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農歷九月初九,二九相重,稱為“重九”。又因為在我國古代,六為陰數,九是陽數,因此,重九就叫“重陽”。
重陽節的起源,最早可以推到漢初。據說,在皇宮中,每年九月九日,都要佩茱萸,食蓬餌、飲菊花酒,以求長壽。漢高祖劉邦的愛妃戚夫人被呂後慘害後,宮女賈某也被逐出宮,將這一習俗傳入民間的。
古代,民間在該日有登高的風俗,所以重陽節又叫“登高節”,相傳此風俗始於東漢。
唐人登高詩很多,大多數是寫重陽節的習俗。杜甫的七律《登高》,就是寫重陽登高的名篇。登高所到之處,沒有劃一的規定,一般是登高山、登高塔,還有吃“重陽糕”的習俗,講究的重陽糕要作成九層,像座寶塔,上面還作成兩只小羊,以符合重陽(羊)之義。有的還在重陽糕上插一小紅紙旗,並點蠟燭燈。這大概是用“點燈”、“吃糕”代替“登高”,用小紅紙旗代替茱萸。
重陽節還要賞菊飲菊花酒,起源於陶淵明。陶淵明以隱居出名,以詩出名,以酒出名,也以愛菊出名。後人效之,遂有重陽賞菊之俗。舊時士大夫,還多將賞菊與宴飲結合,以求和陶淵明更接近。北宋京師開封,重陽賞菊很盛行,當時的菊花就有很多種。清代以後,賞菊之俗尤為昌盛,且不限於九月九日,但仍然是重陽節前後最為繁盛。
重陽節插茱萸的風俗,在唐代就已經很普遍。古人認為在重陽節這一天插茱萸可以避難消災。或佩帶於臂,或作香袋把茱萸放在裏面佩帶,還有插在頭上的。大多是婦女、兒童佩帶,有些地方,男子也佩帶。重陽節佩茱萸,在晉代葛洪《西經雜記》中就有記載。
重陽節除了佩帶茱萸,也插菊花。唐代就已經如此,歷代盛行。清代,北京重陽節的習俗是把菊花枝葉貼在門窗上,“解除兇穢,以招吉祥”,這是頭上簪菊的變俗。宋代,還有將彩繒剪成茱萸、菊花來相贈佩帶的。
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