文化有根 創意是伴 Bridging Creativity
[愛墾翻譯]舊石器時代脈絡中保存下來的纖維器物極為罕見,而僅存的少數碎片卻為纖維技術提供了獨特的洞見。來自 Olaho 積水沉積層中的炭化植物纖維碎片(長約 2–3 毫米),可能曾作為舊石器時代族群在黑暗中從一個洞穴廊道移動至另一個廊道時的引導標記(Glory 1959)。
值得注意的是,對秘魯吉塔雷羅洞穴(Guitarrero Cave)出土、年代約為距今 15,000 至 11,000 年(校正曆年前,cal BP)的器物分析顯示,狩獵採集者會定期自低海拔地區前往高山地帶,取得適合製作纖維器物的植物纖維(Jolie 等,2011)。雖然無法確定 Ilas Kenceng 岩畫中所描繪的具體植物種類,但秘魯的研究成果顯示,這類資源利用策略可能構成了該教學式圖像背後的文化邏輯,該圖像展示了史前纖維器物在婆羅洲這類難以抵達地區中的功能。
在鄰近的砂拉越,於尼亞洞穴(Niah Cave)的發掘(Barker,付梓中)證實,至少在 46,000 年前,狩獵採集者已在婆羅洲活動。
在洞穴入口處最早期的埋葬中並未發現纖維器物,該區域暴露於雨水飛濺與頻繁的人為活動之下。然而,狩獵、採集與捕魚等基本經濟活動,為滿足日常生活所需,與以纖維為基礎的器物(如漁網、陷阱與籃具)密不可分,因此這類物品必然曾被製作。事實上,根據更新世尼亞大洞穴居民所獵殺的主要獵物——鬍鬚豬(Sus barbatus)的年齡結構分析,可推知從最早期的居住階段起便已使用陷阱與套索;而在更新世末期與全新世早期,其狩獵技術已包括使用骨製與魟魚棘製箭頭的箭矢,並以樹脂與纖維將箭頭固定於箭桿上(Barton 等,2009)。
在尼亞洞穴中較為乾燥、保存條件較佳的區域內,於新石器時代墓葬(約距今 2,300 年)中發現了繩索殘片(圖 3)。其中兩股纖維呈 Z 形捻轉,且捻角較低(約 60°)。我對這些遺留物的分析促使我提出假設:Ilas Kenceng 的岩畫屬於具象描繪,呈現的是一個使用繩索進行狩獵的場景,而非象徵性的圖像。
[圖 2]Charcoal scene, Gua Ilas Kenceng. © Luc-Henri Fage, kalimanthrope.com
[圖 3]Neolithic cordage from Niah Cave; 14mm in length and 7mm in diameter (photograph: J. Cameron).
(From: Fibre technology depicted in archaic art from south-eastern Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo by Judith Cameron;[Acknowledgments: This research was funded by the Australian Research Council (ARC). Graeme Barker, Christopher Chippendale and Paul Taçon are thanked for their comments. Luc-Henri Fage is thanked for generously providing the high-resolution image of the Ilas Kenceng scene and additional details. ANU Cartography provided the map.]Judith Cameron,Archaeology and Natural History, The Australian National University, RSAP, Coombs Building, Fellows Road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia [Email: judith.cameron@anu.edu.au])
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