L. means ‘first attempt in learning’; End is not the end, in fact, E.N.D. means “Effort Never Dies’…”
This quote is attributed to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, India’s 11th President. He was a world-renowned aerospace scientist who helped to establish India’s leading space program, including the development of India’s Satellite Launch Vehicle. He is considered one of India’s most popular presidents, especially among students, because he encouraged them to take an active interest in STEM subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics).
At this point in the year, many students are utterly exhausted. For most, term 2 was a frantic scramble, managing overlapping due dates and preparing several assessments at the same time. Outside of school, students managed dance eisteddfods, martial arts gradings, soccer and netball seasons, music exams, and birthday parties. Our kids are busy!
Students, in particular those with perfectionistic tendencies, share common sense of dread as they anticipate half-yearly reports. Questions swirl around their mind:
Have I improved on last year’s marks?
Have I done enough to score an A?
What’s my ranking?
Have I… failed?
Even laid-back students wonder at some point: ‘What will mum and dad think?’ and ‘What will this mean for my future?’
Much of this anxiety is a result of our cultural aversion to failure. While the language of success can be a great motivator, it can also imply that “Failure is not an option” (a quote attributed to Gene Kranz, the American engineer who directed the safe return of the Apollo 13 flight crew).
Photo by Sieuwert Otterloo on Unsplash
Both of these space experts seem to have opposing perspectives on failure, but I’d say that they both highlight the values of perseverance and resilience. For Dr. Kalam, failure is synonymous with experimentation, and as all scientists and entrepreneurs know, experimentation is the foundation of innovation. To innovate, we need to bounce back after failure and learn from our mistakes. Likewise, Kranz suggests that failure is not an option because there is no such thing as failure; there is only determined perseverance.
Perseverance and resilience are the hallmarks of a growth mindset: they help students to see mistakes as stepping stones to success.
The opposite of a growth mindset is a fixed mindset which views fixed markers like grades as good or bad, without acknowledging improvements in skill and knowledge that aren’t measured in formal assessments. This is a very demotivating outlook because it sees learning as all or nothing, and anything less than perfect isn’t good enough.
To develop a growth mindset, we need to focus more on the process than we focus on the outcome. That’s not to say that grades don’t matter, but when we emphasise the long-haul journey of school education as part of life-long learning, successful outcomes take care of themselves.
So how do we calm our children’s anxiety and foster a growth mindset at school and at home?
1. Model Persistence
Children learn to react to failure and disappointment by imitating the way those around them cope with challenges. As part of your child’s learning team, it’s good to talk openly when you have a rough day or when you’ve made a mistake to demonstrate that it’s okay to experience emotions such as anger, frustration and guilt after failure. Modelling a mindful acceptance of your emotions shows your child how to persevere and be resilient through disappointments and challenges.
2. Observe
While your child is doing homework, intentionally look for positive behaviours such as focus, asking questions, creativity, problem-solving and persistence, and praise their efforts. Acknowledging and encouraging specific behaviours shows students that success is about more than grades. By reflecting together on their processes, what they’ve learned and how they’re strengthening their skills, they’ll see that learning is a rewarding journey.
3. Ask, Don’t Tell
Ask your child questions to help them reflect on their own progress. You could ask:
How did you solve this problem?
What was the most interesting aspect of that project?
What are you communicating though this piece?
How did you reach that idea?
Why do you think this happened?
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