莱布尼兹《單子論》中文翻譯/註釋 3

9 Indeed, each Monad must be different from every other. For in nature there are never two beings which are perfectly alike and in which it is not possible to find an internal difference, or at least a difference founded upon an intrinsic quality [denomination].

確實,每一單子都必須與其它單子相區別。因為在自然中決不會有兩個東西完全一樣,以至於在它們身上找不到內在的差異,或至少是建立在內在性質上的差異。

① 「感性形式」( sensible species):根據亞里斯多德的認識論,當感官受外物刺激時會在上 根據亞里斯多德的認識論,當感官受外物刺激時會在上 形成「感性 形成「感性 形式」,這種「感性 」,這種「感性 」,這種「感性 」,這種「感性 形式」是對外界事物的反映和表象。阿奎那等經院哲學家接受了亞里斯多德 」是對外界事物的反映和表象。阿奎那等經院哲學家接受了亞里斯多德 」是對外界事物的反映和表象。阿奎那等經院哲學家接受了亞里斯多德 的這種理論。譯者注4

解釋:這就是萊布尼茨著名的「不可辨別者的同一性原則」(the principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity principle of the identity indiscernibindiscernib indiscernib indiscernib indiscernib indiscerniblesles )。


第二部分 單子的變化(第10節——第18節)

10. I assume also as admitted that every created being, and consequently the created Monad, is subject to change, and further that this change is continuous in each.

我還認為以下觀點是理所當然的,即每一創造物,因而每一被創造的單子都是變化著的,而且這一變化在每一事物中都是持續不斷的。

11. It follows from what has just been said, that the natural changes of the Monads come from an internal principle, since an external cause can have no influence upon their inner being. (Theod. 396, 400.)

由前可知,單子的自然變化源於一個內在的原則,因為外在的原因不能對它們的內部產生影響。(參見《神正論》第396節、第400節)

解釋:在早期近代哲學中,萊布尼茨以其動態的實體觀而獨樹一幟,在他看來,單子處於永恆運動之中,且這種運動源於自身。這對當時由於機械力學的影響而在哲學界流行的靜態的實體觀而言是一個有力的批判。

12. But, besides the principle of the change, there must be a particular series of changes [un detail de ce qui change], which constitutes, so to speak, the specific nature and variety of the simple substances.

但是,除了變化的原則之外,還必須有一個變化的特殊系列,它構成了單純實體的特殊性和不同性。

13. This particular series of changes should involve a multiplicity in the unit [unite] or in that which is simple. For, as every natural change takes place gradually, something changes and something remains unchanged; and consequently a simple substance must be affected and related in many ways, although it has no parts.

這一變化的特殊系列應該在單元或單純物中包涵多樣性。因為,每一自然的變化都是逐漸發生的,有些東西變化了,而另一些東西沒有變;從而,單純實體盡管沒有部分,它必須具有很多性質和關系。

解釋:所謂「變化的特殊系列」是指單子運動的整個過程。對萊布尼茨而言,單子既是「一」又是「多」。單子的「一」是指單子的沒有量的規定的單純性,單子的「多」一般指它必須具有若干的性質。值得注意的是,當萊布尼茨從「變化的特殊系列」來談單子的「多」時,意義比較獨特,側重於動態的、系統的角度。

14. The passing condition, which involves and represents a multiplicity in the unit [unite] or in the simple substance, is nothing but what is called Perception, which is to be distinguished from Apperception or Consciousness, as will afterwards appear. In this matter the Cartesian view is extremely defective, for it treats as non-existent those perceptions of which we are not consciously aware. This has also led them to believe that minds [esprits] alone are Monads, and that there are no souls of animals nor other Entelechies. Thus, like the crowd, they have failed to distinguish between a prolonged unconsciousness and absolute death, which has made them fall again into the Scholastic prejudice of souls entirely separate [from bodies], and has even confirmed ill-balanced minds in the opinion that souls are mortal.

這一在單元或單純實體中包涵並表現多樣性的暫時狀態正是所謂知覺,如下所說,知覺應該與統覺或意識區別開來。在這一點上笛卡爾派的觀點極其錯誤,因為他們把人們意識覺察不到的知覺視為是不存在。這也使他們認為只有心靈才是單子,而不存在動物的靈魂或其他的隱得來希。因而,他們像平常人一樣,不能把長期的無意識與嚴格的死亡區分開來,這使他們再次陷入經院哲學的偏見,使靈魂完全脫離軀體,甚至贊成那些心智不健全的人所持的靈魂有死的觀點。

解釋:萊布尼茨將作為精神實體的單子的一中之多的狀態稱為知覺。值得重視的是,當萊布尼茨把單子定義為精神時,他大大地拓展了精神的范圍:知覺不能等同於有意識的知覺,還應該包括整個無意識領域;精神不能等同於人的心靈,還應該包括「 動物的靈魂或其他的隱得來希」。這樣一來,精神的疆界變得無比寬廣,從而得以真正成為世界的本體。

在此,萊布尼茨批判了笛卡爾派的否認「人們意識覺察不到的知覺」的存在、將精神等同於人的有意識的心靈的狹隘見解,認為這會將長期的無意識和嚴格的死亡混為一談。在萊布尼茨看來,軀體是無意識的知覺的某種產物,與被創造的單子不可分離,而否認無意識的知覺,必然會導致「靈魂完全脫離軀體」的錯誤見解。笛卡爾派的狹隘的心靈觀甚至會導向懷疑靈魂的永恆性,因為只有承認無意識的知覺,才能保證精神的持續不斷的存在。

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