文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
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與生命的韻律一致
我花費了大量的時間,用于尋找某一件事來做,用于追尋成長完美的途徑,而正在這段時間內,我的生理機能、我心中的神,或隨便稱之為什麼的東西,卻在滴答流失,而我們須做的,其實正是去與這生命的韻律一致。Hugh Prather 修普萊瑟《大地行吟》頁31〈問題與追尋〉
你說你想要“成為某某人的樣子”--那麼,顯然你并不想成為你自己。Hugh Prather 修普萊瑟《大地行吟》頁24〈真正的人〉
石博進“臉書”帖子·自我磨礪超越
廢紙堆中撿拾原欲丟棄小畫,噴水攤平皺紋,加墨添彩修飾,當時才能不濟,如今只需吹灰之氣,便姑且不太妨礙觀瞻。時光不能徒然虛度,心智當隨歲月消短而增長。願人間坎坷都因自我磨礪而圓順平坦。
陳明發·藝術與成長團體
欣賞石博進老師的帖子,常有驚喜。這次,不止一個,是三個。一,畫本身就是一個富足的作品;二,了解畫家創作的心理歷程,加深了對畫的欣賞;三,這個對創作與欣賞過程的把握,在更大的議題上,何嘗不是生命學習的一個途徑?
坊間有不少成長團體,說是採納了完形和感官等治療技法,西體中用,能幫助人們開發生命潛能。欣賞石博進老師的創作心靈過程,平平淡淡卻是實實在在的道出,怎樣從尋常瑣事,甚至是“廢物利用”,提煉出好作品,真正的奧妙在於那一份貼近生命脈搏的創造力。“願人間坎坷都因自我磨礪而圓順平坦”,是多大的成長能量?講開發生命潛藏,我建議不妨參與藝術創作坊。其實,人人都是自己生命的藝術家。(April 27, 2015 原創)
F.A.I.L. = First Attempt In Learning by Nepean Tutoring
“If you fail, never give up because F.A.I.L. means ‘first attempt in learning’; End is not the end, in fact, E.N.D. means “Effort Never Dies’…”
This quote is attributed to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, India’s 11th President. He was a world-renowned aerospace scientist who helped to establish India’s leading space program, including the development of India’s Satellite Launch Vehicle. He is considered one of India’s most popular presidents, especially among students, because he encouraged them to take an active interest in STEM subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics).
At this point in the year, many students are utterly exhausted. For most, term 2 was a frantic scramble, managing overlapping due dates and preparing several assessments at the same time. Outside of school, students managed dance eisteddfods, martial arts gradings, soccer and netball seasons, music exams, and birthday parties. Our kids are busy!
Students, in particular those with perfectionistic tendencies, share common sense of dread as they anticipate half-yearly reports. Questions swirl around their mind:
Have I improved on last year’s marks?
Have I done enough to score an A?
What’s my ranking?
Have I… failed?
Even laid-back students wonder at some point: ‘What will mum and dad think?’ and ‘What will this mean for my future?’
Much of this anxiety is a result of our cultural aversion to failure. While the language of success can be a great motivator, it can also imply that “Failure is not an option” (a quote attributed to Gene Kranz, the American engineer who directed the safe return of the Apollo 13 flight crew).
Photo by Sieuwert Otterloo on Unsplash
Both of these space experts seem to have opposing perspectives on failure, but I’d say that they both highlight the values of perseverance and resilience. For Dr. Kalam, failure is synonymous with experimentation, and as all scientists and entrepreneurs know, experimentation is the foundation of innovation. To innovate, we need to bounce back after failure and learn from our mistakes. Likewise, Kranz suggests that failure is not an option because there is no such thing as failure; there is only determined perseverance.
Perseverance and resilience are the hallmarks of a growth mindset: they help students to see mistakes as stepping stones to success.
The opposite of a growth mindset is a fixed mindset which views fixed markers like grades as good or bad, without acknowledging improvements in skill and knowledge that aren’t measured in formal assessments. This is a very demotivating outlook because it sees learning as all or nothing, and anything less than perfect isn’t good enough.
To develop a growth mindset, we need to focus more on the process than we focus on the outcome. That’s not to say that grades don’t matter, but when we emphasise the long-haul journey of school education as part of life-long learning, successful outcomes take care of themselves.
So how do we calm our children’s anxiety and foster a growth mindset at school and at home?
1. Model Persistence
Children learn to react to failure and disappointment by imitating the way those around them cope with challenges. As part of your child’s learning team, it’s good to talk openly when you have a rough day or when you’ve made a mistake to demonstrate that it’s okay to experience emotions such as anger, frustration and guilt after failure. Modelling a mindful acceptance of your emotions shows your child how to persevere and be resilient through disappointments and challenges.
2. Observe
While your child is doing homework, intentionally look for positive behaviours such as focus, asking questions, creativity, problem-solving and persistence, and praise their efforts. Acknowledging and encouraging specific behaviours shows students that success is about more than grades. By reflecting together on their processes, what they’ve learned and how they’re strengthening their skills, they’ll see that learning is a rewarding journey.
3. Ask, Don’t Tell
Ask your child questions to help them reflect on their own progress. You could ask:
How did you solve this problem?
What was the most interesting aspect of that project?
What are you communicating though this piece?
How did you reach that idea?
Why do you think this happened?
There is rarely only one correct way to do something, and in many subjects, especially more subjective subjects like English, History and Art, there is more than one correct answer.
Asking questions helps students to develop the self-reflection skills and problem-solving skills necessary to become independent learners. It also gives them the creative freedom to develop a method of working out Math problems or researching assignments that suits their unique personality and learning style.
Of course, if they’re totally stuck, you can make suggestions or tell them the answer and describe how you got there so they can grow in understanding. Just give them a chance to work it out first.
4. Create Safe Spaces
It’s tempting to want to insulate our children from failure, but it’s important to allow them to make their own choices and experience mistakes.
You can create an emotionally safe space for learning and experimenting at home where mistakes are seen as steps to success. By letting failure happen, even inconsequential failures like missing a shot in basketball or forgetting to add eggs to the cake batter, can help your child to learn vital problem-solving and self-regulation skills that will empower them to be resilient learners in the classroom and beyond.
5. The Importance of Time
Allow plenty of time for trial and error. It’s important to start assignments, homework and exam revision early, when the notification is given, to allow time for experimentation and learning from mistakes. When a student feels like they’re under too much time pressure, they’re likely to become apathetic or to develop unhealthy coping mechanisms, neither of which helps them to learn or enjoy learning. Drafting, feedback and revision takes time, but will result in success, and they’ll grow to be intrinsically motivated, proactive learners.
How can a tutor help?
As we’ve seen, failure isn’t a bad thing. In fact, failure is necessary to success. After all, how can you know what works until you know what doesn’t work?
A tutor’s role is to support and guide your child’s learning, rather than to do for them what they need to learn to do for themselves. Tutors are uniquely placed to give your child the individual attention they need, which a busy classroom doesn’t often afford.
Tutors demonstrate methods and explain concepts practically, at the student’s own pace, and they notice and praise improvement regularly. With this encouragement, students learn to explore new ideas and innovative strategies, and fail with confidence knowing that they have the proven skill and capacity to be resourceful and resilient.
If your child is struggling at school or disappointed with their half-yearly report, let Nepean Tutoring help. Even if you’ve got a HSC student heading into trial exams, it’s not too late to start tutoring. Contact Us today for a free consultation and to learn how our exclusive tutor-matching process can help your child transform failure into success.
(Source: https://nepeantutoring.com.au)
維柯與佛洛伊德:詩人們發現了無意識
按照近代西方傳統,藝術對社會是無直接利害關係的,這就否定了藝術與社會及人的行為的密切關係,現代人缺少的不就是維柯所說的「各民族創建者具有的詩人的本性」嗎?文明和城市一起成長,城市本應是人類文化藝術的大宗遺產,可許多現代城市建設是一種「破壞性建設」,這種城市只有經濟價值。
柏拉圖曾講過學習就是回憶,哲學家就是不斷地練習死亡;老子教人「復歸於嬰兒」;維柯說,要探索人類本性就「必須用極大的努力使自己在許多方面賦有與那些最初的人相似的本性」,就必須「退回到對一切人的和神的學問都極端無知的狀態」;波德萊爾說天才就是重返童稚;蒙臺梭利提出「兒童是成人之父」;海德格爾的「復歸於真」是通過領悟死來達到最高境界。他們的說法和弗洛伊德通過倒退獲得精神古物的觀點是如出一轍的。
夢不僅是了解無意識的利器、理解原始生命的捷徑,更進一步講,「倒退」就是向早期生活體驗的復歸,這里的「早期」既有個體早期——兒童時期,也有人類的早期——遠古時代。因為,弗洛伊德把夢與神話及童話看作本質相同的東西,了解夢的語言也就了解另一個語言——維柯的所謂「一切民族共同的心頭語言」。
維柯經常把一個人從兒童到老年的人生,同一個民族從初建到最後瓦解相類比。恩格斯指出:個人意識的各個發展階段「可以看作人的意識在歷史上所經過的諸階段的縮影」。⑨兒童心理展的各個階段與人類意識的發展相一致,這已經被皮亞傑的發生認識論所證實。皮亞傑認為兒童思維與原始思維一樣都具有主客體不分、自我中心狀態、泛靈論等心理展特征,在思維具體性和繪畫方法上也有相似之處。澳大利亞哲學家、美術理論家德西迪里厄斯·奧班恩(DesiderlusOrban)發現原始藝術與兒童藝術及精神病患者的習作具有相似性。哈貝馬斯的《交往與社會進化》,在探討個體發生學與人類進化之間的聯系及二者演變的根據方面,做出了有益的嘗試。
瓦爾特·本雅明的文體鏟平了傳統學科的界限,後來在法國百科全書學派傳統熏陶起來的布爾迪厄這類思想家那里,根本就沒有學科的界限。顯然,用自然科學研究「物」的方式方法去研究人,有很大的局限性,維柯早就發現幾何學方法不適用於人類世界。研究社會現象要涉及到意義的理解和解釋,這不是實證的自然科學所能勝任得了的。英國著名科學家和作家C·P·斯諾在其著作《兩種文化》一書中呼籲人文科學知識分子與科技知識分子的合作,以避免兩極文化帶來的損失。
弗洛伊德創造精神分析之初沖破了原有學科的限制,通過人的夢境或患者的胡言亂語去透視人的內心世界,又從人的心理變化去認識人類的歷史命運,他堅持歷史是人創造的,這一點與意大利思想家維柯的觀念是一致的。維柯在《新科學》中主張,人類世界只能被人所理解,因為這個世界是人創造的,既然人類生活和思維的一切形式是由人創造和體驗的,那麽我們就能夠在意識深層里再現人類歷史。許多學者抱怨弗洛伊德不是一個理論嚴謹的科學家,而是一個想像豐富的藝術家。確實,弗洛伊德對人文藝術、人類命運的關懷勝過對醫學心理學的關懷,醫學心理學只是弗洛伊德探索人類發展由來的手段或橋梁而已,他常用醫學和心理學的材料和方法來證明和表達自己的思想主張,精神分析在許多方面與哲學和文學相似,因而許多心理學家認為精神分析是非正統心理學。
弗洛伊德通過對被遺忘的存在——無意識的探索,實現了一場哥白尼式的革命。到了第一次世界大戰前,西方學術界的全部論著都強調不自覺的精神活動的重要地位和作用。顯然,弗洛伊德早已切中了時代的脈搏。米歇爾·福柯在1964年宣讀的題為《尼采、弗洛伊德、馬克思》論文中,把尼采、弗洛伊德和馬克思稱之為懷疑大師,他們對於西方當代批判思想的意義在於,各自發揮了根本性「去中心」作用,是繼哥白尼、達爾文之後人類思想史上第三次革命。
在精神分析的創立和成熟過程中,弗洛伊德的文學知識發揮了至關重要的作用。他十分敬佩藝術家憑直覺把握真理的本領,《哈姆雷特》和《俄狄浦斯王》幫助他歸納了戀母情結,並指引他進行自我分析。弗洛伊德70歲生日時感嘆道「不是我,而是詩人們發現了無意識」。英國科學史家李約瑟向我們介紹斯里蘭卡學者馬丁·魏克拉瑪辛柯的發現:紀元前四世紀佛本生故事作者和十九世紀的俄國作家同樣地在精神分析出現以前「就以極為動人的方式探索了人們的潛意識活動」。
毋庸置疑,發展成熟的物理科學和生物科學對弗洛伊德產生極大的影響,他在1895年《科學心理學規劃》中曾力圖「建立一門自然科學心理學,把心理過程描寫為可確定的物質粒子定量狀態」,並可以用數學和神經學實驗來處理它,然而,這個目標始終沒有實現。長期的臨床觀察經驗使他推翻了自我意識是意識中心的概念,如同地球圍繞太陽轉一樣,自我圍繞隱藏在背後的無意識轉,精神的實質是無意識的。弗洛伊德通過對被遺忘的存在——無意識的探索,實現了一場哥白尼式的革命。
米蘭昆德拉(Milan Kundera,1929年4月1日—2023年7月11日)自學者
自學者和學生的區別,不在於知識的廣度,而在於生命力和自信心的差異。 ——米蘭·昆德拉《不可承受的生命之輕》
孤獨:獨自穿越生命而不用任何人關心;説話不用人傾聽;經受痛苦而不用人憐憫。 ——米蘭·昆德拉 《無知》
推動我們一切行動的東西總是根本不讓我們明了其意義何在。 ——米蘭昆德拉 《不能承受的生命之輕》
一張張面孔都是真的:我不是那種偽君子,只有一副真面目,其餘全是假的。我之所以有多幅面孔,是因爲當時我年輕,自己也不知道自己是什麼樣的人,也不知道該成爲怎樣的一個人(各副面孔難以相互協調也使我害怕,無論以哪張面孔出現,我都不會得心應手;在面具的背後,我優柔寡斷,十分茫然)。 ——米蘭·昆德拉 《玩笑》
狄爾泰·詩性、個體性、内在體驗
個體性就是講體驗的內在性,
講藝術家在感受生活時,
必須有一個先在的意象結構,
它決定藝術家們感受生活的方式向度和敏感性
用哲學家克爾凱戈爾的話說:
就生命來說,
重要的不是在於遭遇多少奇特的經歷,
遭遇過多少悲苦的磨難,
而是發覺生命的內在深度,
有了這一深度,
最平凡的事也能變得富有意義。
(Torn Cardboard Is Reimagined as Vast Oceans for These Tiny Painted Swimmers,Photo Credit: mymodernmet.com)
那麼
體驗的意義;
體驗是尋求意義指向意義的活動,
在狄爾泰那裡,
哲學,宗教,詩的世界觀都是多體驗中生發出來的。
體驗就是要注入生命創造意義,
使自己的生活變得透明起來,
因而它實際上是一種有意的生活方式,
麻木於沉淪或沉淪於麻木的人是談不上什麼體驗的,
麻木的人內心空空如也,
沒有靈魂,
呆痴地承受生活,
盲目地順應生活,
所有人之為人的價值,意義,超越的問題
在麻木的人那裡是不存在的,
它們從不考慮自己和生活應該是什麼樣的。
要求人們主動地進入體驗,
也就是要求人們反思自己的生活,
尋找生活中有意義的一面,
它要求人們反歸本心,
認真體會什麼是幸運與苦難的價值與意義。
它要求人們完全依靠自己對自身命運進行反思。
通過自己的力量替自己創造出現實世界不可能給他提供的富有意味的東西,
它要求人們充分地體察內心,
不至於在習慣中,
麻木中,
不假思索地理所當然中,
固定不變的例行公事中,
失掉自己內在的靈性,
進入了體驗才能擺脫貪慾與無聊,
才能達到一種審美自由的生活之境界。
後來人們一再強調的認識你自己,
領會你自己的觀點,
其用意也正是如此。
(2019-10-31 由 奇思妙想視界 發表于《每日頭條》)
桃花源體驗·自我完善·俠
俠之一字,昔以之加意氣,今以之加揮霍。只在氣魄、氣骨之分。(《小窗自紀》[明]吳從先著)
[述論]
豪俠的俠字,在過去來說,人們需要它,就是要增加自己的意氣,從而使自己的氣質和骨格得到錘煉,做人做得有骨氣;現在的人需要俠氣,無非是要增加自己的揮霍氣魄而已,做事講究排場和闊氣。
這古人與今人的區別,就在於氣魄和氣骨之上。一個是要對自己做人有好處,一個是做出來讓別人看的,有著本質的區別。
從歷史發展的角度來說,人的私心是越來越多,虛偽處也越來越多。所以,我們一直說文明的特征,就是要人心不古,世風日下。
也可以說,隨著文明的進步與發展,人類的純真也越來越少了。文明的進步,是以純真的喪失作為代價的。所以,從古到現在,人們一直在浩嘆今不如昔。
莊子曾經懷念過「民知母而不知有父」的時代,老子幻想過「小國寡民,雞犬之聲相聞,老死不相往來」的境界,陶淵明設計過「不知有漢,遑論魏晉」的桃花源。他們都是希望能夠重新回到那上古沒有分別的社會裏,叫做返璞歸真。
不管怎麽樣,人需要有一點俠氣,才能走出自己那個狹隘的天地。不過,古人的俠字,帶來的是自我的完善和升華,有利於人的意義的實現。
現在人的俠氣只能浪費自我的財富,而求得一些虛名而已。名利之所以難保,就在於一旦有了富貴,人們往往會忘乎所以,所做的一切,也就是炫貴鬥富。
如此以來,自己的財富被揮霍一空,自己的權勢被人所覬覦,自然難免會被他人所取代。就如當年項羽看見秦始皇巡遊時的情況,便說道:「彼可取而代之。」
所以便興兵伐秦,終於滅掉了秦國的天下。
還如《西遊記》中有一個寇員外,特別喜歡招待僧人。結果遇到了唐僧師徒,便喜不自勝地吹吹打打,花天酒地,竟然惹來了一群強盜。
正如古人所說:「德潤身,富潤屋。」古人講究俠氣,是要培養自己的美德;現在人講究俠氣,是要給自己設下陷井。
外在的東西總是身外之物,生不帶來,死不帶去,而且很容易失去,難以保證長久地擁有。而自身內在的俠氣傲骨,卻是誰也不會奪走的,那才是自己的真正本質。
所以,人要俠氣,還是要學習古人的俠,不要貪圖虛名。
(《小窗自紀》[明]吳從先著,李安綱&趙曉鵬述論,中國社會出版社,1997)
陳明發·創意法
意義:存在于目標前;方法存在于目標後。相信直觀(如孵夢法)。
觀念:普通人財富觀僅有金錢;創意人則以豐饒的意義為先。
功課:理解并掌握創意思維的原則與方法,例如感知力、孵夢法、心靈貯藏、水平思考與腦筋急轉彎等。
點子:有了智能手機,随時可以記錄或拍攝/攝錄新材料、新想法。
對話:創意變成生活習慣後,即成為一種能力,衣、食、住、行、育、樂,都是可能激發創造思維的對話伙伴。
抉擇:擴散思維後才是聚焦思維。
多元:後現代思維極着重“奔放”、“跨界”、“彈性”、“去中心”、“不拘一格”。
轉變:和以前有何不一樣?
生活:給眼下的生活提供了什麽新答案?
價值:提出了什麽不同的、新穎的議題/命題?
趣致:幽默嗎?會心嗎?符合人性嗎?有新的生命力嗎?(19.11.2022)
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