竹枝詞一般不避俚俗,詼諧成趣,也不以莊雅為重,主要用以書寫地方風物、生活習俗,在傳統詩學中向來被視為俗調,不入詩歌雅馴之堂,但在“南洋”,它卻成了“在地”詩言主體的正聲,頗能深刻展現詩歌“在地感性”(Sense of Local)的特色。邱菽園的這一類詩,可謂翻轉了古典詩的語言,其馬來語音譯的混雜性,形成一種完全陌生的符號,若無馬來原文註記,必然讓人讀之不知所云。這樣的書寫雖以遊戲為之,不意卻也隔開了中原音韻的語言習套之束縛,並開啟馬華本土文學的奇聲異調,成了馬華古典詩另類而獨特的聲音。
「戀地情結」一詞的所有權屬於美國詩人W. H. Auden,他於1948年在一篇推介英國詩人John Betjeman的作品時首次使用這個詞語。[1]這個詞被用來表達人、場所、環境之間的感情連結。這本書所代表的人文主義地理學力求在唯物主義、唯心主義中達到一個平衡點,相信這對於習慣了接受唯物主義思想的我們來說,初次閱讀的沖擊力相當大(當然,學界早已走出了那個一味崇尚唯物主義而批判唯心主義的時代)。如今,越來越多的學科注重跨學科研究與合作,尤其是心理學的作用日益凸顯。[2]原因顯而易見,因為人並非完全受理性控制,而所有科學在21世紀又都呈現出社會科學化的趨勢。[3]地理學也不例外,在這本書的開頭,段義孚就以感官為切入點,通篇強調感官感覺、心理狀態對於認知世界的重要性。段義孚認為,要研究人地關係,就首先要研究人類自己,「人文問題,無論是經濟的、政治的還是社會的,都受到心理動機、價值觀與態度的深刻影響」。[4]人作為一個個體,他認識世界,就是從調動各個感官去感知環境開始的。通過調動所有感官,人們才形成了空間(space)與地方(place)的概念。在談到這兩個地理學最核心的概念時,段義孚用直觀感受對二者進行描述定義,認為二者相互依存,無法拋開一個談論另一個。這對於地理學理論方法不得不謂之是一大創新。這對於歷史地理、環境史等學科研究也有借鑒意義。
Word of mouth is by far the most influential means of communicating about a cultural hub.
Brand recognition is critical, so your hub needs a brand idea that clearly positions its offer, for example ‘The Knowledge Quarter’. To be credible, your hub has to genuinely live up to that brand idea. The idea should act as a checker to measure all programme and communications activity against.
Speak with one voice Our research found that simply using consistent branding as badging, while each venue communicates on its own, doesn’t work. Cultural consumers want to find out about an experience in its entirety; just listing the components isn’t enough.
Your hub will have a cohesive proposition; a single thought in which it is rooted. It needs to be communicated clearly and with one voice across all participating venues.
Be authentic
A hub needs to be legitimate, and its offer truthfully communicated. Communicate a sense of space In marketing materials, it’s helpful to give a sense of your hub’s lively atmosphere and to visualise people on site. A bit of wit goes a long way and further humanises the hub and its venues.
When respondents were given some existing materials, they were critical of artists’ representations that make venues look very similar or unrealistically close to each other.
All participating venues must communicate the existence of a hub, for example through flags or banners – but this should not be overbearing. Tourists find it helpful to see some indication that they are in a cultural quarter, but residents don’t need this for any practical purpose.
The presence of these materials performs a branding and communication function only Empower your visitors with tools to navigate Cultural hubs need to be altruistic and flag up secondary attractions that will appeal to audiences, like architecture, food markets, refreshments and retail.
Develop a dynamic digital presence
All audiences now use social media to plan cultural outings. Social platforms allow your hub venues to talk as one, particularly if you don’t have a joint website, and allow you to deliver content and event messaging with immediacy.
To navigate these, audiences expect joint print materials such as posters and leaflets – and maps are an essential inclusion to describe the footprint of the hub and allow route-planning.
Your maps should be bespoke, and provide plenty of supporting detail such as scale, distance, ourney times between venues, and parking.Our research also showed that there is significant desire among consumers for a hub app that would detail programming, suggested itineraries and walks – similar to our Art Guide.
Reward your visitors’ loyalty
Your visitors are key to making a hub work. For it to become a genuine communal space, it needs to feel like one. Our research found that it’s important to reward your visitors for their participation.
Respondents react very positively to the notion of a loyalty card that involves all hub venues. When a certain number of check[1]ins at venues is reached, rewards are released – and these rewards should go beyond a free coffee, which is seen as too mundane and something high street coffee shops already offer.
(Source: Cultural hubs~How to create a multidimensional experience by Art Insights)
The concept has real appeal While the term ‘cultural hub’ isn’t particularly confidently known by cultural consumers, the concept has significant appeal.
Among consumers, 42% say they are definitely not aware of the term and 46% say they think they are aware of it. Only 12% say they aredefinitely aware of it. However, cultural consumers, particularly in London, do plan visits tomultiple venues in a single visiting window. While they might not use the term, the concept is recognised – and attractive.
We asked: Which of the following cultural hubs are you aware of? Hubs can satisfy diverse interests Cultural hubs comprising organisations with distinct and differentiated offerings can offer variety to visitors.
Meanwhile, thematic hubs such as Yorkshire Sculpture Triangle offer depth around a single subject and can also provide an opportunityto engage with smaller, less well-known venues in a grouping. Ultimately, hubs can deliver volume of content for the voracious cultural consumer as well as encourage piecemeal and spontaneous engagement with a particular site.
Visitors want to 'culture stack'
There is consensus around the ideal hub mix. Visitors expect at least one or two iconic, high-quality venues, which act as the main draw.
They don’t accept one single site or venue with a diverse culturaloffering as a hub, although some organisations try to brand themselves as such.
Visitors want to ‘culturestack’ – to engage with a number of venues during a single visit.
When visitors culture-stack, their engagement tends to be more around permanent collections than temporary, paid-for exhibitions –for reasons of expense as well as an unwillingness to commit to several detailed exhibitions over a short period.
We asked: How appealing do you find a clustering of cultural venues and activities such as galleries, museums, performance venuesand iconic architecture, etc?
Cultural hubs: How to create a multidimensional experience by Art Insights
What is a cultural hub?
A clustering of cultural venues such as museums, galleries and performance spaces with secondary attractions including food and retail.
Did you know cultural hubs are on the rise in the UK? As museums and galleries increasingly pool resources, content and marketing, cultural consumers are also demonstrating an appetite for experiences that are multidimensional and incorporate more than one venue.
In recent years we have seen the launch of several interesting museum partnerships and marketing initiatives, such as the Cornwall Museums Partnership, Bath Museums Partnership, Coastal Culture Trail, London’s Museum Mile, Yorkshire Sculpture Triangle and Art in Yorkshire.
What we haven’t known until now is the scope of UK audiences’ appetite for these kinds of groupings, or the scale of opportunity they present to attract and increase visitors – whether formally as ‘hubs’ or through a more informal setup.
In 2015 we commissioned research to discover how organisations could best capitalise on cultural hubs in order to grow audiences.
We hope the results provide actionable insights you can use when collaborating with your peers to create a hub.
Aims and approaches
Our aim:
To grow your audiences through a shared vision Our research was designed to find out how, by teaming up and collaborating, you may be able to find creative, cost-effective ways to engage new visitors – and take your organisation from venue to multidimensional experience.
Our approach
The research project comprised three stages:
1. Stakeholder research Quantitative survey among cultural marketers
2. Visitor research In-depth qualitative research using focus groups comprised of different cultural consumers – Classically Cultured, Contemporary Cultured and Leisure Magpies – across four regions of the UK
3. Testing Quantitative survey among cultural consumers to test significance of findings
Cultural Consumers
1 Classically Cultured Cultural consumers with a fairly traditional and classical repertoire
2 Contemporary Cultured Cultural consumers with a voracious, diverse and progressive repertoire
3 Leisure Magpies More mainstream cultural consumers with a varied leisure repertoire
Insights and observations
Current engagement is varied Our research found that, at this stage, even cultural marketers aren’t fully engaged with the term ‘cultural hub’.
In 2015 just over a third of people working in museum or gallery marketing departments claimed to be aware of the term in isolation. But when the concept was described there was more recall, and over half of marketers thought there were currently more than 10 cultural hubs in the UK.
29. "Creativity is piercing the mundane to find the marvelous."– Bill Moyers
Bill Moyers is an American journalist and political commentator, and former White House Press Secretary. He's been involved in public broadcasting for many years, producing documentaries and news journal programs.
Moyers' quote emphasizes the idea that creativity is about finding the extraordinary within the ordinary. This perspective encourages us to look at the world with a fresh perspective and to find inspiration in everyday life.
30. "True happiness comes from the joy of deeds well done, the zest of creating things new." – Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Antoine de Saint-Exupery was a French writer and aviator, best known for his novella, The Little Prince (1943).
This quote reflects his view that happiness isn't derived from the result of our actions, but from the process of creation itself. His idea of creation isn't limited to the arts, but extends to all kinds of human endeavors where something new is brought into existence.
Key takeaways: quotes about creativity
After reading these powerful quotes about innovation and creativity, you may have come to some of your own conclusions about the creative process.
We’ve also put together a few key takeaways that we’ve learned from getting lost in the world of creativity quotes:
Your unique perspective is your creative gold.
Bringing the spirit of fun, excitement, and child-like wonder is extremely valuable to being creative. The more you live a life that inspires you, the more access you have to your creativity.
You’re not always going to be inspired. Sometimes you must sit down and work despite how you might feel.
Self-doubt is normal. Create anyway.
It takes time and effort. Small wins are stepping stones to success.
Create for yourself, not for the approval of others.
Be curious about life.
Creativity is not a moment—it's a flow.
Creativity can come from your inner world, or be inspired by things around you.
Refining and simplifying your creations lead to beautiful finished products. It’s a skill that must be learned.
Being creative is as important for solving real-world problems as literacy.
Creatives in all industries—marketers, designers, artists, business leaders, etc.—need to feed their inspiration to keep creativity alive. We do this through lifestyle, learning, practice, and community.
(Source:30 insightful creativity quotes to inspire innovation By Ben Barnhart @ https://www.linearity.io;About the author:Ben Barnhart is a Content Lead for Linearity living in Berlin. His hobbies include board games, cooking, reading, and writing.
27. "My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status." – Sir Ken Robinson
We now know creativity is serious. And we understand that it's a form of play. But do we consider it to be as crucial in society as academic literacy?
Sir Ken Robinson is an educator and author of Creativity in Schools (2015) and other books on creativity and education. He argues that schools are killing creativity through merit-based education and "teaching to the tests."
It's this approach to education that has led to most people missing an essential aspect of everyday life: critical thinking.
When we learn to practice critical thinking skills, creativity becomes a natural extension of our lives.
28. "Belief in your creative capacity lies at the heart of innovation." – Tom and David Kelley
The brothers Tom and David Kelley are thought leaders in the design space. Together, they authored Creative Confidence (2014). David is the Founder of Stanford University's d.school, a multi-disciplinary school focused on innovation to solve real-world problems.
Building your creative confidence means regaining the enthusiasm and courage to go out of your comfort zone.
Many business leaders and "non-creative" roles at companies think of themselves as unartistic, and wouldn't place themselves in situations where they don't know how to perform the task at hand.
But allowing yourself to act creatively, and make mistakes, is essential for your personal and professional growth. And you may even discover a new passion and career path.
21. “Draw the art you want to see, start the business you want to run, play the music you want to hear, write the books you want to read, build the products you want to use – do the work you want to see done.” – Austin Kleon
When in doubt, create what you’d like!
We can get so caught up trying to create for an audience or a client that we neglect to create for ourselves.
The most impactful and beautiful creations come from artists and designers who personally love what they are creating.
22. “Creativity is a wild mind and a disciplined eye.” – Dorothy Parker
This quote speaks to the balance that’s necessary for any creative project.
Yes, it requires freedom, letting go, letting your imagination run wild, and all the rest. But it also requires a refined eye that knows how to pull everything together in an aesthetically pleasing way that makes it enjoyable for a viewer to experience.
23. "Creativity doesn't wait for that perfect moment. It fashions its own perfect moments out of ordinary ones." – Bruce Garrabrandt
Bruce Garrabrandt, a self-taught artist, emphasizes the active nature of creativity with this quote. He believes that creativity does not depend on waiting for the perfect moment but making the most out of the ordinary ones.
As an artist who began with no inherent talent for drawing, Garrabrandt's perspective on creativity is rooted in his own journey of learning skills, overcoming frustrations and setbacks, and eventually becoming a professional artist.
He encourages the development of individual gifts into talents and abilities, fostering creativity.
24. "You can't wait for inspiration, you have to go after it with a club." – Jack London
This quote is from a 1905 essay by Jack London titled "Getting Into Print." London was a prolific writer who depended on his literary skills for his livelihood. He encouraged other writers to proactively seek inspiration rather than waiting for it to come to them.
He saw the writing process as requiring discipline, persistence, and the willingness to learn from others.
25. "If you want creative workers, give them enough time to play." – John Cleese
John Cleese is an English actor, comedian, and writer. Cleese is known for his comedic work in Monty Python's Flying Circus and Fawlty Towers, and he has often spoken about the importance of creativity, play, and humor.
26. "Serious design, serious play, is something else. For one thing, it often happens spontaneously, intuitively, accidentally or incidentally." – Paula Scher
In her 2008 TED talk, Great Design is Serious, Not Solemn, designer Paula Scher describes the difference between serious and solemn design. Scher is most famous for the album covers she created at CBS records, and the large text-based designs she created in the span of her accoladed career.
Seriousness is a laser focus on the task at hand, and a full immersion in the creative process. Solemn design, on the other hand, is focused on perfection and quality. There's still a place for solemn design. But to be truly innovative and produce something new, you need to be creatively at play.
It's this creative energy that has led to some of the most surprising, delightful, and effective designs of all time.
15. "There is no innovation and creativity without failure." – Brené Brown
What would any inspirational quote article be without a bit of wisdom from Brené Brown?
Failure is so important to learn from. It teaches us how to refine and where to improve, plus “failures” can guide us to something better, something unexpected. They can break us open to something we’ve never thought of before.
16. “The creative process is a process of surrender, not control.” –Bruce Lee
The control comes afterward, when we're refining. But to get to that point, we have to get out of our own way and allow creativity to flow through us.
Art is surrender. If you’ve ever dived into Eastern philosophies, you’ll know that people spend entire lifetimes simply learning the art of surrendering. You don’t need to become a monk, but you might want to consciously practice surrender while you're creating.
Often, the secret to creativity lies in the subconscious. By learning to surrender, we let go of rational thinking and the conscious mind to discover the gold that lies deeper within ourselves.
17. “The creative adult is the child who survived.” – Ursula Le Guin
Some research shows that all humans start out creative as children, and creativity is simply neglected, or we’re trained out of it as we grow older.
Picasso had a similar opinion to Le Guin when he said, “Every child is an artist. The problem is to remain an artist once they grow up.” This is a reminder that, in order to access creativity, we have to let our inner child come out.
We have to play and be curious. A true sign of intelligence is allowing the child within to come out and play and understanding the value in this child-like point of view.
18. “Great things are done by a series of small things brought together.” – Vincent Van Gogh
This quote from painter Vincent Van Gogh reminds us that creative projects, especially larger projects, don’t happen overnight.
It takes working at it in a series of moments consistently. It also reminds us that a career, a portfolio, or even a hobby takes time to build. Every project you complete is a step closer to becoming great at what you do.
Your greatness is accumulated through a series of moments; it doesn’t happen in just one moment.
19. “Make visible what, without you, might perhaps never have been seen.” – Oprah Winfrey
Where would anyone be without the wisdom of Oprah Winfrey?
Expressing our creativity is an opportunity to shed light on something. This can take the form of solutions, inventions, and art. It comes back to that unique perspective, once again. Each person’s creative expression adds to the birth of new ideas in the world, variety, and diversity in perspective.
20. “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.” – Leonardo Da Vinci
We’ve dedicated an entire post to the beauty of simplicity. Making something complex simple in art and design is often the most significant challenge.
It takes craft, intelligence, and experience. When trying to convey sophistication in a project, always keep the overall goal of simplicity at the center.
11. “Create with the heart; build with the mind.” – Criss Jami
The thinking mind can get in the way when trying to be creative.
Overthinking is another blocker to creativity. Criss Jami’s quote reminds us to create from a place of emotion and inspiration. Your art and designs won’t always make logical sense and don’t need to. Every idea, doodle, and design is a stepping stone in your creative process. Skip one of them, and you might never find out what new heights of creativity you can reach.
12. “Deadlines and things make you creative.” – Jack White
Here's an intriguing perspective from White Stripes musician Jack White.
Many would argue that deadlines “and things” put pressure on you and hinder creativity. However, we believe many marketers and designers will agree that deadlines push us into action and force us to get creative.
Budget limitations, time constraints, and a lack of resources drive creative thinking and sharpen problem-solving skills.
The innovation process is often put into motion by external constraints that force us to reimagine modern society. Inflexible people may struggle to act creatively in constrained circumstances, as their natural bent leans towards keeping things the same.
But discomfort is oftentimes the birthplace of innovation and an instrument of entrepreneurship.
13. “You can be cautious or you can be creative, but there's no such thing as a cautious creative.” – George Lois
Art director and designer turned author, George Lois is most famous for designing almost 100 iconic magazine covers for Esquire between 1962 and 1973.
This is one of the most famous quotes about creativity of all time. Lois reminds us that we must get messy and break some rules when exerting creative effort.
Lois goes so far as to say that caution isn't an aspect of creativity. When faced with a conflict of ideas, throw caution to the wind and do something out of the ordinary.
14. "You can't use up creativity. The more you use, the more you have." – Maya Angelou
What a relief to know that your creativity can’t run out. It’s an endless resource that becomes more activated the more you unleash it.
Perhaps that’s why it’s often called a “creative flow.” Everyone experiences “dry spells,” but this can be due to a lack of inspiration or too much stress. It doesn’t mean your creativity has been used up or lost.
The key to creativity is unlocking something within yourself so that the creativity can flow.
7. “Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking risks, breaking rules, making mistakes, and having fun.” – Mary Lou Cook
The creative process is messy, no doubt.
Mary Lou Cook reminds us that to be creative, we have to get messy, explore, and go against the grain. The most notable part of this quote is “making mistakes” and “having fun.” Don't take things too seriously, and allow the spirit of fun. This approach will unlock your infinite capacity for creativity and foster an innovation mindset.
8. “It's no good being too easily swayed by people's opinions. You have to believe in yourself.” – Donatella Versace
Madame Versace knows what she’s talking about.
Perhaps the chief enemy of creativity, even more so than self-doubt, is seeking others' approval. You’re never going to win everybody over.
The most successful people in any creative endeavor trust themselves and believe in their work so much that they don’t need anyone's approval or permission.
Staying laser-focused on your creative work will help you turn viable ideas into innovations.
9. “There is no doubt that creativity is the most important human resource of all. Without creativity, there would be no progress, and we would be forever repeating the same patterns.” – Edward De Bono
Creativity isn't taken seriously enough in "serious" contexts like business and government.
But there's evidence that this is changing. If you look at business hubs like Silicon Valley, you’ll see how creativity and play are valued as an essential part of technological advancement. Larger corporate institutions in low-risk, horizontal industries also look to the Valley for inspiration and innovative practices.
The field of creativity is being studied as a type of learning process, and creative principles are being applied in business, education, policy-making, and beyond.
In business, you need to find ways to foster a culture of innovation in your team. This can be done by providing opportunities for creative collaboration between individuals and cross-departmental teams. Listening to your customers and taking calculated risks will also provide innovation opportunities.
A successful innovation strategy will lead to business progress and team growth.
10. "Begin by learning to draw and paint like the old masters. After that, you can do as you like; everyone will respect you." – Salvador Dalí
Reaching the level of the "old masters" may take a lifetime of dedication—and you might want to spend your lifetime focusing on other things, too.
But that doesn't make you any less creative.
There are many styles to experiment with. If you’re a designer or illustrator, you need to focus on honing your skills and experimenting with new mediums.
With practice, you'll be able to accurately capture what’s in your imagination.
Salvador Dalí captured such incredibly imaginative imagery because he had incredible skills that afforded him this ability.
We also think that maybe Dalí meant you have to earn respect as a creative by studying the established rules and principles of art. Then, you have the privilege of breaking them.
Pablo Picasso had similar ideas evident in his quote, “Learn the rules like a pro so you can break them like an artist.”
3. "You use a glass mirror to see your face. You use works of art to see your soul." – George Bernard Shaw
This phrase is one of the many aphorisms by George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950), a famous Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist. His work is characterized by satire and insightful commentary on societal issues. Shaw uses the illustration of a mirror to show how art is a reflection of one's inner world.
Every human has a unique perspective of the world. Everyone can create something original. Just like every person has a unique reflection in the mirror, all our creative expressions can be unique, too.
To any creative type seeking authenticity and originality in their style, the more you connect with your inner world, the more you will support originality in your art instead of continuously looking outside for inspiration.
4. “A creative life is an amplified life. It's a bigger life, a happier life, an expanded life, and a hell of a lot more interesting life” – Elizabeth Gilbert
The wonderful Elizabeth Gilbert has exploded as a thought leader on “the creative life” since her book Big Magic (2016) became a bestseller. Her Ted Talks have also reached millions of people.
This quote reminds us that creativity blossoms when your lifestyle supports it. You have to be inspired, connect with interesting people, learn new things, and see new people consistently.
You can keep expanding your way of thinking with art and culture, and satisfy your curiosity with travel and education. You can stay inspired by surrounding yourself with beautiful design, fashion, and food. marketing power template
You must experience interesting things to know how to create anything interesting.
5. “Don’t wait for inspiration. It comes while working." – Henri Matisse
Matisse was quite the fountain of wisdom regarding insights into creativity.
This quote is an important reminder that you won’t always have an endless supply of inspiration. Even when you’re not feeling it, make things anyway. It doesn't mean that you have an uncreative mind—it just means that you must make a habit of creating things even when you don't feel inspired.
Matisse suggests that once you start working, you'll unlock your creativity, and inspiration will start flowing. It'll be fueled as you continue working.
6. “The worst enemy to creativity is self-doubt.” – Sylvia Plath
Creatives can often relate to having feelings of self-doubt.
A creative mind is riddled with self-doubt. It's this questioning nature that produces creativity. And we argue that it doesn’t need to be your enemy.
Self-doubt is normal—even the greatest leaders and artists experience it. The key to success is holding the tension of opposites and put yourself out there anyway.
Acknowledge that you're feeling self-doubt, and carry on creating.
Creativity is more than an abstract concept. It's a fundamental tool for success in marketing, design, and problem-solving.
In marketing, creativity can differentiate a brand, making it stand out in a sea of competitors. It's the magic ingredient that turns ordinary campaigns into viral sensations, capturing the public's attention and leaving a lasting impression.
In design, creativity breathes life into ideas, transforming abstract concepts into tangible realities. It empowers designers to innovate, pushing beyond the boundaries of the known and exploring new horizons.
Whether it's a logo that captures the essence of a brand, a product design that revolutionizes an industry, or a user interface that makes software a joy to use, creativity is at the heart of it all.
Creativity also plays a pivotal role in problem-solving. It encourages us to look beyond conventional solutions and consider new approaches. It's about connecting the dots in unexpected ways, leading to effective and novel solutions.
Creativity quotes
Before you check out these inspiring quotes on creativity and read our thoughts on each quote, remember to take a moment to consider what each quote means to you.
What would you have to say about creativity? And what is your unique interpretation of each quote?
Remember, the number one secret of creativity is originality (in our humble opinion), so it’s important to stay conscious of your own creative ideas when diving into the ideas of others.
1. "Creativity is seeing what others see and thinking what no one else ever thought." – Albert Einstein
This is one of Albert Einstein's musings on originality.
Originality is a topic of great discussion in the creative world, with many artists claiming that there is no such thing. Mark Twain once said, “There's no such thing as an original idea.”
But Einstein argues that each person has a unique perspective that lends itself to originality.
Being creative is about presenting a piece of art, a design, an idea, or an innovation in a way that is filtered through your own unique perspective, talent, and skills. Perhaps that’s what Einstein meant by this. Ready to create brand assets that pack a punch?
2. “Art is the elimination of the unnecessary.” – Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso had so much wisdom to share on creativity.
He also said that “art is chaos taking shape.” There seems to be a common idea between these inspiring creativity quotes: creativity is an evolutionary process of refinement.
A creative project, whether an illustration or a logo, a sculpture, a fashion item, or a user interface—whatever form it takes, the finished product was shaped by countless influencing factors. These include culture, colors, a brief, fonts, styles, emotions, politics, etc.
A creative carefully chooses what to include and exclude. It results in something beautiful that somehow makes sense amongst the chaos of the endless influencing factors around us at any time.
But it doesn't happen overnight. It takes courageous patience and an unrelenting drive to challenge the status quo, coming up with innovative ideas and refining them until they work.
Don't worry about asking the wrong questions—or perhaps giving the wrong answers. Putting brilliant ideas into action to see what happens is one of the best sources of creativity, because it helps you find the parts you need to improve.
30 insightful creativity quotes to inspire innovation By Ben Barnhart
There are many voices on creativity, how to be creative, and the creative process itself.
From Albert Einstein to Steve Jobs, the world’s greatest leaders and artists have shared their musings on creativity.
We can draw inspiration from them as we look at their careers and achievements.
We’ve compiled a list of the most inspiring creativity quotes to help you think out of the box and find new solutions to problems.
And, spoiler alert—the list doesn't include Steve Jobs' famous words, “Creativity is just connecting things,” because you’ve probably already heard that one too many times. We’ve tried to be a little more diverse and hopefully offer you something new.
Whether you’re a lucky human who seems to have a source of constant creativity or you’re struggling with a creative block at the moment, these little nuggets of wisdom can guide and inspire you.
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A note on inspiration
Creative people need inspiration.
The creative process is one of human's most complex and beautiful parts. Creativity is messy, frustrating, enjoyable, and different for everyone. Being creative helps us understand ourselves and the world. It’s a natural part of human expression that we should all value and cultivate.
One of the essential components of creativity is inspiration. We’re not always going to have creative workers such as designers or writers, in particular, know that you’ve got to sit down and do the work even when you’re not inspired if you’re going to achieve anything.
We can ensure we remain inspired by surrounding ourselves with the right people, knowledge, places, and resources. Simply reading other people’s insights on creativity is integral to staying inspired.
Our creative juices often flow when we can bounce daring ideas off each other and nurture a community around inspiration and creative endeavors.
The role of creativity in marketing, design, and problem-solving.
Sense of Place 和 Geography of Affects 是學術上探討空間與情感關係的兩個不同概念,各自側重不同的研究路徑和理論背景。它們在如何理解空間與情感的互動、對心靈空間(psychic space)的探討上,反映了不同的學術傳統與關注點。以下是二者的學術區分及其對心靈空間的見解:
對心靈空間的見解:情感地理學對心靈空間的理解更加注重情感的流動性和生成性,而非靜態的情感依附。德勒茲和瓜塔里提出的無器官的身體(Body without Organs)概念在情感地理學中起到了啟發性作用,認為心靈空間不僅是情感的容器,而是一個情感力量流動、擴散、變形的場域。心靈空間在情感地理學中是一種生成空間(spaces of becoming),它通過身體、物質空間和社會力量的相互作用不斷變化和生成。
(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)
The global cultural and creative industries market was valued at approximately $2.3 trillion in annual revenues and contribute 3.1% of the global GDP, employing 6.2% of the global workforce.
Global Value:
The cultural and creative industries generate annual revenues of almost US$ 2.3 trillion globally.
Contribution to GDP:
These industries contribute 3.1% of the global gross domestic product (GDP).
UNESCO estimates that the cultural and creative industries account for 6.2% of global employment.
The creative industries encompass sectors like media, advertising, design, fashion, film, music, and digital content.
Growth Drivers:
The market is driven by innovation, technology, and cultural expression, with a visible consistent increase fueled by demand for digital transformation, interactive media, and immersive stories.
Emerging markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America, are experiencing unexpected growth in the creative industries.
Economic Impact:
The creative industries can play a significant role in promoting more resilient and prosperous economies, address social and income inequalities and boost innovation, particularly in emerging markets and vulnerable countries.
The cultural and creative industry (CCI) market in Asia-Pacific is the world's largest, generating US$743 billion in revenue (33% of global CCI sales) and employing 12.7 million people (43% of global CCI jobs).
In the EU, the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) represent approximately 3.95% of EU value added and employ around 8 million people.
Malaysia, along with Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, and the Philippines, is among the top 50 global exporters of creative goods and services and one of the top 10 exporters of creative goods, he said, adding in 2022, the creative economy in the region generated over $150bil in revenue.
In 2016, Kuala Lumpur's cultural and creative industry contributed RM11.2 billion to the country, accounting for over 2% of the city's economy and supporting over 86,000 jobs.
Economic Contribution: The cultural and creative industry in Kuala Lumpur contributed RM11.2 billion to the country's economy in 2016.
Percentage of Kuala Lumpur Economy: This contribution represented over 2% of the Kuala Lumpur economy.
Job Creation: The sector supported over 86,000 jobs in 2016.
Future Goals: There was a goal to create 125,000 jobs in the cultural and creative economy sector in Kuala Lumpur by 2022.
Comparison to Developed Countries: In developed countries, the cultural and creative economy typically contributes 3% to 6.9% to their national economies.
Paris En mémoire
(續上)黃遵憲詩中的各花形態,展現了不同社群的位階和關係,以及族群空間複雜的意識形態問題,更突顯出殖民者的孤高傲慢,以及白種人的優越地位。在這樣的情態中,殖民者的統治勢必無法長久,故以“唐人本自善唐花,或者並使蘭花梅花一齊發,飆輪來往如電過,不日便可歸支那”的期許,揭示其所吟詠的位置,仍是在中國經驗與民族本位上進行思考。“蘭花”、“梅花”的意象指涉,徵示了中華民族正直積極與堅韌不拔的精神,在他們的努力下,最後一切必可歸結於中國。黃遵憲積極調動“南洋”想像,置換場景,將清廷境內面臨的列強侵迫、族 群紛擾的焦慮,投射到詩中,並期待各族群能夠相互和諧,團結一致,將列強驅逐出去。這樣的民族感知,同樣出現在《夜登近海樓》中,詩人不斷追懷往昔華夏王朝的輝煌盛景,以慰藉內心因清廷長久積弱造成的沉痾與衰蔽之創傷,“昂頭尚照秦時月,放眼猶疑禹畫州。回首宣南蘇碌墓,記聞諸國賦共球”,撫今懷古,遙想的是明王朝過往的武功盛世,南洋諸邦紛紛上貢帝朝的曩昔盛況;然而俯視現實,當今卻是“滔滔海水竟西流”15 的情勢,盛景已不再。黃遵憲此刻身處南洋,更能深刻體會華夏文化的沒落與王朝的衰微,是孤臣無力回天的局面,因此詩裏的“南洋”想像就成了慰藉憂患之心的抒發之作。16
如果深入檢驗,這些流寓“南洋”的士宦所作之“南洋”詩歌,有不少作品是借他人杯酒、澆自己胸中塊壘的敘事抒情之作,地方感性(Sense of Place)顯然不足,中國古典詩的境外書寫--“在南洋”,似乎成了詩人對祖國寄託的召魂之喚,如楊圻(雲史)在新加坡所寫的《新加坡感懷》,曰:
逐隊文身俗,蠻奴雜獸蹄。種椰燒火炭,割橡掛繩梯。雲暖眠猨樹, 花明浴象溪。臣陀恩澤少,化外失鯨鯢。(四之三)
邦危猶裸逐,國小亦君臣。山是四時綠,花為終歲春。何年功不世, 此地古無人。日夕諸星出,猶知望北辰。(四之四)17
在詩中的“南洋”景象,只是為了鋪墊詩人的情志表現,或由傳統詩學的“目與 景遇,情由心生”所構成,是以詩中的“南洋”想像,除了盡現蠻奴獸蹄、猨樹 象溪的蠻荒景象,楊圻較關心的仍是中國對“南洋”各地勢力之影響,以及清廷 與“南洋”的外交關係;唯在西方勢力的包圍中,被想像為中國版圖延伸的“南洋”,卻也失落在“日夕諸星出,猶知望北辰”的自我慰藉之情中。
從這些詩作中大抵窺見他們身負中國外交的“南洋”情結,處身蠻荒之地,又面對清廷的內外憂患與西方殖民強權的逼迫,除了呈現頻頻北望的焦慮,或張揚民族主義外,對現實世局實也無能為力。但在他們目光所及的“南洋”敘事詩 中,卻也留下一些作為以詩證史的作品,如黃遵憲《番客篇》即為佳例。雖然如此,“南洋”的詩中想像仍然表現著他們在中國境外的失落,此與古典南洋圖像一樣,隨著他們的離職,成了身後已然被切割的一個文學軼事。
二、古典詩中的南洋想像
反觀生於福建海澄的邱菽園(1874-1941),八歲來到新加坡,十四歲赴鄉讀書趕考,廿一歲鄉試中舉,廿二歲因父歿而返新長住,是最能於古典詩中表現在地知識與經驗的詩人。其被譽為“南洋古典文學第一人”,承繼中國傳統詩學的美學形式與抒情表述,讓他圓熟地掌握古典詩的語言習套與技藝,同時也因較長時間的在地生活而擁有足夠的在地知識與經驗,展示內在生命與本土生活的存在意向和精神表現。此與短暫寓居的左秉隆、黃遵憲、楊圻,或流亡南洋的康有為等有別。星洲成了他的死生之地,“南洋”也不是用來觀看的,其雖自號“星洲寓公”18,但他對新加坡仍具有一定的歸屬與認同感。這從他寫了不少與新加坡景觀和物情的詩作可窺見一斑,如《星洲雜感四篇》和《星洲》等,具有在地抒情的經驗表述,“連山斷處見星洲,落日帆檣萬舶收。赤道南環分北極,怒濤西下捲東流。江天鎖鑰通溟渤,蜃蛤妖腥幻市樓。策馬鐵橋風獵獵,雲中鷹隼正憑秋”19,此詩鈎勒出新加坡佔踞東西商航要道的地理位置,描繪了英殖民在海外營造出如海市蜃樓般的島嶼繁華,且是中西商業移民伺機競逐財富的樂園。這首寫於廿三歲的作品,已然顯現出邱菽園對在地知識的充份體認與瞭解,這與中國經驗框架下的“南洋”書寫,具有可辨識的差異性。
當邱菽園百萬家財散盡後,身處貧困之境而創作的數十首《星洲竹枝詞》, 更能表現其對“南洋”內涵意識的呈示。這些參雜馬來語和英語,描繪本土現實 生活景況的詩作,頗能見其本土文化的精神結構。茲試舉三首詩論析:
馬干(Makan 吃)馬莫(Mabuk 醉酒)聚餐豪,馬里(Mari 來)馬寅
(Main 戲耍)任樂陶。幸勿酒狂喧馬己(Maki 辱罵),何妨三馬(Sama 一
起)吃同槽。
呼天為證緞鴉拉(Tuan Allah 上蒼),不敢巫風(Bohong 說謊)半句差。例外亞淹(Ayam 雞)遭枉死,便宜息訟去孫巴(Sumpah 發誓)。
董岸(Tangan 手)修光十爪奇,強分左右別高低。須知答禮無需左, 右手方拈加里(Kari)雞。20
竹枝詞一般不避俚俗,詼諧成趣,也不以莊雅為重,主要用以書寫地方風物、生活習俗,在傳統詩學中向來被視為俗調,不入詩歌雅馴之堂,但在“南洋”,它卻成了“在地”詩言主體的正聲,頗能深刻展現詩歌“在地感性”(Sense of Local)的特色。邱菽園的這一類詩,可謂翻轉了古典詩的語言,其馬來語音譯的混雜性,形成一種完全陌生的符號,若無馬來原文註記,必然讓人讀之不知所云。這樣的書寫雖以遊戲為之,不意卻也隔開了中原音韻的語言習套之束縛,並開啟馬華本土文學的奇聲異調,成了馬華古典詩另類而獨特的聲音。
在邱菽園之前,雖有一些流寓詩人曾作此類詩,如提倡詩界革命而鼓勵以“我手寫我口”、注入新語言新派詩的黃遵憲,就曾在《新嘉坡雜詩》第四首中, 滲入英語和馬來語作詩。在 1926 年,流寓詩人賴逋泓發表於邱菽園主編《南洋商報 • 商餘》版的《晚秋旅感》,就是混雜許多馬來語音的詩作,如:
一年拉咭(Lekas 迅速)又重陽,粦亦(Ringgit 錢)驅人盡日忙。辜負加基(Kaki 腳)空夜爛(Jalan 行走),阮郎依舊嘆哥商(Kosong 空)。
天涯浪跡感輸沙(Susah 艱難),捨影(Sayang 惋嘆)韻光兩鬢華。古打(Kuda 馬)脛皮人已老,吟鞭何日布鈴(Pulang 返回)家。
May 22, 2022
Paris En mémoire
(續上)清乾嘉年間,“南洋”作為專用名詞,如南洋國、南洋語、南洋人、南洋貿易、南洋商船等,已在各種文獻中出現;及至晚清民初,許多書報、刊物、社團、學校、商行,更競相以“南洋”二字冠名,成為一時潮流,可是對“南洋”的地理範圍,依舊是眾說紛紜,各自表 述。3 至 1961 年,許雲樵《南洋史》做了一個比較明確的界說:
南洋者,中國南方之海洋也,在地理上,本為一曖昧名詞,範圍無嚴格之規定,現以華僑集中之東南亞各地為南洋。4
“南洋”一詞遂以東南亞為範疇,不再是“合天地”的廣漠無極。5 然而許氏所表述的“南洋”,乃“中國南方之海洋”以及“華僑”的集中地。“南洋”在中國視域下,不只是單純的地理方位概念,也是具有政治身份與文化意識的組稱,“南洋”與“華僑”更形成被中國意識化的想像共同體。一如王賡武指出,“華僑”具有強烈的政治意涵,通過中國人大量流寓或旅居“南洋”,也將中國版圖無形地擴展到“南洋”,並由此與中國聯結為親密的關係。6
在東南亞許多國家尚未獨立前,“南洋”的發明具有象徵性符號,混雜著中國政治、經濟、文化與歷史地理的想像認知。它形成一套象徵系統,在中國的目光下,總脫離不了中國經驗的界說,尤其在文化上,“南洋”屬於蠻荒瘴癘之邦,經由傳統華夷之辨的文化觀照,是需要教化和改造之地。從陳倫炯《南洋記》就可窺見其對當地風土人物的視域心理,如其沿著大哖、吉連丹、丁噶呶、彭亨諸地所見的“番皆‘無來由’族類,不識義禮。裸體挾刃,下圍幅幔”7。這樣一幅“無來由”(Melayu 馬來人)圖像,清楚展示了文化尊卑的差異,後來許多文人的“南洋”想像,都脫離不了這樣的文化心理認知。
古典詩與“南洋”的相遇,最早可追溯到明正統元年(1436)。費信《星槎正覽》書中記載不少與“南洋”人物、民俗風情和地理環境有關之作,如《滿剌 加國》、《九洲山》、《龍牙門》與《彭坑國》等。詩中顯現的“居民如附蟻,椎髻 似猴容”、“短衫常覆體,形貌不堪觀”、“居人為擄易,番舶往來難”、“嬴似漆膚 體,椎髻布纏頭”等,描繪出當地居民的生活樣貌與形態,也展示他們的風土習 俗與信仰,凸顯“南洋”作為異質空間的特殊色彩與意象。但在這些詩中,他們 念茲在茲的仍是“焉知施禮樂,立教序彝倫”、“採伐勞天使,回朝獻帝王”和 “蠻戎欽帝德,金錶貢神州”8 等人文教化目的,畢竟出自巡遊的官吏之筆,其政教的凝視無疑比採集異地風物更為重要。因此在這些詩作背後,自也隱含著王朝天威的弘揚意旨,以及華夏中心的文化意識,使得這些具有“南洋”面貌的古 典詩,在中國文化與政治權力空間的認知結構中,成了標準的政教風土意義的作品。這經由中國視角下所展現的異質特色,在採詩觀風的傳統中,無疑將“南洋”番人番邦圖像建構成一個足以讓人獵奇的想像世界。
是此,這樣的“南洋”想像一直成為南來士宦與官巡者在詩歌中的吟詠系譜,“南洋”的草木和景物在這些文人詩客的書寫中,常常映現一種遙遠的異國情調。當他們的身體流動到“南洋”,同時也帶來中國經驗的視覺位置,使得他們詩作中的“南洋”符號,展現為中國意識下製造的古典美學。如十九世紀末, 中國駐新加坡第一任領事左秉隆(1850-1924),身處“鴃舌聽他蠻作語,鵝毛寫彼蟹行文”9 的“南蠻”之地和英殖民之所,對“俗尚狉獉,人多渾噩”的“叻地”
(新加坡),冀望通過“施於德禮”10 的文化宣教,進行變風易俗的華化工作,以期華人群體在英殖民統治的境域中,仍不忘對中國文化與政治的認同。因此,左秉隆詩描寫的新加坡景象,依然不忘將它與中國緊密連結一起,如“息力新開島, 帆檣笑四方。左復中國海,酉接九州鄉。野竹冬仍翠,幽花夜更香。誰憐雲水裡,孤鶴一身藏。”11 野竹常翠,幽花更香,正是引譬(僑民)族群認同與中華文化屬性的自我肯定,這也是他身為清廷外交官的職責。當“南洋”被安置於中國 經驗的內在結構裏,左秉隆也不經意地封緘“南洋”的真實圖景,遮蔽了本土情 境,例如《吉隆坡溫泉》、《遊檳榔嶼極樂寺》、《柔佛王宮早眺》等,只是徒具本土景觀題名,詩中展現的依舊是中國古典情調的感覺結構。即使較為貼近馬來亞景觀的《雪蘭莪途次作》詩,從聯邦鐵軌、採錫谷阬到萬山焦木的景象描寫,最後卻還是掉進“太息中原多曠土,諸公袞袞失經營”12 的帝國衰頹景象與對故國的關懷之中。
類此“南洋”書寫的型態,同樣出現在身職外交官的黃遵憲(1848-1905) 與楊圻(1875-1941)詩作中。尤其黃遵憲最具詩名,乃晚清詩壇大家,他於1891 年接替左秉隆新加坡總領事一職,在任三年期間,促動他寫了不少“南洋” 風土民情、時事、作物與水果花卉之作,13 如《以蓮菊桃雜供一瓶作歌》,以清廷使節的目光透視多元族群相處一地,並在殖民者壓迫下的生活面貌與存在狀態,詩中以瓶喻示英殖民下的新加坡,以蓮、菊、桃隱喻黃種、白種與黑種人族群,在分而治之的族群階序中,形成彼此間的猜疑與矛盾現象。詩曰:
一花驚喜初相見,四千餘歲甫識面;一花自顧還自猜,萬里絕域我能來;一花退立如局縮,人太孤高我慚俗;一花傲睨如居居,了更嫵媚非粗疏。有時背面互猜忌,非我族類心必異;有時並肩相愛憐,得成眷屬都有緣;有時低眉若飲泣,偏是同根煎太急;有時仰首翻躊躇,欲去非種誰能鋤;有時俯水嗔不語,誰滋他族來逼處;有時微笑臨春風,來者不拒何不容。14(下續)
May 22, 2022
Paris En mémoire
辛金順·南洋作為一種想像的方式——論文摘要·馬華古典詩是中國古典詩的延伸,從早期屬於中國外交、考察之用,及至十九世紀末成為官巡、士族流寓和政治流亡裏“文學情感”與“中國經驗”的產物。他們在遷徙過程中進入南洋此一“異質空間”的詩作,往往與在地景物組構成了一種存在的詩學,他們詩作中的“南洋”意象,純為“中國經驗”下的情感投射,並不具有實質的“在地內涵”。二十世紀初南來的文人,他們的創作思維,仍固定於傳統中國的詩學模式或意識形態,詩中的生命情境,脫離了在地現實的生活和文化歷史。故憂鬱熱帶,草木有情,江山共悲,被置換成對原鄉的一種瞻望。“南洋”,在“中國經驗”的收編下,仍然揮不去華夏中心主義,而僑民、僑居地詩人的“南洋想像”,無疑又陷落於一種詩學技術的情感生產中,指向“在地”意義的空無。然而,當馬來(西)亞成了有國號、馬華古典詩人成了有國籍的國民,他們詩中除了大量複製北風金露、春華秋月、瑞雪紛飛的情景之外,是否存有對“在地”敞開生命之思?其“在地”經驗和意識如何在詩中展現? “南洋”作為古典詩的一種想像方式,又與南來的前輩有何不同? 此為本論文主要探索的核心問題。
前言
馬華古典詩是中國古典詩向南方傳播或移植的文學資產,其間涉及知識權力展演和文化美學傳承的理念,尤其從早期屬於中國外交、考察,及至十九世紀末英殖民時期的官巡、士宦流寓和政治流亡等,都曾經在這一片蠻荒未開、文明未啟的草萊狀態中,以古典詩書寫他們視域下的“南洋”。所以,“南洋”這個符號不只表徵著一個地理空間或方位,也隱含著權力糾結的意識。在古典詩歌的述行(Performative)中,它成了他者心境感發的經驗投射,以及一種觀看方式的選擇。 這些南來的文人士族,在進入“南洋”此一異質空間時,往往以個人的“中國經驗”,透過在地景物而組構成一種敘事或抒情式的存在詩學。易言之,處於地理時空的轉移裏,他們詩中的“南洋”意象,往往只是“中國經驗”下的情感投射,並不具有實質的“在地內涵”,符號化的“南洋”,在而“不在”的,成了詩作符號裏空洞的能指(Signifier)。二十世紀初的南來文人,在他們的創作思維中仍固定於傳統中國的詩學模式,或意識形態的展現;詩中的生命情境,脫離了在地現實的生活和文化歷史,而寄託於故國之思。因此,憂鬱熱帶,草木有情,江山共悲,被置換成對原鄉的瞻望。是此,本文將試圖通過《叻報》創刊(左秉隆被派駐為新加坡第一任領事)的 1881 年為起始,至日本入侵並佔據馬來亞、新加坡前的 1940 年為止,以這時期數位重要的古典詩人詩作,作為思辨與探討馬華古典詩的在地意識問題,期以作為日後馬華古典詩創作的另一類思考。
一、中國視域下的南洋與南洋想像
在中國視域下對“南洋”的地理與文化位置總是充滿著神秘與蠻荒的想像。從歷史學的知識指涉,“南洋”一詞向來具有曖昧和模糊的界說,如馮承鈞據陳 倫炯《海國聞見錄》一書指出,它最早見於清雍正年間,所涉範圍極廣,包含 “小西洋”的印度、歐洲,乃至東南海洋的呂宋蘇祿,並延及安南佔區馬來半島 之間。1 丘炫煜據明代胡宗憲所輯《籌海圖編》、鄭若曾《鄭開陽雜著》、茅元儀《武備誌》三部古書,將“南洋”概念的出現和形成,推延到明代中葉,認為其 源自“南海”一詞,於明清之際得到普遍使用,又經西方商人與傳教士的引入, 形構了“南洋”的指認;然而,“南海”地理位置的界定,卻是指向江南岸外海域,就地理概念而言,卻是寬廣且含糊不清的。2 (辛金順·南洋作為一種想像的方式-論馬華古典詩(1881-1941)的在地意識,馬來西亞漢學刊(第二期)2018年8月(頁3-14)金寶:馬來西亞漢學研究會【馬新漢詩研究】)
May 23, 2022
Paris En mémoire
蘭芳共和國年譜簡編——161劉壽山葬禮之後,東印度公司強行改變共和國的金礦、稅收、刑法案件審判權,並拆毀共和國的旗桿,占據共和國總部,該官員隨即被蘭芳共和國處死。並焚毀了東印度公司派駐共和國的官吏住所。共和國開始組織起十餘萬人的多路武裝力量準備抵抗,並囤積了足夠一年用的糧食,一部分婦孺被舒散到砂撈越,當地馬來族人和達雅克人都支持共和國的抵抗。
162 1885年1月,荷印鎮壓軍隊的援軍才派到蘭芳共和國,一接觸即為梁露二(梁路義)的共和國武裝擊退,退守坤甸。荷印政權請坤甸蘇丹說和,被共和國拒絕。後增兵二千,扭轉戰局。
163 1886年,東印度公司再增兵三千,仍為蘭芳共和國擊退。荷師敗績,不稍退,乃賄土酋,使土番來襲,不得逞。又賄敗類引道來襲,卒以強弱懸殊不敵,議政廳旋毀,改作武帝廟。摘去旗幟牌板等,蘭芳遺物被保存在雅加達博物館中,到上個世紀初溫雄飛先生尚見到。
164 1886年,光緒十二年,梁路義率蘭芳國民,堅持抗戰兩年。為叛徒劉恩官、鄭正信、葉汀凡、吳桂三、郭亞威、余康、黃福元、陳和二、羅撒庭、林粥唐等所算,軍火不繼,眾寡不敵,戰敗。梁路義出亡吉隆坡。
165 1887年,羅義伯率軍繼續抵抗,東印度公司兵敗走高坪,不得不與羅義伯領導的蘭芳共和國軍劃界而治。
166 1888年,蘭芳共和國軍戰敗。由於黃福源、吳桂二的出賣,共和國軍被包圍,擊戰四個月後,因彈盡糧絕而大部犧牲。
167 1888年,荷蘭人拆毀東萬律蘭芳共和國總廳大廳。
168 1885年9月,施好古寫成《婆羅洲的中國公司》一文,認為一百年來,荷蘭人在婆羅洲僅享有名義上的統治權,並未真正統治過婆羅洲。認為婆羅洲華人公司是有行政管理權、司法權、政治權的組織,脫離祖國而獨立。是絕對民主的,對君主專制有可靠、有效的抵銷作用。
169 施好古說雖然鎮壓了華人的起義,但是鎮壓軍卻陷入了比公開起義更為可怕的潛伏勢力包圍之中,華人秘密社會的威脅使他們提心吊膽,甚至在辦公室中也會感覺到它的威脅。並認為華人秘密會社與中國秘密會社有同樣的徽號、宗旨(反清)、印章、名稱。婆羅洲華人公司的名稱叫義興公司,與大陸的完全一致。還有三點會。
170 施好古說,邦加、勿里洞、廖內等地幾乎全為華人。
171 退往蘇門答臘的蘭芳國民一直往西邊遷徙,並於馬來西亞半島定居。
172《年冊》由蘭芳公司最後一任首領劉阿生的女婿葉湘雲編撰。1885年,荷印政府派駐西婆羅洲的翻譯高延得到葉祥雲抄錄的《蘭芳年冊》副本,著成《婆羅洲華人公司制度》,書中把華人建立的所有公司一律稱為共和國。
173 蘭芳滅國後,劉壽山之子劉恩官(年已及冠、其父欲傳位與之)逃到日里棉蘭,蘭芳國的田賦冊、審案卷宗等蘭芳國檔案材料一同被攜至,多人曾親見。
174 1894年,劉壽山之婿、劉恩官之姐夫嘉應州張煜南出任清朝駐檳榔嶼副領事,後者有《海國公餘輯錄》,卷六有《海國詠事詩婆羅洲》十二首,其一云:地辟羅江百里長,公司昔日立蘭芳。二十年客長人爭敬,碑記今猶豎道旁。
175 19世紀末,荷蘭人最終建立起對婆羅洲西部二十多個馬來王國的統治。
176 1905年,梁啟超先生作《中國殖民八大偉人傳》發表在《新民叢報》63期上,一般認為羅芳伯和蘭芳共和國自此為眾人所知 。
177 1912年,荷蘭人正式宣布西婆羅洲為其殖民地帝國的部分領土。
178 1912年,東印度公司始正式宣布佔領西婆羅洲。
179 1912年,僑居坤甸的廣東法政學員林鳳超著《坤甸歷史》一書,記錄蘭芳公司史事。
180 1912年,馬來西亞吉隆坡有一名李玉昌的富商,原來曾任蘭芳共和國的參謀,蘭芳滅國後,逃至吉隆坡,經商致富,時年已七十餘歲,每每對人言,蘭芳不復,誓不歸中原。(原載:百度百科)
May 27, 2022
Paris En mémoire
蘭芳共和國年譜簡編——140.1854年,大港公司主動撤出蒙脫拉度地區,在蘭芳公司劉壽山的阻擊之後,仍到達石隆門,與三條溝公司匯合。
140 1854年,荷印政府派安特生(Andresen)領兵將婆羅洲“華人殖民地”全部消滅。
141 建立起荷印政府的霸權。遭到華人的頑強抵抗。華人表現出了高度的軍事素質。
142 1854年,荷華戰爭中,蘭芳公司站在荷印政府一邊,荷印政府同意保存蘭芳共和國獨立權到其首領劉阿生(即劉壽山)死亡為止。並且認為整個20至40年代的武裝干涉中,蘭芳公司都是配合荷印政府的。
143 1853年至1854年的戰爭中,其它公司的年冊都散失了。也可能藏在巴達維亞或陸軍部的檔案裏,假如沒有被白蟻毀壞的話。
144 其它公司的年鑒和年冊全部喪失。
145 1856年,西婆羅洲華人約237780人,很多華人遷往沙撈越。
146 1856年,乾興十一年,丙辰歲,劉生與荷官阿物思德里山往見駐巴達維亞之荷蘭總督。先是荷人已劫得三色條約字據,謂劉生曰:河東地,當屬荷國。劉生謂,依約實屬蘭芳。荷人曰:約文安在,可照約勘驗。劉生不能對,荷人復乘機以金銀等物相餌,劉生用與訂立密約,盡割所屬各地,僅留東萬律大廳地界。所得銀物,悉歸私囊,而蘭芳大總制民庶,未之知也。即劉生諸子與女婿,亦不悉私約究竟,各欲爭長其地,而趨奉荷蘭。荷蘭知其虛實,故能操縱如意,無所懼焉。
147 1857年,沙撈越華人大起義,是蒙脫拉度華人反抗的繼續。失敗後,有些人潛回蒙脫拉度地區,恢復了一部分金礦開采業。
148 1858年,克魯生將軍(General Kroesen)向荷印政府移交婆羅洲西岸政權。
149 1850年代,一些蘭芳公司和大港公司的華人逃到沙撈越石隆門。
150 19世紀50年代,在西婆羅洲華人礦業走向衰落時,沙撈越的華人采礦業卻方興未艾。人數已達十萬人。
151 1873年,乾興二十八年,乙亥歲,劉生退位,以計立其子亮官。
152 1878年,乾興三十三年,庚辰歲,劉亮官病死,不由共弟恩官繼位,而由劉生復位。
153 1880年,蒙脫拉度原來大港公司由石隆門返回的那批人,再次起義,五年後被完全鎮壓。
154 1880—1883年,蘭芳國還充滿了生機。
155 劉阿生(劉壽山)甲太,直接傳位給自己的兒子。
156 1884年,乾興三十九年,甲申歲,秋八月初旬,劉生以事至坤甸新埠頭,沽疾數日,遂卒。荷官假思粦名加撻者,乘劉生家屬扶柩東歸,出其不備,據東萬律,折毀大廳前桅桿,撕蘭芳國旗,並迫劉氏家屬交出蘭芳大總制歷代印信,下令不得再推舉總長。人心大憤,有義士梁路義者,於九月四日,率眾與戰,斬荷將阿成堅,克復總廳,殺荷人無數。
157 甲申九月初五日,東帝隆之關都力荷官,用林粥唐言,謂東萬律梁路義無備,遂率隊深入,華人中有童子戴月蘭、丘耀郎、賴有傳者,適遊獵遇之,發鳥槍相擊,荷兵倉卒驚遁,其關都力為所擊斃。
158 巴達維亞荷人總督懼中國問罪,革加撻官職,以慰坤甸華民,不敢以為直屬領地,後見中國置若不聞,不加保護,始將蘭芳國舊屬各地,畫為坤甸土酋版圖。
159 1884年10月3日,蘭芳共和國總長廳移交荷印政府。荷印政府派駐東萬律的縣官利茲克(J.C.Rijk)在東萬律就職。
160 1884年10月23日,荷印政府派駐東萬律的縣官利茲克(J.C.Rijk)被華人殺死。蘭芳共和國人民由於不滿劉壽山與荷印政權簽定的密約。發動規模宏大的反荷起義,整個東萬律地區全部起義。荷印政府先派出府尹(Resident)、軍官、官員和五百多名軍人,後又派一個加強師組成鎮壓軍。將起義鎮壓在大屠殺中。(轉載自:百度百科))
May 28, 2022
Paris En mémoire
120 1845年,葉騰輝去職,劉乾興繼任第十任總制,他也不到總廳辦公。
121 1846年,蘭芳七十年,丙午歲,眾舉劉鼎為總長,鼎名乾興,以傳位及已,遂改元為乾興元年。即與萬那土酋大戰,為所敗績。蓋自葉騰輝不住大廳所以來,人心渙散,劉鼎效之,大廳益壞,兵備日虛,荷蘭人與土人,交為侵略反叛,而國遂不可為矣。
122 1846年,丙午年以後,蘭芳公司又與萬那蘇丹開戰,損耗頗多,而無所得。公司人口和收入也日趨減少。
123 1847年,蘭芳公司推舉劉阿生赴巴達維亞交涉,試圖恢復喪失的權利,但劉生重新走上劉臺二的道路,出賣公司利益。李添全、郭亞真為首的二百多華人發起反劉運動,占據東萬律,劉阿生出逃坤甸。但由於叛徒出賣,李添全被剌殺,起義失敗,五十多人被流放亞齊。劉阿生的地位進一步鞏固。
124 1847年,乾興二年,丁未歲,荷人放劉鼎於邦戛,劫其所守三色守條約,以劉生為甲太,時道光二十七年,公元一八四七年也。劉生又名壽山。
125 1848年,劉乾興去職,劉生繼任第十一任總制。
126 1848年,西婆羅洲出口黃金值12400英鎊。
127 1848年,婆羅洲華人礦場生產總值為130萬盾。
128 1850年7月,西婆羅洲勢力最強大的公司──大港公司,攻擊其勁敵三條溝公司(其首邑在昔邦 Sipang)的成員,並把他們逐出色米尼士鎮(Seminis),其中一些三條溝公司成員向北逃命,另外一些則逃到邦戛(Pamangat)後,派一急差到坤甸向荷蘭人求救。平時,荷蘭人已經跟大港公司發生過不少沖突,而事件發生在其境內的三發蘇丹國,卻處在荷蘭人的控制下。
於是,荷蘭人派兵馳援,卻遲了一天。個荷軍抵達邦戛時,發現三條溝公司的總廳被敵人炸毀,其部分人員越過三發河逃生,得到蘭芳公司人員的照顧。原來蘭芳公司本身是大港公司的勁敵,也是荷蘭人的盟友。其他的三條溝人員則逃往砂勞越,並與來自色米尼士鎮的同僚相會合。這批人員構成了流落於砂勞越石隆門地區的三千多名難民。有趣的是,在石隆門的三條溝首領是劉善邦。時至今日,人們相信他是石隆門的開發功臣。他的神主牌至今仍保存著,而且在石隆門舉行的一切節日慶典中,他的名字總被提到。
129 1850年,大港公司按約向東印度公司索回邦夏一帶租用的土地,這些土地位於三發海口,東印度公司不願歸還。大港公司據理力爭,東印度公司惱羞成怒,發動侵略戰爭。鄭洪領導大港公司獲得勝利,收復了邦戛,但他自己卻犧牲了,華僑在蒙脫拉度立忠臣廟(後改忠義祠)供奉。東印度公司駐坤甸縣長向被劉壽山篡奪了領導權的蘭芳公司求援,得到支持。大港公司腹背受敵,聯合十五分、霖田兩公司重新成立和順總廳苦戰。
130. 1850年,荷印殖民政府派遣軍隊征服打勞鹿的和順總廳(以大港公司為首),雙方進行了長達四年的“公司戰爭”,最終消滅了獨立自治的大港等公司,惟有東萬律的蘭芳公司得以幸存。
131 1850年,東印度公司對大港公司開戰,三條溝公司三百五十戶農民遷到沙撈越。後又能一批金礦工人遷至,加入到三條溝原來在石隆門的金礦中。對布魯克政權采取拒絕態度。
132 1850年,荷印政府在婆羅洲與華人共和國重啟戰端。
133 1850年,乾興五年,庚戌歲鹿邑大港公司與荷人大戰大捷,克復邦戛。先是邦戛與坤甸西北部,為荷人所奪,至是大港公司同胞起師與戰,大捷,克復邦戛。
134 1851年,乾興六年,辛亥歲,劉生與萬那土酋修好,以采文蘭金剛石也。先是劉生欲與萬那修好,其酋長不肯與會,至是先使通款,酋始許之,劉生遂率五百余人,前往文蘭采礦。其王牙城初無華人僑居,至是以開采金鋼石諸礦,頓成商埠。
135.1852年,乾興七年,壬子歲,劉生率兵助荷人拒大港同胞,擒其首以獻荷蘭東印度公司。先是劉生嗣位,其女婿葉湘雲(字汀帆)偽造謠言,謂加巴士河水嘗澄清,故愚者頗望其有所作為,至是始知劉氏翁婿,實皆叛徒。然國事既壞,大勢岌岌,無可挽矣。
136 1852年,布魯克政權開始在石隆門附近修築炮臺,準備侵略。
137 1854年,婆羅洲各共和國聯兵與荷蘭人血戰。華人各國戰敗滅亡,惟蘭芳國尚存,自治權喪失。國家受到戰爭的嚴重破壞,歷年積存的史料幾乎全部毀於戰火。
138 1854年,西婆羅洲華人估計有490,000人。
139 1854年7月25日,大港公司全部約六七千人,從蒙脫拉度主動撤退,並將蒙脫拉度全部焚毀,使東印度公司的侵略者一無所得。
May 29, 2022
Paris En mémoire
100 1826年,東印度公司以免除上年人頭稅為條件換得劉臺二被釋。
101 1830年,滿和公司移至萬那,和順公司僅剩大港、坑尾、新屋三公司。
102 1830年以後,為了對付東印度公司的封鎖,大港公司開始提倡種水稻,班戛(Pamangkar)一帶最多。三條溝公司甚至全改從事農業。
103 1831年,東印度公司和蘭芳公司合作控制萬那地區的金礦。東印度公司派軍將礦場從打勞鹿公司華人手中奪來交給蘭芳公司,貸款扶助蘭芳公司開礦,收購采出的黃金。
104 1834年,劉臺二陪同東印度公司坤甸副專員到kapoeas上遊考察,力求促進內陸貿易的發展。
105 1834年,新加坡的英國人接到和順公司願意互通貿易的消息,和順公司試圖以此打破荷蘭人的封鎖。英國人派通馬來語的愛爾前去談判。愛爾發現,除去三發和坤甸兩個小據點被東印度公司占據外,兩據點之間的長廣百英里的地帶上遍布華僑公司。
大港公司極有組織能力。蒙脫拉度地區有一條長達四分之三英里的大街,總督府位於市區的另一端。衣著鮮明的總督和官員都來迎接他,並鳴禮炮三響,以示禮遇。五十多個各區代表和公司官員與愛爾會談新加坡通商事宜。愛爾認為總督有極高的政治敏感性,公司這種形式是適合華人社會的。公司既不受滿清領導,也不受荷蘭人控制,有完全的獨立性。荷蘭人建立統治的企圖已完全破產。
整個大港公司被分成若干區域,每一區域由若干民選的代表處理日常行政事務,所有成年男性都有選舉權。各區代表有權處理本區內的司法案件,但死刑要得到總督的同意。只要能得到選民的信任,代表的任期無限,但選 民可以隨時撤換他們不信任的代表。各區域的代表組成公司,再選出總督,總督有權處理內政外交事務,但重大事務經預先征求公司的意見。
106 1836年2月4日,新加坡自由報轉載新月刊八月份的一篇文章,稱婆洲華人公司時用到了“獨立政府”、“中國政府”的詞匯,可能是蘭芳公司為國家的最早出處。其他英荷文獻有稱之為共和國的。
107 1837年,劉臺二去世,領導層在繼任者人選上發生分裂,有的主張推劉臺二期許的嘉應州武庠生生謝桂芳,有的反對,最後由古六伯任第七任總制。
108 1838年,兩個會講閩南方言的美國傳教士多第和波爾門到西加里曼丹,發現除沿海一些地區有閩南方言人外,內地全為客家人。大港公司仍有兩萬人,他們提出行醫辦學的要求,公司答復行醫可以,辦學則因“公司勝任,不需要幫助”。因為蒙脫拉度已有四所小學校。傳教士離開時,每人還受贈三枚金戒指,每個值八美元。傳教士到了三條溝公司,仍有萬人之巨。而蘭芳公司已近崩潰。
東萬律有兩條交錯成十字街長四分之一英里,很寬大,街邊的房屋都很整齊美觀,但人少得如同霍亂之後的美國城鎮,房屋都空著。公司領導人說人口僅四千余人。東印度公司解釋是由於華人公司之間的武裝衝突所至,但兩個傳教士卻認為是捏造,因為他們正是憑著大港公司的介紹信才得以進入蘭芳公司領域的,且因此得到了禮遇,也受贈了兩枚金戒指。田汝康認為是由於蘭芳公司向東印度公司投降得到了如此窘境。
109 1838年,蘭芳公司甲太下轄九個甲必丹:東萬律、萬那、佇喃、沙拉蠻、喃吧哇、八閣亭、淡水港、坤甸、新浦頭。
110 1841年,此前,三條溝公司已與沙撈越蘇丹的代理人談妥了石隆門金礦的開采事宜。等到布魯克被任命為拉甲之後,三條溝公司拒絕承認,也沒有讓他從中得到什麼好處。布魯克認為昔邦(Sepamg三條溝公司總部所在地)“華人政府”和他之間早晚有一場戰爭,三條溝公司會與大港公司聯合對付他。
111 1841年,蒙脫拉度的三條溝公司同沙勞越蘇丹簽定協定,派出350戶華工在沙撈越石隆門組織分公司采金,負責人是劉善邦。後來又有太平軍余部前來。
112 1842年,壬寅歲,公司與萬那蘇丹國開戰,失敗,萬那和新港兩處公館失陷,耗費巨大,公司元氣自此大傷。東印度公司斡旋停戰。
113 1842年,蘭芳六十六年,壬寅歲,萬那土人反叛,六伯與之大戰,餉械不繼,敗績。眾以六伯無能,迫之解職,六伯回國。
114 1842年,古六伯見蘭芳國勢艱難,辭職返華。謝桂芳(謝銘銓)接任第八任總制,年已老邁,且有風疾,八個月後去世。
115 1843年,蘭芳六十七年,癸卯歲,眾舉謝桂芳為大唐總長,八月後去世。
116 1842年,由於東印度公司的挑動,蘭芳公司和土番發生衝突,喪失了萬那和新港兩地。
117 1842年,東印度公司假借蘇丹之名,向大港公司勒索黃金,大港公司處決了勒索者,並將來信當眾焚毀。此堅決回擊的舉動甚至連沙撈越的布魯克都感到棘手。
118 1843年,葉騰輝繼任第九任總制,掌權者商人葉騰輝,似有義務性質,家人常住東萬律,葉有事則公辦,無事則經商。據傳說雙峰林道乾的子孫後代與部分土著達雅克人通謀作亂,往征之。雙峰離東萬律約有二日半路程。所費較巨,但葉對於此事未與他人商議,不合民治精神,被譏為獨裁。葉引咎辭職返華。葉臨行時,留信一件致管帳員劉壽山,囑為繼任者。
119 1844年,蘭芳六十八年,甲辰歲,眾舉葉騰輝為總長。
May 30, 2022
Paris En mémoire
71萊弗士估計1810年華人公司的生產總值達370萬西班牙銀元。
72 1811年,江戊伯大哥去世,宋插伯大哥繼任為第五任總制。承平之世,安享太平。
73 1812年,蘭芳三十六年,壬申歲,夏戊伯病卒,時嘉慶十七年也。眾推宋插伯嗣位,葬戊伯於東萬律上橋頭。插伯為嘉應州白渡堡(今梅州梅縣區白渡鎮)人,與芳伯、戊伯、四伯為結義兄弟,當時稱羅江闕宋四大頭人。
74 1812年,韓特調查的結果是僅從坤甸一港口出口的黃金就有三到四個布克(一布克為一百三十三又三分之一鎊)。
75 1812年,婆羅洲華人礦場出口黃金532鎊。
76 1812年,婆羅洲華人礦場生產總值約474.4萬西班牙銀元。
77 1818年,三發蘇丹阿布;巴加;達如亭(Abou bakar tadjoudin)向雅加達的荷印政府求援,要求派兵攻打獨立的華人政權。荷印政府派兵前往,但無力鎮壓,只是造成了一種休戰局面。
78 1819年,蘭芳公司在發展戰略上發生分岐。宋大哥等人主張反擊東印度公司對西婆羅洲的滲透,提議攻打荷蘭東印度公司控制的坤甸地區。劉臺二等人主張聯合荷蘭東印度公司與番人和和順公司爭奪金礦,劉臺二得到較多支持。荷印政府特使訪問東萬律,兩國立約規定蘭芳共和國改掛荷蘭國旗,荷蘭東印度公司則支持蘭芳公司的擴展。
79 1819年,東印度公司特使Nahuys訪問東萬律,宋插伯與他簽署了在蘭芳公司礦區使用荷蘭國國旗的條約。
80 1820年,謝清高於澳門著《海錄》一書,其中昆甸國條為介紹蘭芳共和國最早的中文資料。
81 1821年,蘭芳四十五年,辛是歲,插伯病卒。劉臺二嗣位,時道光元年。臺二亦嘉應州人。時荷蘭人北上,蘭芳大總制各屬地,多為所奪。乃以利誘劉生往瓜哇巴達維亞,陽示優寵,臺二喜之,而不知遂墮其計。
82 1822年,三條溝、泰和、十五分公司又從和順總公司分出。
83 1822年,東萬律的蘭芳公司、蒙脫拉度的和順公司、西紐宜斯(seminis)的三條溝公司被荷蘭人稱為三大共和國。
84 1822年(或以為1823年),劉臺二率領使團到坤甸和南吧哇,與荷蘭東印度公司談判,約定雙方各平共處,互不進攻。
85 1822年,東印度公司特使Tobis安排劉臺二和蘭芳公司其他副頭人一起到坤甸,東印度公司授予劉蘭芳公司甲大的封號,總廳及各地副頭人受封甲必丹。Tobis有手稿,至今存於海牙國立檔案館。
86 1822年(或以為1823年),宋插伯大哥被免職,不久去世,在宋大哥的葬禮上因繼位問題,公司總廳發生混亂。劉臺二在東印度公司的幫助下繼任第六任大總制。為羅太哥同時兄弟中最年幼的。劉接受“荷蘭皇帝敕封蘭芳公司甲大”的封號,其他首領受封甲必丹。蘭芳共和國開始接受荷印政府管轄,獨立自主地位喪失,成為自治共和國。
87 1822年,荷印政府首次派軍侵略蘭芳共和國。
88 1823年,東印度公司才開始能夠在西婆羅洲立足。
89 1823年,蘭芳公司出讓全部人頭稅和一半的鴉片及其它稅收權給東印度公司。東印度公司派一支十二人的軍隊進駐蘭芳公司首府東萬律。東印度公司收取八千荷盾的人頭稅。
90 1823年,西婆洲出口的黃金價值為八千萬荷蘭盾(666萬英鎊),最低估計華人年采得的黃金在一百萬盎斯以上。
91 1823年,婆羅洲華人礦場輸出黃金值667.67美元。
92 1824年,劉臺二總制受邀到達巴達維亞與荷印總督會談。東印度公司盛情款待,試圖收買他,並展示東印度公司的武力。時荷蘭人只能控制坤甸和三發兩個地區。
93 1824年,三發民政長官Hartmann請劉臺二到巴達維亞參見荷印總督。
94 1824年,蘭芳四十八年,甲申歲,荷蘭駐巴達維亞政府,以先得劉臺二默許,始設公班牙於坤甸老鋪頭,委劉臺二為甲大,以加巴士河為界,河西割屬公班牙,河東仍屬蘭芳大總制,條約字面用三色字,聲明不相侵犯。三色字者,一漢文,一巫來由文,一荷蘭文也。依條約蘭芳大總制本非屬國,乃劉臺二妄以荷蘭三色旗代蘭芳大總制長方形黃旗,謬以屬國自待。故時人為歌謠辱之:插伯企廳大差矣,州府交分臺二企。大家兄弟無見識,桅桿扯起三色旗。
95 1824年,蘭芳公司的組織機構由傳統中國型改成東印度公司形式。
96 1824年,劉臺二接受東印度公司委任為甲太,人頭稅交由東印度公司,蘭芳公司的收入僅靠煙酒等稅。
97 1825年,125名從中國來的華人被東印度公司拒絕登陸,引起蘭芳公司反劉臺二力量的不滿,他們發動起義,將劉臺二關押了一段時間,並聯合打勞鹿公司華人進攻南吧哇的東印度公司堡壘。
98 1825年,劉臺二執行東印度公司的命令拒絕125名新客在坤甸登陸,並向東印度公司請求援兵。東印度公司的軍隊被擊退。蘭芳公司將劉臺二關押起來。
99 1826年,蘭芳公司劉臺二等人與東印度公司特使談判,東印度公司取消了上年的稅收,以示支持。
May 30, 2022
Paris En mémoire
45-1776年,參加與天地會戰爭的十四家公司大港、老八分、九分頭、十三分、結聯、新八分、三條溝、滿和、新屋、坑尾、十五分、泰和、老十四分、十二分正式結盟,聯合成立和順總公司,總廳設於打勞鹿,領導人為謝結。
46 此後的蘭芳公司與和順總廳就是西婆羅洲最大的華人聯盟。英國外交部稱之為聯邦共和國。公司人口約110萬。
47 約從1776年起荷英文獻稱三發地區為“華人區域”。
48 1777年之後
49 1777年,乾隆四十二年,蘭芳元年,丁酉歲,羅芳伯受推為大唐總長,建國號曰蘭芳大總制。
50 1780年,霖田公司(亦稱霖田新樂公司)成立於蒙脫拉度,至1850年開始參加和順總公司組織。
51 除了蘭芳大總制以外,尚有戴燕王國之成立。這個王國純粹是為了羅芳伯手下最能幹的副官吳元盛將軍而建立的。吳元盛統治下的戴燕王國,有如一個封建國家。
52 1783年,吳元盛平定戴燕王國,被擁戴為國王。 [13] 《羅芳伯所建婆羅洲坤甸蘭芳大總制考》羅香林。
53 1793年6月8日,《泰晤士報》在一版頭條地位報道了蘭芳大總制共和國的建國情況指出:“蘭芳大總制共和國國力雖後於西方諸國,其意義卻不遜於1787年華盛頓當選為第一任總統、實現聯邦的美利堅合眾國的民主共和走向……”
54 1793年,蘭芳十七年,癸醜歲,羅芳伯設壇祭鱷,華夷信之,多謳歌者。
55 1794年蘭芳公司打敗喃吧哇土人建立的邦居蘭蘇丹國,將其王府夷為平地,打通東萬律到坤甸入海口的通道。邦居蘭舉國退往上萬那,與萬那土王聯合對抗蘭芳公司。蘭芳公司進圍邦居蘭、萬那兩個蘇丹國達九月之久,邦居蘭、萬那蘇丹膽破心寒,請坤甸蘇丹斡旋,與蘭芳公司以三發為界,劃定國境。是為攻克新港之役。此時西婆羅洲華人分立為蘭芳、和順兩國。蘭芳共和國國境南北三百多公里、東西四百多公里,約等於十個臺灣島。於各交通要道都立柵自衛。 [16]
56 羅芳伯派一名叫黃安八的廣東鎮平縣(今蕉嶺)人,帶著羅芳伯夫人捐出的金銀首飾去采購糧食,黃安八竟然卷款逃了,羅芳伯從此立誓:今後蘭芳的“太哥”位置,只能由嘉應州本屬來的人繼任,而副首領,則由大埔人接任。其他各處的頭人、尾哥、老太等職,就不限地域種族了。 [7]
57 羅芳伯在婆羅洲立國之後,曾回梅州石扇老家探親,帶回一包金銀首飾,分送給村里的父老鄉親。
58 當時坤甸西北一帶,有華人三十萬或二十萬,他們的中心城市是敏得拉打(三巴士的南方)
59 1793年以前,謝清高到蘭芳國,親見羅大哥事跡。
60 1795年10月24日,首任元首羅芳伯崩逝,葬東萬律,享年58歲。南洋有些地方的華人尊之為“大伯公”神。江戊伯繼位為第二任總制。身長體大,武略超群,曾一刀連斬十八顆番人之頭。
61 1799年,江戊伯大哥辭職,返回中國。闕四伯大哥繼任為第三任總制。
62 1799年之後,各地番人聯合侵略蘭芳國境。江戊伯大哥由中國返回蘭芳,闕四伯請江大哥出面彈壓。江大哥命令喃吧哇王室自為約束。番人聞江大哥之名即不敢放肆,此後三十余年,死心踏地。蘭芳共和國得安享太平三十余年。
63 18世紀末,婆羅洲華人礦工有100000-320000人。
64 19世紀初,婆羅洲華人礦工有530000人。19世紀中期約有250000人。 [17]
65 1800年,蘭芳二十四年,庚申歲,戊伯退閑養老,回祖國省親,由闕四伯攝位。
66 1801年到1814年,印度從西婆洲進口黃金年均12462盎斯,價值52966英鎊。
67 1803年,闕四伯大哥去世,江戊伯大哥再任為第四任總制。
68 1803年,蘭芳二十七年,癸亥歲,坤甸土人復反。先是土人畏懼戊伯,至是聞戊伯去國,乃相約反叛,四伯屢戰不利,嗣位四年,兵革相從,迄無寧日。
69 1804年,蘭芳二十八年,甲子歲,江戊伯由祖國復反坤甸,回任總長,即出兵征討反者,師次冒頓黎烏,依萬帝隆港而陣。適有土人架小舟而下,戊伯詰之何往,土人驚懼,答去喃吧哇人。戊伯即令傳喃吧哇蘇丹來銅陵,責令約束土人,無得騷亂,蘇丹與土民相率降服。復相安無事。
70 1807至1808年間,老八分、九分頭、十三分、接運、新八分、老十四分、十二分七公司因故停歇。和順總公司余大港、坑尾、新屋、滿和、十五分、泰和、三條溝七公司。
May 31, 2022
Paris En mémoire
20 1740年到1745年間,南吧哇(mampawa)蘇丹巴內姆帕汗(Panembahan)從文萊招了二十名華工,到百富院土里(S·Duri)河一帶開采金礦。三發(Sambas)蘇丹奧馬爾·阿拉木丁起而效仿,將爐末和拉臘金礦租給華人。
21 三發蘇丹每年從華人金礦得到的收入達黃金五百兩。
22 當烏瑪·亞拉母亭蘇丹(Oumar Alamoudin)在位時,一首中國帆船在三發灣陸,中國人以向其納稅為件獲得拉臘(Laras)地區的居住權,他們在那開礦伐木、種地築路,幾年間使其大變樣。並與達雅克人貿易通婚,生下了肖父而不肖母的後代。由於蘇丹的殘暴和貪得無厭,華人被迫起義,在土番前來參加中國大節日的時候,殺死番人,宣布獨立。
23 1745年,某華人去世,葬於打勞鹿地區,墓碑保留至今,為現今發現最早的華人實物。
24 1745年,最遲在此年,東萬律有了華人自己的金礦。
25羅芳伯在中國大陸原配李氏,生子子增。
26直到三十四歲,羅芳伯依然是嘉應州一介懷才不遇的落魄書生,“耕辛憑舌,苦硯為生”。
27 1754年,三發蘇丹向租地采金的中國人收租金值荷幣三萬二千盾。
28 1760年代,西婆羅洲華人公司已達十八個以上。可考證的如下:大埔公洲人劉乾相在明黃組成的三星公司、大埔縣人張阿才在山心成立的公司、海陸豐人黃桂伯在茅恩新浦頭成立的蘭和營等四個公司。蒙脫拉度境內的有老八分、九分頭、十三分、接邊、新八分、老十四分、十二分、大港、坑尾、新屋、滿和、十五分、泰和、三條溝等十四個。
29 1760年代前後,婆羅洲華人金礦公司有34個之多。
30 1760到1820年間,平均每年約有2000華人抵達婆羅洲。
31 1760年,三發蘇丹從檳榔嶼招募7名中國人前來采金,他們被尊稱為“叔叔(Entjek)”。在拉讓(Lara)地區開辟居住區,安置為,中國人的居住區向蒙脫拉度地區擴展.此後,在拉讓地區有12個集團,在蒙脫拉度地區有24個集團。也出現了一些農業集團。
32 1770年代左右,三發礦工已至一萬多人。公司由承租開采而發展為統籌經營的性質。
33 1770年,蒙脫拉度的中國人為擺脫三發蘇丹的壓迫和達雅克人的監視,在達雅克人的一個節日里發動起義,向自立的道路邁出了第一步。
34 1771年坤甸建城。今譯龐提納克Pontianak。
35 1772年5月,羅芳伯帶領一百多人由中國航海到達坤甸,從烏石海邊登上婆羅洲。
36 羅芳伯安頓下來之後,起初靠教書為生。
37 羅芳伯創立十八兄弟會,後來發展為蘭芳會、蘭芳公司。
38 初來乍到的羅芳伯,由於斷文識理、做事果敢,立即受到華人社會的器重,有“羅方口”之譽。
39 在坤甸埠頭教書幾年後,羅芳伯建立了自己的威望與基礎。並有同心者一百零八人,從此開始了建功立業的嘗試。
40 因坤甸為荷印控制,又有嘉應人吳元盛建立的聚勝公司、四大家圍等擠壓爭鬥,羅芳伯率領華人進入內陸地區。
41芳伯下南洋時未攜眷同行。後來,他在婆羅洲跟一名達雅克女郎結婚。這位土著夫人,在羅氏領導發展蘭芳公司的述程中,扮演了極重要的角色。
421774年,羅芳伯在蘭芳會崠和大樹山一帶創立蘭芳會,以經營農業為主。與天地會發生衝突,失敗。羅芳伯率眾退往東萬律地區。
43 蒙脫拉度附近形成了兩個農業集團——天地會與蘭芳會,天地會的領袖叫劉三伯,蘭芳會的領袖叫羅大伯,或稱羅芳伯,互相抗衡,蘭芳會潰敗。羅芳伯逃到蒙脫拉度的市場,後去到喃吧哇。而天地會勢力發展,使當地經營礦業的人受其挾制,天地會在1775年加大了對大米的壟斷,又拒絕出售甘蔗,還常進行掠奪婦女兒童的不法行為,蒙脫拉度集團的14個礦業公司團結起來,擊潰天地會,劉三伯及其徒眾5000人戰死,勢力遂告瓦解。於是蒙脫拉度地區就產生了由和順大公司等14個公司組織的礦山企業組織。
44 1775年,天地會與和打勞鹿地區(蒙脫拉度地區)的十四家金礦再戰,天地會失敗。天地會壟斷糧糖,結果造成打勞鹿十四家金礦聯手對付天地會。1775年,雙方在王梨崠發生激戰,天地會大敗,劉三伯與五百多名會員傷亡,幸存者被礦業公司瓜分。此後,各金礦公司都有專門人員從事農業生產。
Jun 1, 2022
Paris En mémoire
古渤泥兰芳共和国
1羅芳伯父羅啟隆,娶妻楊氏,生芳伯、葵柏、臺柏三子。 1738年,蘭芳共和國首任元首羅芳伯大哥誕生。虎頭燕頷,龍肫虬髯,長耳方口。雖長不滿五尺,然好讀書,常懷大志,量寬洪。羅芳伯有一弟,名羅珍伯。
2婆羅洲達雅克部族和弗洛勒斯島(Flores)的恩加達人(Ngada)的裝飾圖案,同中國戰國末年的圖案有極明顯的關係。可證中國人早在公元前三世初,或更早時期,便開始同婆羅洲接觸了。蘇門答臘出土的一件陪葬陶器,刻有漢元帝初元四年年號。15世紀,爪哇移民開始在婆羅洲內陸采金。早在1520年,華人已大規模出現在婆羅洲。1600年,到達加里曼丹的荷蘭人發現,中國紡織品盛行該島。
3羅芳伯大哥率領一百零八人進抵東萬律山心金湖地區,收服張阿財金礦一眾人等。大埔客墾殖民的領袖張亞才率領部屬,逃往他處。羅芳伯遂成為山心金湖區的新領袖。透過賢明的施政和待人以善,他把未逃走的大埔客墾殖民爭取過來。於是,這個新村落開始築起護墻,興建店鋪,房舍和公司辦事處。這個大埔客和嘉應客聯合組成的新社區,繼而開辟山林,挖掘水井,發展礦業。由於這些新墾殖民遠離一切外來控制,他們自然而然地便建立起本身的政治機構。他們在羅芳伯的英明領導下,把政治機構建立在原本存在的群體組織上。
4 羅芳伯創立蘭芳公司,蘭芳共和國建國,定都東萬律山心金湖。 該地全部人口約二百餘萬人。在西婆羅洲及其附近南北三百多公里、東西四百多公里的方圓內(華南洋按:四十多萬平方公里,約等於十個臺灣島或約等於七百個新加坡),都有它的礦場、農莊與村落。
5 建元蘭芳,公元1777年即為蘭芳元年。「首任大唐總長」,或「大唐客長」。全公司約有四十萬人,又有六十多萬土著人歸順。府邸大門口,懸掛有中文的“蘭芳大總制”的牌匾,代表“蘭芳”的黃色長方形旗幟和代表“太哥”的黃色三角形旗幟及代表副手們的其它各種顏色三角旗幟,在風中獵獵飄揚。在“太哥”羅芳伯的旗幟中間,寫著一個“帥”字。大堂里,懸有一副金匾,“雄鎮華夷”四個大字足有4尺見方,府衙內外的官員們,或長袍馬褂,或身著西服,而在場的士兵,都是清朝綠營兵的打扮。確定了自己的國旗,規定以各式漢服為國家禮服。
6 羅芳伯派劉臺二藏信於笠,潛入新埔頭、老埔頭公司,聯合江戊伯,出其不意,攻其不備,迫使埔頭公司黃桂伯歸降。坤日、龍岡、沙拉蠻等處全歸蘭芳公司擁有。羅芳伯寫下“平蠻蕩寇經三載”的光輝詩篇。
7 蘭芳公司與劉乾相領導的明黃公司大戰,羅蘭伯親臨前線,連破明黃公司六大寨,盡有其地,蘭芳公司更見富強。蘭芳公司與和順公司開戰,不利,退回。先後聯絡馬來首領,征服了周圍的原住民戴雅克族部落。因協助三發蘇丹敉平叛亂而名聲大噪。
8 羅芳伯效韓文公故事,作《祭諸神驅鱷文》,港中鱷魚,浮出水面,入海而去。華番人民,無不畏服。
9 首府設在坤甸附近的小鎮東萬律。對外方面,總長有時自稱為西婆羅洲王。在總長以下,設有副總長一位,亦稱參謀或軍師,駐紮在金礦區的沙拉蠻(Salamon)。
10 蘭芳共和國發行了自己的貨幣。蘭芳公司的旗幟為黃地紅字,上書蘭芳大總制。蘭芳公司成立時,僅首都東萬律一帶就有華僑二十萬人。和順總公司則有十一萬人之多。
11羅芳伯祖居江西南部,先祖遷廣東嘉應州白渡堡(今梅州梅縣白渡鎮),傳五世,羅九清再遷石扇(今梅縣石扇鎮)。
12 1608年,荷蘭人入侵三發,被三發拉都(女首領)班柯以“商業應公開給任何人”為由,拒絕。
13 1608年左右,由於華人及番人的聯合抑制,侵入馬辰等地的荷蘭人不得不撤退。直至十七世紀末,荷蘭人在馬辰的代理處才得以正常活動。
14 18世紀的婆羅洲分屬二十多個馬來移民王國,荷蘭人尚未建立殖民統治。 18世紀初西婆羅洲華人金礦業出現。
15 1700至1710年間,華人將種植胡椒的技術帶到加里曼丹島。由於華人的努力,其質與量都勝過了蘇門答臘島。
17 1707年,華人及番人聯合作戰,擊退英國人對馬辰的侵略。 1714年,英國人在馬辰發現那里的“升斗尺寸完全按中國的標準”。
18 1721年,英國航海家承認全婆羅洲島的商業已被中國人控制。中國人居住在馬辰、三發、南吧哇(即曼帕瓦)等地,販賣絲綢、花布和其他中國、日本的商品來供應當地人的生活。華人還是西婆羅洲黃金礦的發現者。
19 1738年,蘭達已有11個華人金鋼石礦場,每場約二三十人,每人每年能掘得約20-40盧比的金鋼石。1740年左右,華人應南吧哇(mampawah)土人之邀,到百演武(Soengei Doeri)開發金礦。
續讀 》
林其泉·蘭芳大總制——亞洲最早的共和政體
“大唐總長”羅芳伯
James R. Hipkins:婆羅洲華人史
高偉濃博士:荒原深挖洞·婆羅洲淘金記
築夢揚帆 重走海絲路
Jun 2, 2022
Paris En mémoire
羅芳伯傳奇:殖民時代客家的遷徙、反抗和蛻變
羅芳伯一七七七年在印尼的西加里曼丹締造亞洲第一個共和政體的故事,不只對客家人是段歷史的驚奇,對於全球的華人,特別是旅居東南亞的僑胞,更是成長的歲月中經常訴說的故事。
羅芳伯和他那個動亂時代的市井小民們,離家千里、拋妻別子,用他們不肯認命、不願服輸的堅毅勇猛,在客居的土地上,和世界的殖民強權對抗,實踐了他們共和自治的理想。
節錄自〈田園、礦場、市集〉
這條路引導著他們經過菜園和果園,勤勞的華人農民正忙著在他們的灌木叢中灑水。許多房屋如荷蘭農舍般散落在田地之中,健康快樂的孩子們在門口玩耍。—— 荷蘭官員納赫斯(Nahuijs)參觀蘭芳東萬律總廳的描述,一八一九年
一七八七年,蘭芳十一年。
你作為新客到此地,一無所有,舉目無親。隨身一卷鋪蓋,四處飄蕩;直到總廳和下屋接納你,公司招待了你,安排你到礦上做工,你才有機會賺錢,才能實現宿願。想當初,你願做工就能做工,想歇息就能歇息,愛去那裡就去那裡。總之,你比在中國的先人活得更自如。
文告是由大港公司署名,鼓舞華人礦工加入義興公司的招才廣告。羅芳伯看著內文對於加入公司描寫的美好情景,心裡不禁會心一笑。蘭芳公司成立瞬間邁進第十一個年頭,他回想過去十年的奮鬥,心裡有許多的感觸。
農民的生計是羅芳伯最為關心的。隨著礦場的營運邁進高峰,大家對於大米等食物的需求倍增。農民們近年並轉作咖啡、胡椒、香料等經濟作物,而除農地的開墾外,水利設施是其中施政的重點。
羅芳伯非常重視農田水利,跟他出身農家,以及早年在原鄉嘉應州的耕作及生活經驗有關。他那時發現,農田收成的多寡跟水利密不可分,而農家為爭放水也經常導致爭執,甚至械鬥的情事。
當乾隆皇帝退位,清朝已達成長的飽和點,旗軍的尚武精神至此業己消散。雍正的養廉雖使官員的薪給增加數倍,但仍不能供應他們衙門內的開銷,因此貪汙的行為無以抑制,行政效能降低,各種水力工程失修,災荒又不適時救濟,人民挺而走險為盜為匪,也就事勢逼然了。
而從「和順總廳」旗下的坑尾公司和下屋公司的事件中,羅芳伯發現,大公司的成員為了開礦資源的取得,特別是水源和土地,也經常發生分裂。「和順總廳」十幾年的分分合合情形,以及並非所有的公司都會願意持續接受總廳的統治,主要的影響還是因為開礦和農墾利益的問題。
他今天特別起了個大早,帶著江戊伯、闕四伯、宋插伯、胡永成四位兄弟,新一代的青年才俊羅永忠、羅永義、連杰和黎婆,在農民們還沒上工前的黎明時分就先巡視了各項排水、灌水、儲水和分水等灌溉設施。他們在引水前端的河水地帶,發現數十位漁民已經分乘四艘小舢舨,沿河邊收網,邊快樂地合唱著山歌。
食煙愛食兩三筒,連妹愛連兩三宗,第一就要言語好,又要人才蓋廣東。
放下擔子坐茶亭,敢唱山歌怕何人。阿哥好比諸葛亮,唔怕曹操百萬兵。
看著漁夫鄉親們快樂地在河上划船、補魚和唱歌的情景,羅芳伯等一行人情不自禁地停下腳步,心中充滿喜悅。自然而然地感染到這一股「帝力於我何有哉」的歡愉氣氛。
續讀 》
林其泉·蘭芳大總制——亞洲最早的共和政體
“大唐總長”羅芳伯
James R. Hipkins:婆羅洲華人史
高偉濃博士:荒原深挖洞·婆羅洲淘金記
築夢揚帆 重走海絲路
古渤泥蘭芳共和國
加里曼丹客家人王國
Jun 7, 2022
Paris En mémoire
在廣東省,誰是客家人?
廣東是客話最重要的流行地,省內可分:1.粵東片,分布在梅縣、蕉嶺、平遠、興寧、五華、大埔、豐順、揭西、紫金、惠陽、惠東、寶安,以及揭陽、饒平、普寧、惠來、潮陽、陸豐、陸河、海豐、深圳、東莞、增城、博羅、中山的一些地區。2.粵中片,分布在和平、連平、龍川、河源、新豐、龍門、佛岡,以及廣州、順德、南海、中山、珠海、斗門、三水、四會、清遠、高明、鶴山、開平、新會、臺山、恩平的部分地區。3.粵北片,分布於始興、樂昌、曲江、連州、連南、乳源、陽山、翁源、英德,以及韶關、南雄、仁化、連山、懷集、廣寧、郁南、德慶、雲浮、羅定、新興的部分地區。4.粵西片,分散於信宜、陽春、陽江、高州、茂名、電白、化州、吳川、廉江、遂溪、雷州、徐聞。省內各地有零星分布,如廣州三元裏、沙河。全省使用的人口約1500萬人。客方言以梅州為代表,內部一致性較強。(来源:搜狗百科)
Jun 29, 2022
Paris En mémoire
羅芳伯·遊金山賦
蓋聞金山之勝地,時懷仰止之私衷。地雖屬蠻夷之域,界仍居南海之中。
歲值壬辰,節界應鐘。登舟自虎門而出,南征之馬首是東。攜手偕行,親朋百眾;同舟共濟,色相皆空。予自忖曰:既從虎門而出,定直達乎龍宮。無何遠望長天,覺宇宙之無盡;下臨無地,想雲路之可通。真如一葉輕飄,飛來萬里;好借孤帆逕達,乘此長風。時則從小港而入,舟人曰:金山至矣。但見滿江紅水,一帶長堤。林深樹密,渚淺波微。恍惚桃源仙洞,翻疑柳宅山居。兩岸迷離,千仞嵐光接翠;孤峰挺秀,四圍山色齊輝。幾樹斜陽,一溪秋水。兔魄初升,猿聲四起。不聞牧笛樵歌,那有高人逸士。山窮水盡,潺潺之泉酌關心;柳暗花明,喔喔之雞聲盈耳。
若夫地當熱帶,日氣薰蒸。草木曾無春夏,人事自有新舊。黃金地產,寶藏山興。欲求此中生活,須從苦里經營。雖云人力之當盡,實為造化之生成。至於名物稱呼各異,唐番應答攸殊。沙寮依然茅屋,巴歷原是金湖。或岩或山,上下設施一體;是擔是荷,往來實繁有徒。嗟嗟,早夜披星,滿眼之星霜幾易;晨昏沐浴,周身之雨汗交流。由郎蕩漾於懷中,乍分還合;刮子婆娑於水底,欲去仍留。幸黃金之獲益,羨白鏹之盈收。
予也材本鳩拙,志切鶯遷。耕辛憑舌,硯苦為田。愧乏經商資本,慚非宿學高賢。假館他邦,固既虛延歲月;奔馳道左,還期捆載凱旋。俾士作商,不憚萍蹤萬里;家貧親老,常懷客路三千。因而水繞白雲,時盼望於風晨月夕;倘得堂開畫錦,慶優遊於化日光天。噫嘻,蠻煙瘴雨,損體勞形,豈無志於定遠,又何樂乎少卿。遠適他鄉,原效陶朱之致富;登高作賦,實懷騷客之怡情。
乃作歌曰:巍巍獨立萬山巔,雲水蒼蒼自繞旋。如此好山如此水,蹉跎歲月亦潸然。
譯文:
我聽說過金山這個好地方,常常抱有羨慕的心情。它雖然是蠻夷化外之地,不過也還在我們中國南海的範圍之內。
壬辰年的十月,我從虎門登舟而出,征帆往東南方向前進。攜手同行的親朋好友有百餘人,大家同舟共濟,一切擔憂都拋到腦後去了。我暗自想到:既然是從虎門出去的,一定能夠順利地到達龍宮吧。不多久就進入了茫茫大海,遠望天空,覺得宇宙無比寬廣;一點陸地也看不到,倒有些像在通天的雲路上啊。真的像飄飛萬里的樹葉,乘著長風,直向金山。船只在一個小港靠陸,水手說:金山到了。只見滿江紅色的江水,江邊一條長堤橫臥。岸上樹林深密,河中淺水處還有一些小沙洲。恍惚間就好像是陶淵明的桃源仙境,又好像是柳宗元的山中宅院。兩岸遠處,都是直接藍天的高山,中間一座山峰挺立,群山拱護。傍晚時分,斜陽透過樹葉,照在秋天的江水之上。月亮升上時,猿聲四處響起。這里沒有什麽牧童的笛聲和樵夫的歌聲,也沒有什麽隱居的高人逸士。我們繼續往前,山窮水盡之處,聽見了潺潺的泉水之聲,柳暗花明之時,喔喔的雞鳴傳入耳中。
這個地方位於熱帶,每天都是熱氣騰騰的,花草樹木看不出春秋冬夏的區別,當然我們人類卻還像別的地方一樣有新舊的變化。這里土地中出黃金,山中還有別的礦物。想在這里生存下去,就要辛苦經營。雖然盡力就能得到收獲,實在也是上天為我們華人造就了這樣一個物華天寶的地方。這里華番雜處,各種事物的稱呼、人群間的應答很是不同:沙寮其實就是茅屋,巴歷指的就是金湖。我們在巖石上、在山上建設好各種設施,聯為一體;有的人擔,有的人提,來來往往,絡繹不絕。真是辛苦啊,天未明時人已起,星已起時人未停地努力創業,滿身汗水,早晨晚上都要不停地沖洗。轉眼之間幾年就過去了,(由郎,刮子不知何意,該聯無法翻譯)幸運的是,我們終於在淘金上獲得了收益,收入增加了很多。
我本不是個很聰明的人,一直就有四處遷徙的念頭。成人後因為沒有經商資本,做了個靠舌頭筆硯為生的教書匠,很慚愧學問不能和那些宿儒高賢相比。如果到異國他鄉還是做教書的,只能是虛耗歲月。只好辛勤地奔走於道路之上,希望能捆載財物而歸。因此才放棄讀書人的身份,像一粒浮萍一樣萬里飄蕩到此。想到家中還有貧窮的雙親,心中常有惦記悲傷之感。只得在每一個起風的早晨和月亮升起的夜晚,讓長流的河水和環繞的白雲寄回我的思念之情。如果能夠建立立國開府的功業,一定讓他們過上優哉遊哉的安逸生活。唉,這里到處都是損害健康的有毒煙雨,我們在這里沒有少卿(識見有限,不知何譯)之樂,只想學漢朝班超,在萬里之外的異國他鄉建立功業。我們遠走他鄉,也希望像陶朱公一樣致富。想到這些,登高而作此文,倒也有些詩人騷客的怡然自得之情了。
作歌一首:我一個人站在巍然聳立的萬山之巔,身下蒼茫雲水盤旋環繞。看著這樣的好山、這樣的好水,沒能建立功業,只能讓人淚下沾襟。
(原載 2013-04-22 sunxiaoping)
Jul 17, 2022
Paris En mémoire
沙巴華人廟宇普陀寺
(愛墾網·謝寶玉攝影)
馬來西亞是一個宗教信仰自由的國家,回教為馬國國教,大多數的馬來人信仰回教,華人以佛教、道教與天主教為主,印度人則信仰印度教。在沙巴,處處皆是各種宗教信仰的場所,包括伊斯蘭清真寺、回教祈禱所、教堂、禮拜堂和廟堂寺院等。普陀寺建於 1980年,位於斗亞蘭路盡頭(Tuaran Road),它襲承了中國寺院一貫的建築風格,是沙巴地區華人的信仰中心。寺廟的建材多是由中國運來,亭臺樓閣,雕樑畫棟,莊嚴的佛像與牌樓,承襲了中國寺院華麗又莊重的建築風格。
走進普陀寺最先映入眼簾的是一尊觀世音菩薩的大神像,觀音菩薩的輪廓和臺灣觀世音菩薩不同,呈現了馬來西亞多元文化的特色;進入正殿之前可看到左手邊的土地祠,簡單乾淨的擺飾可看出每日應有專人負責清潔整理,內部張貼的小海報反映了佛教的信仰觀念,像是以素齋祭拜、嚴禁一切腥葷等。
(《新加坡博物館群及馬來西亞沙巴客家會館觀摩考察報告》(pdf)/ 機關:行政院客家委員會臺灣客家文化中心籌備處 / 作者:梁惠珠(籌備處典藏組組員) ;塗美芳(籌備處聘用副研究員) ;
劉振臺(籌備處聘用助理研究員) / 考察期間:98 年 12 月 14 日至 12 月 18 日)
Jul 24, 2022
Paris En mémoire
(渤泥古國/上續)明史浡泥,宋太宗時始通中國。洪武三年八月命禦史張敬之、福建行省都事沈秩往使。自泉州航海,閱半年抵阇婆,又逾月至其國。王馬合謨沙傲慢不爲禮,秩責之,始下座拜受詔。時其國爲蘇祿所侵,頗衰耗,王辭以貧,請三年後入貢。秩曉以大義,王既許諾,其國素屬阇婆,阇婆人間之,王意中沮。秩折之曰:“阇婆久稱臣奉貢,爾畏阇婆,反不畏天朝邪?”乃遣使奉表箋,貢鶴頂、生玳瑁、孔雀、梅花大片龍腦、米龍腦、西洋佈、降真諸香。八月從敬之等入朝。表用金,箋用銀,字近回鶻,皆鏤之以進。帝喜,宴賚甚厚。八年命其國山川附祀福建山川之次。
永樂三年冬,其王麻那惹加那遣使入貢,乃遣官封爲國王,賜印誥、敕符、勘合、錦綺、彩幣。王大悅,率妃及弟妹子女陪臣泛海來朝。次福建,守臣以聞。遣中官往宴賚,所過州縣皆宴。六年八月入都朝見,帝獎勞之。王跪緻詞曰:“陛下膺天寶命,統一萬方。臣遠在海島,荷蒙天恩,賜以封爵。自是國中雨暘時順,歲屢豐登,民無災厲,山川之間,珍奇畢露,草木鳥獸,亦悉蕃育。國中耆老咸謂此聖天子覆冒所緻。臣願睹天日之表,少輸悃誠,不憚險遠,躬率家屬陪臣,詣闕獻謝。”帝慰勞再三,命王妃所進中宮箋及方物,陳之文華殿。王詣殿進獻畢,自王及妃以下悉賜冠帶、襲衣。帝乃饗王於奉天門,妃以下饗於他所,禮訖送歸會同館。禮官請王見親王儀,帝令準公侯禮。尋賜王儀仗、交倚、銀器、傘扇、銷金鞍馬、金織文綺、紗羅、綾絹衣十襲,餘賜賚有差。十月,王卒於館。帝哀悼,輟朝三日,遣官緻祭,賻以繒帛。東宮親王皆遣祭,有司具棺槨、明器,葬之安德門外石子岡,樹碑神道。又建祠墓側,有司春秋祀以少牢,諡曰恭順。賜敕慰其子遐旺,命襲封國王。
遐旺與其叔父上言:“臣歲供爪哇片腦四十斤,乞敕爪哇罷歲供,歲進天朝。臣今歸國,乞命護送,就留鎮一年,慰國人之望。並乞定朝貢期及傔從人數。”帝悉從之,命三年一貢,傔從惟王所遣,遂敕爪哇國免其歲供。王辭歸,賜玉帶一、金百兩、銀三千兩及錢鈔、錦綺、紗羅、衾褥、帳幔、器物,餘皆有賜。以中官張謙、行人週航護行。
初,故王言:“臣蒙恩賜爵,臣境土悉屬職方,乞封國之後山爲一方鎮。”新王復以爲言,乃封爲長寧鎮國之山。禦製碑文,令謙等勒碑其上。其文曰:上天佑啟我國家萬世無疆之基,誕命我太祖高皇帝全撫天下,休養生息,以治以教,仁聲義問,薄極照臨,四方萬國,奔走臣服,充湊於廷。神化感動之機,其妙如此。朕嗣守鴻圖,率由典式。嚴恭祗畏,協和所統。無間內外,均視一體。遐邇綏寧,亦克承予意。
乃者浡泥國王,誠敬之至,知所尊崇,慕尚聲教,益謹益虔,率其眷屬、陪臣,不遠數萬里,浮海來朝,達其志,通其欲,稽顙陳辭曰:“遠方臣妾,丕冒天子之恩,以養以息,既庶且安。思見日月之光,故不憚險遠,輒敢造廷。”又曰:“覆我者天,載我者地。使我有土地人民之奉,田疇邑井之聚,宮室之居,妻妾之樂,和味宜服,利用備器,以資其生,強罔敢侵,衆罔敢暴,實惟天子之賜。是天子功德所加,與天地並。然天仰剛見,地蹐則履,惟天子遠而難見,誠有所不通。是以遠方臣妾,不敢自外,逾歷山海,躬詣闕延,以伸其悃。”朕曰:“惟天,惟皇考,付予以天下,子養庶民。天與皇考,視民同仁,予其承天與皇考之德,惟恐弗堪,弗若汝言。”乃又拜手稽首曰:“自天子建元之載,臣國時和歲豐,山川之藏,珍寶流溢,草木之無葩者皆華而實,異禽和鳴,走獸蹌舞。國之黃叟咸曰,中國聖人德化漸暨,斯多嘉應。臣土雖遠,實天子之氓,故奮然而來覲也。”朕觀其言文貌恭,動不逾則,悅喜禮教,脫略夷習,非超然卓異者不能。稽之載籍,自古逷遠之國,奉若天道,仰服聲教,身緻帝廷者有之。至於舉妻子、兄弟、親戚、陪臣頓首稱臣妾於階陛之下者,惟浡泥國王一人;西南諸蕃國長,未有如王賢者。王之至誠貫於金石,達於神明,而令名傳於悠久,可謂有光顯矣。
茲特錫封王國中之山爲長寧鎮國之山,賜文刻石,以著王休,於昭萬年,其永無斁。系之詩曰:“炎海之墟,浡泥所處。煦仁漸義,有順無迕。撦撦賢王,惟化之慕。導以象胥,遹來奔赴。同其婦子、兄弟、陪臣,稽顙闕下,有言以陳。謂君猶天,遺以休樂,一視同仁,匪偏厚薄。顧茲鮮德,弗稱所云。浪舶風檣,實勞懇勤。稽古遠臣,順來怒趌。以躬或難,矧曰家室。王心亶誠,金石其堅。西南蕃長,疇與王賢。矗矗高山,以鎮王國。鑱文於石,懋昭王德。王德克昭,王國攸寧。於萬斯年,仰我大明。”
八年九月遣使從謙等入貢謝恩。下年復命謙賜其王錦綺、紗羅、彩絹凡百二十匹,其下皆有賜。十年九月,遐旺偕其母來朝。命禮官宴之會同館,光祿寺旦暮給酒饌。明日,帝饗之奉天門,王母亦有宴。越二日,再宴,賜王冠帶、襲衣,王母、王叔父以下,分賜有差。明年二月辭歸。賜金百,銀五百,鈔三千錠,錢千五百緡,錦四,綺帛紗羅八十,金織文繡、文綺衣各一,衾褥、幃幔、器物咸具。自十三年至洪熙元年四入貢,後貢使漸稀。
嘉靖九年,給事中王希文言:“暹羅、占城、琉球、爪哇、浡泥五國來貢,並道東莞。後因私攜賈客,多絶其貢。正德間,佛郎機闌入流毒,概行屏絶。曾未幾年,遽爾議復,損威已甚。”章下都察院,請悉遵舊制,毋許混冒。
萬曆中,其王卒,無嗣,族人爭立。國中殺戮幾儘,乃立其女爲王。漳州人張姓者,初爲其國那督,華言尊官也,因亂出奔。女主立,迎還之。其女出入王宮,得心疾,妄言父有反謀。女主懼,遣人按問其家,那督自殺。國人爲訟冤,女主悔,絞殺其女,授其子官。後雖不復朝貢,而商人往來不絶。
國統十四洲,在舊港之西,自占城四十日可至。初屬爪哇,後屬暹羅,改名大泥。華人多流寓其地。嘉靖末,閩、粵海寇遺孽逋逃至此,積二千餘人。萬曆(1573年-1620年九月十九日,明神宗朱翊鈞年號)時,紅毛番強商其境,築土庫以居。其入彭湖互市者,所攜乃大泥國文也。諸風俗、物産,具詳《宋史》。(百度百科)
Sep 21, 2022
Paris En mémoire
渤泥·史籍記載
梁書
婆利國,在廣州東南海中洲上,去廣州二月日行。國界東西五十日行,南北二十日行。有一百三十六聚。土氣暑熱,如中國之盛夏。谷一歲再熟,草木常榮。海出文螺、紫貝。有石名蚶貝羅,初采之柔軟,及刻削為物乾之,遂大堅強。其國人披吉貝如帊,及為都縵。王乃用班絲布,以瓔珞繞身,頭著金冠高尺余,形如弁,綴以七寶之飾,帶金裝劍,偏坐金高坐,以銀蹬支足。侍女皆為金花雜寶之飾,或持白毦拂及孔雀扇。王出,以象駕輿,輿以雜香為之,上施羽蓋珠簾,其導從吹螺擊鼓。王姓憍陳如,自古未通中國。問其先及年數,不能記焉,而言白凈王夫人即其國女也。
天監十六年,遣使奉表曰:「伏承聖王信重三寶,興立塔寺,校飾莊嚴,周遍國土。四衢平坦,清凈無穢;臺殿羅列,狀若天宮;壯麗微妙,世無與等。聖主出時,四兵具足,羽儀導從,布滿左右。都人士女,麗服光飾。市廛豊富,充積珍寶。王法清整,無相侵奪。學徒皆至,三乘競集。敷說正法,雲布雨潤。四海流通,交會萬國。長江眇漫,清泠深廣。有生咸資,莫能消穢。陰陽和暢,災厲不作。大梁揚都聖王無等,臨覆上國,有大慈悲,子育萬民。平等忍辱,怨親無二。加以周窮,無所藏積。靡不照燭,如日之明;無不受樂,猶如凈月。宰輔賢良,群臣貞信,盡忠奉上,心無異想。伏惟皇帝是我真佛,臣是婆利國主,今敬稽首禮聖王足下,惟願大王知我此心。此心久矣,非適今也。山海阻遠,無緣自達,今故遣使獻金席等,表此丹誠。」普通三年,其王頻伽復遣使珠貝智貢白鸚鵡、青蟲、兜鍪、琉璃器、吉貝、螺杯、雜香、藥等數十種。
隋書
婆利國,自交趾浮海,南過赤土、丹丹,乃至其國。國界,東西四月行,南北四十五日行。王姓剎利邪伽,名護濫那婆。官曰獨訶邪拿,次曰獨訶氏拿。國人善投輪,其大如鏡,中有竅,外鋒如鋸,遠以投人,無不中。其余兵器,與中國略同,俗類真臘,物產同於林邑。其殺人及盜,截其手;奸者,鎖其足,期年而止。祭祀必以月晦,盤貯酒肴,浮之流水。每十一月必設大祭。海出珊瑚。有鳥名舍利,解人語。古宕 隋大業十二年,遣使朝貢,後遂絕。於時南荒有丹丹、盤盤二國,亦來貢方物,其風俗、物產,大抵相類雲。
舊唐書
婆利國,在林邑東南海中洲上,其地延袤數千里,自交州南渡海,經林邑、扶南、赤土、丹丹數國乃至焉。其人皆黑色,穿耳附榼。王姓剎利耶伽,名護路那婆,世有其位。王戴花形如皮弁,裝以真珠瓔珞,身坐金床。侍女有金花寶縷之飾,或持白拂孔雀扇。行則駕象,鳴金擊鼓吹蠡為樂。男子皆拳髮,被古貝,布橫幅以繞腰。風氣暑熱,恒如中國之盛夏。谷一歲再熟。有古貝草,緝其花以作布,粗者名古貝,細者名白赩。貞觀四年,其王遣使隨林邑使獻方物。
宋史
勃泥國在西南大海中,去阇婆四十五日程,去三佛齊四十日程,去占城與麻逸國各三十日程,皆計順風為則。其國以版為城,城中居者萬餘人,所統十四州。其王所居屋覆以貝多葉,民舍覆以草。在王左右者為大人。王坐繩床,若出,即大布單坐其上,眾舁之,名曰阮囊。戰鬥者則持刀被甲,甲以銅鑄,狀若大筒,穿之於身,護其腹背。
其地無麥,有麻稻,又有羊及雞魚,無蠶絲,用吉貝花織成布。飲椰子酒。婚聘之資,先以椰子酒,檳榔次之,指環又次之,然後以吉貝布,或量出金銀成其禮。喪葬亦有棺斂,以竹為輦,載棄山中。二月始耕則祀之,凡七年則不復祀矣。以十二月七日為歲節。
地熱,多風雨。國人宴會,鳴鼓、吹笛、擊鈸,歌舞為樂。無器皿,以竹編貝多葉為器盛食,食訖棄之。其國鄰於底門國,有藥樹,取其根煎為膏,服之及塗其體,兵刃所傷皆不死。前代未嘗朝貢,故史籍不載。
太平興國二年,其王向打遣使施弩、副使蒲亞里、判官哥心等賫表貢大片龍腦一家底、第二等八家底、第三等十一家底、米龍腦二十家底、蒼龍腦二十家底,凡一家底並二十兩;龍腦版五、玳瑁殼一百、檀香三橛、象牙六株。
表云:「為皇帝千萬歲壽,望不責小國微薄之禮。」其表以數重小囊緘封之,非中國紙,類木皮而薄,瑩滑,色微綠,長數尺,闊寸餘,橫卷之僅可盈握。其字細小,橫讀之。以華言譯之,云:「勃泥國王向打稽首拜,皇帝萬歲萬歲萬萬歲,願皇帝萬歲壽,今遣使進貢。
向打聞有朝廷,無路得到。昨有商人蒲盧歇船泊水口,差人迎到州,言自中朝來,比詣阇婆國,遇猛風破其船,不得去。此時聞自中國來,國人皆大喜,即造舶船,令蒲盧歇導達入朝貢,所遣使人只願平善見皇帝。每年令人入朝貢,每年修貢,慮風吹至占城界,望皇帝詔占城,令有向打船到,不要留。臣本國別無異物,乞皇帝勿怪。」其表文如是。詔館其使於禮賓院,優賜以遣之。
元豐五年二月,其王錫理麻喏復遣使貢方物,其使乞從泉州乘海舶歸國,從之。(下續)(百度百科)
Oct 17, 2022
Paris En mémoire
重新發現人、回歸人本位的趨勢同樣值得歷史學界注意,多年以來,歷史學界沈迷於制度史研究,同樣偏離了對人的關注。制度史研究並非不好,恰恰相反,它很大程度上促進了歷史學發展,但與此同時,學界不應該輕視傳統上對人的研究。歷史學界與社會大眾的脫節有目共睹,為什麽社會上那麽多歷史愛好者和中學生都口口聲聲說自己喜歡歷史,卻討厭歷史學,大抵原因就在於此。
地理學對人的研究自然體現在不同區域人的差異上。段義孚在書中《戀地情結與環境》這一部分的觀點值得重視。他在書中區別了兩種愛國主義:地方性的和帝國性的。地方性的愛國主義必定以地理事物為基礎,而帝國性愛國主義的基礎是「自我中心主義和自豪感」,完全沒有現實存在的地理事物為支撐。他強調,「人的生理需求是建立在一個尺度適當的地域中的」,「人的情感無法覆及一個帝國」。[11]因此,一個國家中,不同地域居民對疆域、國家的認同感也是不同的。以日本為例,即使所有日本居民都支持日本對北方四島的主權要求,但北海道居民對北方四島的情感一定會比九州島居民的情感更強烈,因為他們在地理上更接近。在歷史學、邊疆學的研究中,族群認同一直是一個經久不衰的議題。葛兆光、姚大力、黃興濤等學人在這一領域用力頗多,取得了顯著的成果,但我們也應當指出,如果能夠注意到政權內部不同區域人群的認同差異,那麽研究將更上一層樓。
《戀地情結》出版於上世紀70年代,這正是「景觀」(landscape)這一概念,在西方地理學界,尤其是美國地理學界,最盛行的時候。[12]段義孚的書也多圍繞景觀展開。段義孚在第十章《從宇宙到景觀》中提及了中國人的景觀與藝術。與巫鴻一樣,[13]段義孚將目光投向中國古代的山水畫,他指出「與其說畫作裏展示的是一處景觀或一片地方,不如稱其為『山水』,是對山和水的重新組織」[14]。段在研究中注意到,中國的山水畫藝術與西方畫作不同,它根本沒有一種嚴格的直線透視法,在山水畫中可以存在不同的透視點。這使得山水畫更像是眾多不同景觀的堆棧。顯然,中國的攝影學也受到這種山水畫技法的影響,用攝影學的術語說,這是一種「集錦」手法。[15]這種對景觀的處理不僅只影響了藝術界,對於建築景觀設計也產生了重大影響。在任何一處具有重要意義的建築景觀中,每一個設計元素分別代表著不同的意義,所有元素的組合,即是其背後不同寓意的組合。這對於理解建築史、景觀學來說意義重大。
如果把人類社會看做是時間、空間兩個維度齊頭並進的話,那麽歷史學就是研究時間維度的科學,地理學就是研究空間維度的科學,但是歷史學不能不注重空間維度,地理學也不得不注重時間維度。但在地理學的實際研究中,卻或多或少地出現了對時間的忽視,這一點在國內學界尤其嚴重,最典型的代表就是國內地理學界對歷史地理學的忽視。《戀地情結》對這種現象提出了批評,重新發掘地理學中的時間。書中提出了兩個概念,即循環的時間觀與線性的時間觀。作者企圖用兩種時間觀來統一人類對宇宙的認識,但著墨不多,未能達到這一目的。
張雷為段義孚《戀地情結》寫作書評,使用了作家趙本夫的小說《無土時代》用作標題。顯然,在無土時代已經來臨的大背景下,如何平衡調整戀地情結與城市化之間的脆弱關係,恐怕是地理學迫切需要回應的問題。《戀地情結》中最後4章內容值得我們深思。城市化與鄉土、郊區的關係應該是怎麽樣的?旅遊城市的宣傳策略應該如何把握?如何合理規劃城市空間?這都是我們在發展中需要直面的問題。段氏的觀點為我們解決問題提供了另外一種可能。
《戀地情結》寫作的大背景是段義孚對地理學界20世紀中後期計量革命的反動,他敏銳地意識到僅僅依靠計量方法的地理學是無法讓社會滿意的,要想把人地關係研究透徹,就必須得關注人文,重拾敘述傳統。段義孚作為地理學家,但他的知識卻不局限於專業本身,在寫作中,他融會貫通了歷史學、哲學、心理學、生理學等多學科知識,讀來讓人大呼過癮,且不覺突兀,這不得不說是他多年學術功底的積澱。
如果要說遺憾,那就是這本書的中譯本問世太晚。作為一部70年代出版的著作,直到40多年後才譯成中文出版,不得不說是國內學界的遺憾。這一方面說明了中國地理學與西方地理學的鴻溝,另一方面也說明我們的遲鈍。希望今後我們國內學者也能出版一部這樣既經得住時間考驗又暢銷的地理學術著作。
[11] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》。第150頁。
[12] [美]普雷斯頓▪詹姆斯,傑弗雷▪馬丁:《地理學思想史》,李旭旦譯,商務印書館,1989年,第371-398頁。
[13] [美]巫鴻:《時空中的美術》,北京:生活▪讀書▪新知三聯書店,2016年。
[14] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》。第206頁。
[15] 這一手法的集大成者是中國著名風光攝影家郎靜山,對他的集錦手法研究可參看靳泉:《在當代文化語境下解讀郎靜山的集錦攝影》,《南京藝術學院學報(美術與設計版)》2005年第3期,第40-42頁;馬夢雅:《郎靜山集錦攝影藝術研究》,河北大學碩士學位論文,2011年;董良:《郎靜山和安塞爾▪亞當斯的風光攝影美學特征研究》,太原理工大學碩士學位論文,2014年。(發布於 2020-03-21 知乎)
Feb 6, 2023
Paris En mémoire
一臺六分儀·簡評段義孚《戀地情結》
著名地理學家段義孚(TuanYi-Fu)的代表作《戀地情結》(Topophilia),簡體中文版已經在2018年由商務印書館發行,這一著作的合作譯者是志丞、劉蘇兩位老師。
國內地理學界對段義孚不會陌生,他是人文主義地理學(Humanistic Geography)的重要代表人物。段義孚早年學習地貌學,但很快便將學術興趣轉向人地關係與人文主義地理學。他將地理學、現象學、符號學、生理學、歷史學等多門學科融會貫通,采用了一種全新的方式進行地理學研究。《戀地情結》就是這樣一本代表了他的研究特色和研究水準的學術著作。這本書由15個部分組成,分別從生理感受、心理狀態、宇宙哲學、民族中心主義、個體、文化、環境、土地、景觀、城市等方面與地理學的關係來闡述「戀地情結」這一主題。是書一經出版,便在西方地理學界名聲大噪,成為美國很多地理院系的參考書目。
「戀地情結」一詞的所有權屬於美國詩人W. H. Auden,他於1948年在一篇推介英國詩人John Betjeman的作品時首次使用這個詞語。[1]這個詞被用來表達人、場所、環境之間的感情連結。這本書所代表的人文主義地理學力求在唯物主義、唯心主義中達到一個平衡點,相信這對於習慣了接受唯物主義思想的我們來說,初次閱讀的沖擊力相當大(當然,學界早已走出了那個一味崇尚唯物主義而批判唯心主義的時代)。如今,越來越多的學科注重跨學科研究與合作,尤其是心理學的作用日益凸顯。[2]原因顯而易見,因為人並非完全受理性控制,而所有科學在21世紀又都呈現出社會科學化的趨勢。[3]地理學也不例外,在這本書的開頭,段義孚就以感官為切入點,通篇強調感官感覺、心理狀態對於認知世界的重要性。段義孚認為,要研究人地關係,就首先要研究人類自己,「人文問題,無論是經濟的、政治的還是社會的,都受到心理動機、價值觀與態度的深刻影響」。[4]人作為一個個體,他認識世界,就是從調動各個感官去感知環境開始的。通過調動所有感官,人們才形成了空間(space)與地方(place)的概念。在談到這兩個地理學最核心的概念時,段義孚用直觀感受對二者進行描述定義,認為二者相互依存,無法拋開一個談論另一個。這對於地理學理論方法不得不謂之是一大創新。這對於歷史地理、環境史等學科研究也有借鑒意義。
空間與地方的觀念在段氏另一巨著《空間與地方》中有專門的研究。[5]段義孚以感覺來定義空間與地方。段認為,空間與地方本身的定義十分模糊,不存在嚴格的邊界,二者並非是不可轉化的。人們對地方的依戀來自於對地方的歸屬感和安全感。因此地方本身應是封閉的——封閉使人感到安全;空間則是開放的、無邊界的——空曠使人感覺到憂懼。也正是因為這一點,當人們長期處於一個空間,並對其越來越熟悉之後,那空間就會轉變為地方。[6]
人地關係是這些學科的重要關注領域,但長期以來,從業人員一味追求量化研究,與自然科學接軌,卻忽視了對人本身的關懷,這種觀念趨勢學者對所謂「真實客觀」趨之若鶩,幾乎要回到蘭克史學的老路子上去,但這種趨勢有時,甚至在大多時候,都嚴重阻礙了研究工作的進展。以方位觀念研究為例,對於歷史學者來說,大多數人很難說清楚「東西南北」與「中」之間的關係。段義孚則拋棄文獻的桎梏,以矛盾的觀點來處理二者之間的關係,認為「『中央』這個概念也作為明晰的四面八方的概念的調和者而存在」。[7]當然,這個理論究竟正確與否還有待進一步檢驗,但書中所提供的新思維新理論卻是值得我們參考借鑒的。
人文主義地理學之所以受到學界重視和推崇,就是在於它使得地理學再次有了人文關懷,[8]在以往的各種地理學流派中,幾乎都將人類本身從研究主體中剝離出去。[9]在上世紀中後期的地理學界中,學者越來越傾向於利用數理技術來處理研究對象,[10]甚至一度淪為程式化分析。究其根本原因,就是地理學嚴重的「空心化」現象。地理學作為一門古老的研究地域的科學,最早它只回答what和where——一種文學色彩很濃的解答方式。但在洪堡(A. Humboldt)和李特爾(Ritter)兩位地理學大師之後,廣義的地學(Erdkunde / Erdbeschreibung)開始分裂,很多研究領域紛紛獨立出去:氣象學、地質學、地球化學、地球物理學、水文學……等這一切完成之後,人們回過頭再看他們的鼻祖——地理學,竟發現地理學已經被肢解得體無完膚,似乎地理學自己已經不剩下什麽研究領域了。為了捍衛地理學,執業者不得不放棄老一套的研究方式,轉向回答how和why,要回答這些問題,就不得不將文學傳統轉移至數理方法,因此,3S(GPS & RS & GIS)技術的及時出現可謂拯救了地理學。但量化研究解決不了所有地理學問題,尤其是涉及人地關係的問題。因此,段義孚重拾對人的重視,回歸到地理學本來的傳統,這不得不說是又一次地理學的革命,也讓大眾了解到,地理學並非是一門高深莫測的學科。
[1] 志丞、劉蘇:《戀地情結▪譯後記》,商務印書館,2018年,第402頁。
[2] [美]王晴佳:《為什麽情感史研究是當代史學的一個新方向?》,《史學月刊》2018年第4期,第5-6頁。
[3] 孫俊:《知識地理學:空間與地方間的敘事轉型與重構》,北京:科學出版社,2016年,第65-73頁。
[4] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》,志丞、劉蘇譯,商務印書館,2018年,第1頁。
[5] [美]段義孚:《空間與地方》,王志標譯,北京:中國人民大學出版社,2017年。
[6] 可參看王健等:《地方感何以可能——兼評段義孚〈Space and place: The Perspectives of Experience〉一書》,《民族學刊》2016年第5期,第15-19頁。詳細內容可參看段義孚《空間與地方》第5章內容。
[7] [美]段義孚:《戀地情結》,第22頁。
[8] 唐曉峰:《還地理學一份人情》,《中學地理教學參考》2003年第6期,第56-57頁。
[9] Tim Cresswell, Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction, Malden:Blackwell Publishing, 2013, p.105.
[10] 張雷:《張雷評段義孚:無土時代的戀地情結》,《上海書評》2018年11月2日。
Feb 6, 2023
Paris En mémoire
多彩“海絲”故事詮釋“天涯若比鄰”
新華社福州10月15日電(記者鄧倩倩)福州馬尾,東海之濱。歷史上世界各國的海船紛至沓來,看到馬尾港的羅星塔便知到了中國。如今,來自美國、法國、英國、馬來西亞等國家和地區的海洋文化研究專家學者相聚馬尾,在日前舉辦的世界海洋文明交流互鑒論壇上,共話東西方文明交流的歷史與未來。
福州曾以茶港馳名中外。以馬尾羅星塔爲比賽起點、終點在倫敦或紐約等地的船塢,發生在19世紀下半葉的“運茶比賽”至今爲海內外熟知。
1871年抵達福州參與運茶比賽的英國快速機帆船“卡蒂薩克號”,如今停泊在英國格林威治碼頭,已接待逾170萬名遊客。英國格林威治皇家博物館卡蒂薩克館館長露易斯·馬可法萊恩在論壇上發表了自己對卡蒂薩克號的研究成果。根據船舶日誌、報紙、外交部通信等材料,她還原了卡蒂薩克號到訪福州的過程。她認爲,從福州出發的運茶比賽也成爲英國運茶快船發展進入高潮的標誌性事件。
“德化的白、武夷的綠,南下東南亞,北上恰克圖,遠銷世界各地。”中國航海博物館副館長王煜説,“海絲”遺珍因此打上了許多福建印記,源自福建的媽祖信仰,已經廣佈海內外,至今香火旺盛;從廈門港出發的“泰興號”古船,以及衆多的海底沉船,依然像時間膠囊一般,等待着探尋和發掘。
隨舟所至,華人足跡遍佈全球。“中國東南沿海的先民早在16世紀以前,就已有組織地下南洋,形成‘海絲’沿線的各地華人聚落。他們以中華傳統文化作爲集體認同,並將信俗生態帶到當地。”馬來西亞道理書院院長王琛發説。
“海絲”沿線的文明互鑒比比皆是,明清時期中國與琉球的交流往來便是其一。福建師範大學社會歷史學院教授賴正維在論壇上回溯了這段歷史:通過琉球使團、閩人三十六姓及其後裔、中國冊封使團等人員密切往來,福建先進的造船航海技術及商品、文化源源不斷傳入琉球,極大促進了琉球海外交通和中介貿易的發展,同時促進了福建造船工藝的提高及商品經濟的繁榮。
海上絲綢之路串聯起的國度和地域,至今仍有着千絲萬縷的聯繫。例如,在日本,有與福建同名的黃蘗山、萬福寺,以“黃蘗”爲名的事物40多種。其源頭正是1654年福清黃蘗山萬福禪寺隱元禪師從福建東渡長崎,在日本開創黃蘗宗,其影響跨越四個世紀。
本次世界海洋文明交流互鑒論壇是2023世界航海裝備大會分論壇之一,2023世界航海裝備大會於10月12日至15日在福州市舉行,由福建省人民政府、工業和信息化部、交通運輸部主辦,福州大學與福建省海洋文化研究中心承辦。論壇期間,以“潮起東南 海歌閩聲”爲主題的福建海洋文化展也在中國船政文化城拉開帷幕。
(2023-10-15;來源:新華社客戶端)
Oct 24, 2023
Paris En mémoire
Cultural Hub: Define a distinctive brand
Word of mouth is by far the most influential means of communicating about a cultural hub.
Brand recognition is critical, so your hub needs a brand idea that clearly positions its offer, for example ‘The Knowledge Quarter’. To be credible, your hub has to genuinely live up to that brand idea. The idea should act as a checker to measure all programme and communications activity against.
Speak with one voice Our research found that simply using consistent branding as badging, while each venue communicates on its own, doesn’t work. Cultural consumers want to find out about an experience in its entirety; just listing the components isn’t enough.
Your hub will have a cohesive proposition; a single thought in which it is rooted. It needs to be communicated clearly and with one voice across all participating venues.
Be authentic
A hub needs to be legitimate, and its offer truthfully communicated. Communicate a sense of space In marketing materials, it’s helpful to give a sense of your hub’s lively atmosphere and to visualise people on site. A bit of wit goes a long way and further humanises the hub and its venues.
When respondents were given some existing materials, they were critical of artists’ representations that make venues look very similar or unrealistically close to each other.
All participating venues must communicate the existence of a hub, for example through flags or banners – but this should not be overbearing. Tourists find it helpful to see some indication that they are in a cultural quarter, but residents don’t need this for any practical purpose.
The presence of these materials performs a branding and communication function only Empower your visitors with tools to navigate Cultural hubs need to be altruistic and flag up secondary attractions that will appeal to audiences, like architecture, food markets, refreshments and retail.
Develop a dynamic digital presence
All audiences now use social media to plan cultural outings. Social platforms allow your hub venues to talk as one, particularly if you don’t have a joint website, and allow you to deliver content and event messaging with immediacy.
To navigate these, audiences expect joint print materials such as posters and leaflets – and maps are an essential inclusion to describe the footprint of the hub and allow route-planning.
Your maps should be bespoke, and provide plenty of supporting detail such as scale, distance, ourney times between venues, and parking.Our research also showed that there is significant desire among consumers for a hub app that would detail programming, suggested itineraries and walks – similar to our Art Guide.
Reward your visitors’ loyalty
Your visitors are key to making a hub work. For it to become a genuine communal space, it needs to feel like one. Our research found that it’s important to reward your visitors for their participation.
Respondents react very positively to the notion of a loyalty card that involves all hub venues. When a certain number of check[1]ins at venues is reached, rewards are released – and these rewards should go beyond a free coffee, which is seen as too mundane and something high street coffee shops already offer.
(Source: Cultural hubs~How to create a multidimensional experience by Art Insights)
Related: 10 ways to develop a cultural hub
Jan 23, 2024
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The concept has real appeal
While the term ‘cultural hub’ isn’t particularly confidently known by
cultural consumers, the concept has significant appeal.
Among consumers, 42% say they are definitely not aware of the term and 46% say they think they are aware of it. Only 12% say they are definitely aware of it.
However, cultural consumers, particularly in London, do plan visits to multiple venues in a single visiting window. While they might not use the term, the concept is recognised – and attractive.
Cultural hubs comprising organisations with distinct and differentiated offerings can offer variety to visitors.
Meanwhile, thematic hubs such as Yorkshire Sculpture Triangle offer depth around a single subject and can also provide an opportunity to engage with smaller, less well-known venues in a grouping.
Ultimately, hubs can deliver volume of content for the voracious cultural consumer as well as encourage piecemeal and spontaneous engagement with a particular site.
Visitors want to 'culture stack'
There is consensus around the ideal hub mix. Visitors expect at least one or two iconic, high-quality venues, which act as the main draw.
They don’t accept one single site or venue with a diverse cultural offering as a hub, although some organisations try to brand themselves as such.
Visitors want to ‘culturestack’ – to engage with a number of venues during a single visit.
When visitors culture-stack, their engagement tends to be more around permanent collections than temporary, paid-for exhibitions – for reasons of expense as well as an unwillingness to commit to several detailed exhibitions over a short period.
We asked: How appealing do you find a clustering of cultural venues and activities such as galleries, museums, performance venues and iconic architecture, etc?
Jan 23, 2024
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Cultural hubs: How to create a multidimensional experience by Art Insights
What is a cultural hub?
A clustering of cultural venues such as museums, galleries and performance spaces with secondary attractions including food and retail.
Did you know cultural hubs are on the rise in the UK? As museums and galleries increasingly pool resources, content and marketing, cultural consumers are also demonstrating an appetite for experiences that are multidimensional and incorporate more than one venue.
In recent years we have seen the launch of several interesting museum partnerships and marketing initiatives, such as the Cornwall Museums Partnership, Bath Museums Partnership, Coastal Culture Trail, London’s Museum Mile, Yorkshire Sculpture Triangle and Art in Yorkshire.
What we haven’t known until now is the scope of UK audiences’ appetite for these kinds of groupings, or the scale of opportunity they present to attract and increase visitors – whether formally as ‘hubs’ or through a more informal setup.
In 2015 we commissioned research to discover how organisations could best capitalise on cultural hubs in order to grow audiences.
We hope the results provide actionable insights you can use when collaborating with your peers to create a hub.
Aims and approaches
Our aim:
To grow your audiences through a shared vision Our research was designed to find out how, by teaming up and collaborating, you may be able to find creative, cost-effective ways to engage new visitors – and take your organisation from venue to multidimensional experience.
Our approach
The research project comprised three stages:
1. Stakeholder research Quantitative survey among cultural marketers
2. Visitor research In-depth qualitative research using focus groups comprised of
different cultural consumers – Classically Cultured, Contemporary Cultured and
Leisure Magpies – across four regions of the UK
3. Testing Quantitative survey among cultural consumers to test significance of findings
Cultural Consumers
1 Classically Cultured Cultural consumers with a fairly traditional and classical repertoire
2 Contemporary Cultured Cultural consumers with a voracious, diverse and
progressive repertoire
3 Leisure Magpies More mainstream cultural consumers with a varied leisure repertoire
Insights and observations
Current engagement is varied Our research found that, at this stage, even cultural marketers aren’t fully engaged with the term ‘cultural hub’.
In 2015 just over a third of people working in museum or gallery marketing departments claimed to be aware of the term in isolation. But when the concept was described there was more recall, and over half of marketers thought there were currently more than 10 cultural hubs in the UK.
Related:
Hubs can champion smaller venues
How to create a multidimensional experience
Jan 24, 2024
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文创 华团 组织美学 地方感性 吉隆坡 书院 新文科
企业大学 微专业 地方志 地方创生 濱雪鄉鎮
媒体 感官 对话机械人/AI 4.0思潮
Feb 2, 2024
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數智應用—数實融合
神山 乡产学 北岬 梦想学校 特色小镇 乐团
时空境 慢游 诗性 在职培训 技职教育
回乡创业 ESG 婆罗洲 客家 文化特区 巴生
Feb 2, 2024
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29. "Creativity is piercing the mundane to find the marvelous." – Bill Moyers
Bill Moyers is an American journalist and political commentator, and former White House Press Secretary. He's been involved in public broadcasting for many years, producing documentaries and news journal programs.
Moyers' quote emphasizes the idea that creativity is about finding the extraordinary within the ordinary. This perspective encourages us to look at the world with a fresh perspective and to find inspiration in everyday life.
30. "True happiness comes from the joy of deeds well done, the zest of creating things new." – Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Antoine de Saint-Exupery was a French writer and aviator, best known for his novella, The Little Prince (1943).
This quote reflects his view that happiness isn't derived from the result of our actions, but from the process of creation itself. His idea of creation isn't limited to the arts, but extends to all kinds of human endeavors where something new is brought into existence.
Key takeaways: quotes about creativity
After reading these powerful quotes about innovation and creativity, you may have come to some of your own conclusions about the creative process.
We’ve also put together a few key takeaways that we’ve learned from getting lost in the world of creativity quotes:
Your unique perspective is your creative gold.
Bringing the spirit of fun, excitement, and child-like wonder is extremely valuable to being creative.
The more you live a life that inspires you, the more access you have to your creativity.
You’re not always going to be inspired. Sometimes you must sit down and work despite how you might feel.
Self-doubt is normal. Create anyway.
It takes time and effort. Small wins are stepping stones to success.
Create for yourself, not for the approval of others.
Be curious about life.
Creativity is not a moment—it's a flow.
Creativity can come from your inner world, or be inspired by things around you.
Refining and simplifying your creations lead to beautiful finished products. It’s a skill that must be learned.
Being creative is as important for solving real-world problems as literacy.
Creatives in all industries—marketers, designers, artists, business leaders, etc.—need to feed their inspiration to keep creativity alive. We do this through lifestyle, learning, practice, and community.
(Source:30 insightful creativity quotes to inspire innovation By Ben Barnhart @ https://www.linearity.io;About the author:Ben Barnhart is a Content Lead for Linearity living in Berlin. His hobbies include board games, cooking, reading, and writing.
Feb 4, 2024
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27. "My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status." – Sir Ken Robinson
We now know creativity is serious. And we understand that it's a form of play. But do we consider it to be as crucial in society as academic literacy?
Sir Ken Robinson is an educator and author of Creativity in Schools (2015) and other books on creativity and education. He argues that schools are killing creativity through merit-based education and "teaching to the tests."
It's this approach to education that has led to most people missing an essential aspect of everyday life: critical thinking.
When we learn to practice critical thinking skills, creativity becomes a natural extension of our lives.
28. "Belief in your creative capacity lies at the heart of innovation." – Tom and David Kelley
The brothers Tom and David Kelley are thought leaders in the design space. Together, they authored Creative Confidence (2014). David is the Founder of Stanford University's d.school, a multi-disciplinary school focused on innovation to solve real-world problems.
Building your creative confidence means regaining the enthusiasm and courage to go out of your comfort zone.
Many business leaders and "non-creative" roles at companies think of themselves as unartistic, and wouldn't place themselves in situations where they don't know how to perform the task at hand.
But allowing yourself to act creatively, and make mistakes, is essential for your personal and professional growth. And you may even discover a new passion and career path.
Related:
遊學·把自我故事說好的快意
《藝頻道》電影達人
LITERATURE: The Great Story Continues
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PARK: The Cultural & Creative Hub
Feb 4, 2024
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21. “Draw the art you want to see, start the business you want to run, play the music you want to hear, write the books you want to read, build the products you want to use – do the work you want to see done.” – Austin Kleon
When in doubt, create what you’d like!
We can get so caught up trying to create for an audience or a client that we neglect to create for ourselves.
The most impactful and beautiful creations come from artists and designers who personally love what they are creating.
22. “Creativity is a wild mind and a disciplined eye.” – Dorothy Parker
This quote speaks to the balance that’s necessary for any creative project.
Yes, it requires freedom, letting go, letting your imagination run wild, and all the rest. But it also requires a refined eye that knows how to pull everything together in an aesthetically pleasing way that makes it enjoyable for a viewer to experience.
23. "Creativity doesn't wait for that perfect moment. It fashions its own perfect moments out of ordinary ones." – Bruce Garrabrandt
Bruce Garrabrandt, a self-taught artist, emphasizes the active nature of creativity with this quote. He believes that creativity does not depend on waiting for the perfect moment but making the most out of the ordinary ones.
As an artist who began with no inherent talent for drawing, Garrabrandt's perspective on creativity is rooted in his own journey of learning skills, overcoming frustrations and setbacks, and eventually becoming a professional artist.
He encourages the development of individual gifts into talents and abilities, fostering creativity.
24. "You can't wait for inspiration, you have to go after it with a club." – Jack London
This quote is from a 1905 essay by Jack London titled "Getting Into Print." London was a prolific writer who depended on his literary skills for his livelihood. He encouraged other writers to proactively seek inspiration rather than waiting for it to come to them.
He saw the writing process as requiring discipline, persistence, and the willingness to learn from others.
25. "If you want creative workers, give them enough time to play." – John Cleese
John Cleese is an English actor, comedian, and writer. Cleese is known for his comedic work in Monty Python's Flying Circus and Fawlty Towers, and he has often spoken about the importance of creativity, play, and humor.
26. "Serious design, serious play, is something else. For one thing, it often happens spontaneously, intuitively, accidentally or incidentally." – Paula Scher
In her 2008 TED talk, Great Design is Serious, Not Solemn, designer Paula Scher describes the difference between serious and solemn design. Scher is most famous for the album covers she created at CBS records, and the large text-based designs she created in the span of her accoladed career.
Seriousness is a laser focus on the task at hand, and a full immersion in the creative process. Solemn design, on the other hand, is focused on perfection and quality.
There's still a place for solemn design. But to be truly innovative and produce something new, you need to be creatively at play.
It's this creative energy that has led to some of the most surprising, delightful, and effective designs of all time.
Feb 5, 2024
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15. "There is no innovation and creativity without failure." – Brené Brown
What would any inspirational quote article be without a bit of wisdom from Brené Brown?
Failure is so important to learn from. It teaches us how to refine and where to improve, plus “failures” can guide us to something better, something unexpected. They can break us open to something we’ve never thought of before.
16. “The creative process is a process of surrender, not control.” – Bruce Lee
The control comes afterward, when we're refining. But to get to that point, we have to get out of our own way and allow creativity to flow through us.
Art is surrender. If you’ve ever dived into Eastern philosophies, you’ll know that people spend entire lifetimes simply learning the art of surrendering. You don’t need to become a monk, but you might want to consciously practice surrender while you're creating.
Often, the secret to creativity lies in the subconscious. By learning to surrender, we let go of rational thinking and the conscious mind to discover the gold that lies deeper within ourselves.
17. “The creative adult is the child who survived.” – Ursula Le Guin
Some research shows that all humans start out creative as children, and creativity is simply neglected, or we’re trained out of it as we grow older.
Picasso had a similar opinion to Le Guin when he said, “Every child is an artist. The problem is to remain an artist once they grow up.” This is a reminder that, in order to access creativity, we have to let our inner child come out.
We have to play and be curious. A true sign of intelligence is allowing the child within to come out and play and understanding the value in this child-like point of view.
18. “Great things are done by a series of small things brought together.” – Vincent Van Gogh
This quote from painter Vincent Van Gogh reminds us that creative projects, especially larger projects, don’t happen overnight.
It takes working at it in a series of moments consistently. It also reminds us that a career, a portfolio, or even a hobby takes time to build. Every project you complete is a step closer to becoming great at what you do.
Your greatness is accumulated through a series of moments; it doesn’t happen in just one moment.
19. “Make visible what, without you, might perhaps never have been seen.” – Oprah Winfrey
Where would anyone be without the wisdom of Oprah Winfrey?
Expressing our creativity is an opportunity to shed light on something. This can take the form of solutions, inventions, and art. It comes back to that unique perspective, once again. Each person’s creative expression adds to the birth of new ideas in the world, variety, and diversity in perspective.
20. “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.” – Leonardo Da Vinci
We’ve dedicated an entire post to the beauty of simplicity. Making something complex simple in art and design is often the most significant challenge.
It takes craft, intelligence, and experience. When trying to convey sophistication in a project, always keep the overall goal of simplicity at the center.
Feb 6, 2024
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11. “Create with the heart; build with the mind.” – Criss Jami
The thinking mind can get in the way when trying to be creative.
Overthinking is another blocker to creativity. Criss Jami’s quote reminds us to create from a place of emotion and inspiration. Your art and designs won’t always make logical sense and don’t need to.
Every idea, doodle, and design is a stepping stone in your creative process. Skip one of them, and you might never find out what new heights of creativity you can reach.
12. “Deadlines and things make you creative.” – Jack White
Here's an intriguing perspective from White Stripes musician Jack White.
Many would argue that deadlines “and things” put pressure on you and hinder creativity. However, we believe many marketers and designers will agree that deadlines push us into action and force us to get creative.
Budget limitations, time constraints, and a lack of resources drive creative thinking and sharpen problem-solving skills.
The innovation process is often put into motion by external constraints that force us to reimagine modern society. Inflexible people may struggle to act creatively in constrained circumstances, as their natural bent leans towards keeping things the same.
But discomfort is oftentimes the birthplace of innovation and an instrument of entrepreneurship.
13. “You can be cautious or you can be creative, but there's no such thing as a cautious creative.” – George Lois
Art director and designer turned author, George Lois is most famous for designing almost 100 iconic magazine covers for Esquire between 1962 and 1973.
This is one of the most famous quotes about creativity of all time. Lois reminds us that we must get messy and break some rules when exerting creative effort.
Lois goes so far as to say that caution isn't an aspect of creativity. When faced with a conflict of ideas, throw caution to the wind and do something out of the ordinary.
14. "You can't use up creativity. The more you use, the more you have." – Maya Angelou
What a relief to know that your creativity can’t run out. It’s an endless resource that becomes more activated the more you unleash it.
Perhaps that’s why it’s often called a “creative flow.” Everyone experiences “dry spells,” but this can be due to a lack of inspiration or too much stress. It doesn’t mean your creativity has been used up or lost.
The key to creativity is unlocking something within yourself so that the creativity can flow.
Feb 7, 2024
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7. “Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking risks, breaking rules, making mistakes, and having fun.” – Mary Lou Cook
The creative process is messy, no doubt.
Mary Lou Cook reminds us that to be creative, we have to get messy, explore, and go against the grain. The most notable part of this quote is “making mistakes” and “having fun.”
Don't take things too seriously, and allow the spirit of fun. This approach will unlock your infinite capacity for creativity and foster an innovation mindset.
8. “It's no good being too easily swayed by people's opinions. You have to believe in yourself.” – Donatella Versace
Madame Versace knows what she’s talking about.
Perhaps the chief enemy of creativity, even more so than self-doubt, is seeking others' approval. You’re never going to win everybody over.
The most successful people in any creative endeavor trust themselves and believe in their work so much that they don’t need anyone's approval or permission.
Staying laser-focused on your creative work will help you turn viable ideas into innovations.
9. “There is no doubt that creativity is the most important human resource of all. Without creativity, there would be no progress, and we would be forever repeating the same patterns.” – Edward De Bono
Creativity isn't taken seriously enough in "serious" contexts like business and government.
But there's evidence that this is changing. If you look at business hubs like Silicon Valley, you’ll see how creativity and play are valued as an essential part of technological advancement. Larger corporate institutions in low-risk, horizontal industries also look to the Valley for inspiration and innovative practices.
The field of creativity is being studied as a type of learning process, and creative principles are being applied in business, education, policy-making, and beyond.
In business, you need to find ways to foster a culture of innovation in your team. This can be done by providing opportunities for creative collaboration between individuals and cross-departmental teams. Listening to your customers and taking calculated risks will also provide innovation opportunities.
A successful innovation strategy will lead to business progress and team growth.
10. "Begin by learning to draw and paint like the old masters. After that, you can do as you like; everyone will respect you." – Salvador Dalí
Reaching the level of the "old masters" may take a lifetime of dedication—and you might want to spend your lifetime focusing on other things, too.
But that doesn't make you any less creative.
There are many styles to experiment with. If you’re a designer or illustrator, you need to focus on honing your skills and experimenting with new mediums.
With practice, you'll be able to accurately capture what’s in your imagination.
Salvador Dalí captured such incredibly imaginative imagery because he had incredible skills that afforded him this ability.
We also think that maybe Dalí meant you have to earn respect as a creative by studying the established rules and principles of art. Then, you have the privilege of breaking them.
Pablo Picasso had similar ideas evident in his quote, “Learn the rules like a pro so you can break them like an artist.”
Feb 8, 2024
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3. "You use a glass mirror to see your face. You use works of art to see your soul." – George Bernard Shaw
This phrase is one of the many aphorisms by George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950), a famous Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist. His work is characterized by satire and insightful commentary on societal issues.
Shaw uses the illustration of a mirror to show how art is a reflection of one's inner world.
Every human has a unique perspective of the world. Everyone can create something original. Just like every person has a unique reflection in the mirror, all our creative expressions can be unique, too.
To any creative type seeking authenticity and originality in their style, the more you connect with your inner world, the more you will support originality in your art instead of continuously looking outside for inspiration.
4. “A creative life is an amplified life. It's a bigger life, a happier life, an expanded life, and a hell of a lot more interesting life” – Elizabeth Gilbert
The wonderful Elizabeth Gilbert has exploded as a thought leader on “the creative life” since her book Big Magic (2016) became a bestseller. Her Ted Talks have also reached millions of people.
This quote reminds us that creativity blossoms when your lifestyle supports it. You have to be inspired, connect with interesting people, learn new things, and see new people consistently.
You can keep expanding your way of thinking with art and culture, and satisfy your curiosity with travel and education. You can stay inspired by surrounding yourself with beautiful design, fashion, and food.
marketing power template
You must experience interesting things to know how to create anything interesting.
5. “Don’t wait for inspiration. It comes while working." – Henri Matisse
Matisse was quite the fountain of wisdom regarding insights into creativity.
This quote is an important reminder that you won’t always have an endless supply of inspiration. Even when you’re not feeling it, make things anyway. It doesn't mean that you have an uncreative mind—it just means that you must make a habit of creating things even when you don't feel inspired.
Matisse suggests that once you start working, you'll unlock your creativity, and inspiration will start flowing. It'll be fueled as you continue working.
6. “The worst enemy to creativity is self-doubt.” – Sylvia Plath
Creatives can often relate to having feelings of self-doubt.
A creative mind is riddled with self-doubt. It's this questioning nature that produces creativity. And we argue that it doesn’t need to be your enemy.
Self-doubt is normal—even the greatest leaders and artists experience it. The key to success is holding the tension of opposites and put yourself out there anyway.
Acknowledge that you're feeling self-doubt, and carry on creating.
Remember, creativity is a chaotic process.
Feb 10, 2024
Paris En mémoire
Creativity is more than an abstract concept. It's a fundamental tool for success in marketing, design, and problem-solving.
In marketing, creativity can differentiate a brand, making it stand out in a sea of competitors. It's the magic ingredient that turns ordinary campaigns into viral sensations, capturing the public's attention and leaving a lasting impression.
In design, creativity breathes life into ideas, transforming abstract concepts into tangible realities. It empowers designers to innovate, pushing beyond the boundaries of the known and exploring new horizons.
Whether it's a logo that captures the essence of a brand, a product design that revolutionizes an industry, or a user interface that makes software a joy to use, creativity is at the heart of it all.
Creativity also plays a pivotal role in problem-solving. It encourages us to look beyond conventional solutions and consider new approaches. It's about connecting the dots in unexpected ways, leading to effective and novel solutions.
Creativity quotes
Before you check out these inspiring quotes on creativity and read our thoughts on each quote, remember to take a moment to consider what each quote means to you.
What would you have to say about creativity? And what is your unique interpretation of each quote?
Remember, the number one secret of creativity is originality (in our humble opinion), so it’s important to stay conscious of your own creative ideas when diving into the ideas of others.
1. "Creativity is seeing what others see and thinking what no one else ever thought." – Albert Einstein
This is one of Albert Einstein's musings on originality.
Originality is a topic of great discussion in the creative world, with many artists claiming that there is no such thing. Mark Twain once said, “There's no such thing as an original idea.”
But Einstein argues that each person has a unique perspective that lends itself to originality.
Being creative is about presenting a piece of art, a design, an idea, or an innovation in a way that is filtered through your own unique perspective, talent, and skills. Perhaps that’s what Einstein meant by this.
Ready to create brand assets that pack a punch?
2. “Art is the elimination of the unnecessary.” – Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso had so much wisdom to share on creativity.
He also said that “art is chaos taking shape.” There seems to be a common idea between these inspiring creativity quotes: creativity is an evolutionary process of refinement.
A creative project, whether an illustration or a logo, a sculpture, a fashion item, or a user interface—whatever form it takes, the finished product was shaped by countless influencing factors. These include culture, colors, a brief, fonts, styles, emotions, politics, etc.
A creative carefully chooses what to include and exclude. It results in something beautiful that somehow makes sense amongst the chaos of the endless influencing factors around us at any time.
But it doesn't happen overnight. It takes courageous patience and an unrelenting drive to challenge the status quo, coming up with innovative ideas and refining them until they work.
Don't worry about asking the wrong questions—or perhaps giving the wrong answers. Putting brilliant ideas into action to see what happens is one of the best sources of creativity, because it helps you find the parts you need to improve.
Feb 12, 2024
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30 insightful creativity quotes to inspire innovation By Ben Barnhart
There are many voices on creativity, how to be creative, and the creative process itself.
From Albert Einstein to Steve Jobs, the world’s greatest leaders and artists have shared their musings on creativity.
We can draw inspiration from them as we look at their careers and achievements.
We’ve compiled a list of the most inspiring creativity quotes to help you think out of the box and find new solutions to problems.
And, spoiler alert—the list doesn't include Steve Jobs' famous words, “Creativity is just connecting things,” because you’ve probably already heard that one too many times. We’ve tried to be a little more diverse and hopefully offer you something new.
Whether you’re a lucky human who seems to have a source of constant creativity or you’re struggling with a creative block at the moment, these little nuggets of wisdom can guide and inspire you.
Jumpstart your ideas with Linearity Curve
Take your designs to the next level.
A note on inspiration
Creative people need inspiration.
The creative process is one of human's most complex and beautiful parts. Creativity is messy, frustrating, enjoyable, and different for everyone. Being creative helps us understand ourselves and the world.
It’s a natural part of human expression that we should all value and cultivate.
One of the essential components of creativity is inspiration. We’re not always going to have creative workers such as designers or writers, in particular, know that you’ve got to sit down and do the work even when you’re not inspired if you’re going to achieve anything.
We can ensure we remain inspired by surrounding ourselves with the right people, knowledge, places, and resources. Simply reading other people’s insights on creativity is integral to staying inspired.
Our creative juices often flow when we can bounce daring ideas off each other and nurture a community around inspiration and creative endeavors.
The role of creativity in marketing, design, and problem-solving.
(02 September 2021, https://www.linearity.io)
Feb 14, 2024
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2024年中國—東盟人文交流年概念文件
一、背景情況
中國和東盟山水相連,隔海相望,命運相系。千年來,綿延不絕的舟舶繼路、商使交屬綻放出亞洲文化兼收並蓄、萬物並育的獨特氣質,連接起亞洲人民開放包容、倡導和平的共同價值,凝結出中國和東盟攜手合作、共行現代化之路的精神追求。
人文交流不僅是中國和東盟各國生生不息的精神紐帶,更是跨越歷史長河,沉淀出中國和東盟面向未來、相向而行的深厚根基。習近平主席提出建設更為緊密的中國—東盟命運共同體10年來,中國和東盟守望相助,共克時艱,命運與共的意識不斷深入人心。10年來,中國—東盟人文交流葳蕤春華,碩果盈枝,為構建更為緊密的中國—東盟命運共同體發揮了不可替代的重要作用。10年來,雙方人員往來密切,留學生數量不斷增多,青年交流友誼佳話頻傳,地方務實合作成果層出不窮,旅游、教育、文化、智庫、媒體、體育、婦女等領域交流合作持續深化。中國和東盟各國人民越走越近,越走越親,民意基礎不斷夯實。

當前,中國與東盟國家著力推動疫後復蘇,人文交往正加快恢復。中國和東盟一致同意,將2024年確定為「中國—東盟人文交流年」,助力雙方人文相交、民心相通,促進文明交流互鑑,深化全面戰略伙伴關系,攜手建設和平、安寧、繁榮、美麗、友好「五大家園」。
二、活動設想
2024年初,中方將與東盟在華共同舉辦2024年中國—東盟人文交流年開幕式,爭取實現高規格、高水平,隆重宣布交流年正式啟動,並邀請雙方各界友人見證。中方將征求東盟各國意見,形成2024年中國—東盟人文交流年活動清單並在開幕式期間散發,歡迎中國和東盟各界人士積極參與交流年活動。
2024年全年,大力支持中國和東盟政府部門、民間友好組織、工商學界等主體,共同開展青年、民間、教育、文化、旅游、媒體、科技、地方等各領域交流合作,包括但不限於:
(一)青春同行。青少年是中國東盟關系的未來,更是中國東盟世代友好的後備力量。「青春同行」將聚焦中國東盟青少年交流,為中國東盟青少年相知相親搭建有益平台。2024年將舉辦第15屆中國—東盟青年營、第十屆中國—東盟青年精英交流節、《熊貓杯》泰國青年感知中國征文大賽等。
(二)民心相印。民間交往是中國東盟人文交流不可或缺的重要內容。「民心相印」旨在通過民間友好組織和慈善機構開展的各項活動,加強中國東盟民間友好,夯實雙方廣泛的民意基礎,促進民心相通。2024年將舉辦中國—東盟民間友好組織領導人會晤、中國—東盟心連心暨東盟先心病兒童篩查救治等活動。
(三)匯智樹人。人才是實現中國和東盟發展的重要支持。「匯智樹人」聚焦中國東盟教育合作,邀請中國和東盟各層級教育機構開展學前教育、職業教育、高等教育等多層級、多領域教育合作,為雙方可持續發展提供智力支持。2024年將舉辦2024中國—東盟教育交流周、2024浙江—東南亞學前交流會等活動。
(四)文·體一家親。文化和體育作為人文交流中喜聞樂見的載體,將增進中國和東盟國家人民之間的友好情誼,促進雙方對彼此文化的相互了解和尊重,助力人民之間相知相親。2024年將舉辦中國—東盟文化論壇、中國—東盟武術大賽等活動。
(五)以「新」為媒。以新媒體為重點,聚焦中國和東盟新媒體與傳統媒體融合發展與合作,推動中國—東盟媒體領域互聯互通,通過電影、電視、短視頻等媒體平合,講好中國—東盟友好故事。2024年將舉辦中國—東盟視聽週、中國—東盟合作十大新聞評選等活動。
(六)跨越山海。聚焦中國—東盟民眾跨境交流,推動中國—東盟恢復雙邊人員往來,促進中國—東盟旅游業蓬勃發展。2024年將舉辦中國—東盟博覽會旅游展、中國—東盟旅游和文化培訓班、東盟與中日韓移民官員業務培訓班等。
(七)攜手共創。以創新、創業為主題,推動中國和東盟科學創新、青年創業領域的交流合作。2024年將舉辦第二屆中國—東盟創新創業大賽、第八屆瀾滄江—湄公河流域治理與發展青年創業設計大賽等活動。
(八)活力地方。中國和東盟關係活力在地方。中國和東盟地方交流形式多樣,內涵豐富。2024年將繼續舉辦中越、中緬邊境大聯歡等活動,還將開展涉及各領域的務實合作交流項目。
(九)共促治理。中國和東盟將打造智庫和學術合作網絡,在治國理政、領導力、公共政策等領域開展交流互鑑和人才培訓。就共同關心的人權問題開展交流,促進全球人權治理。繼續辦好婦女論壇、殘疾人論壇,就婦女創業、提升婦女科技創新能力、促進殘疾人權利等開展交流合作,加強特殊群體賦權與發展。
2024年底,中方將與東盟共同舉辦2024年中國—東盟人文交流年閉幕式,一起回顧交流年成果和亮點,激勵雙方各界賡續友誼、傳承友好。中方將征求東盟各國意見,形成2024年中國—東盟人文交流年事實清單,提交2024年第27次中國—東盟領導人會議參閱。
三、活動宣傳
計劃制作中國—東盟人文交流年宣傳片、紀錄片或訪談節目,推動在中國和東盟國家媒體播放,提升中國—東盟人文交流年影響力。
邀請中國和東盟國家媒體積極報道中國—東盟人文交流年開幕式和全年活動。
邀請中國和東盟國家的駐外使領館等機構,在各自平合宣介中國—東盟人文交流年項目及成果。
發揮網站、社交媒體等優勢,鼓勵各國民眾廣泛參與互動,擴大人文交流年覆蓋面。
(2023-09-06 https://www.mfa.gov.cn)
Feb 23, 2024
Paris En mémoire
江南·宋韻文化的認識維度和內涵例解~~2022年9月23日上午,由浙江省社科聯指導、杭州國際城市學研究中心浙江省城市治理研究中心主辦、杭州師范大學協辦的「浙江人文大講堂•未來講堂」第十講在城研中心倉前大樓109報告廳開講。
浙江省社會科學院二級研究員、原副院長陳野作《宋韻文化的認識維度和內涵例解》講座。浙江省社科聯黨組成員、副主席陳先春出席會議並致辭,杭州城研中心黨組成員、副主任杜紅心主持會議。
來自杭州國際城市學研究中心、杭州學相關分支學科、杭州師范大學相關學院師生、余杭區相關街鎮、杭州城西科創大走廊相關企事業單位的100餘人同步參加線上線下會議。
一曲悠揚的古琴彈奏《梅花三弄》帶領大家走進宋韻文化講堂。
陳先春副主席指出,浙江提出實施「宋韻文化傳世工程」以來,省社科聯推出了浙江省文化研究工程-宋韻研究系列成果,受到社會各界的廣泛關注和積極反響;計劃到2035年,出版宋韻文化系列研究叢書百部以上,完成宋代主要文獻整理,形成較為完整的宋韻文化研究成果體系。宋韻文化蘊含著浙江優秀傳統文化的精神內核,除研究之外,要更加注重傳承、傳播、科普工作,浙江人文大講堂·未來講堂就是很好的形式。希望浙江智庫能充分發揮平台優勢,讓南宋文化這張浙江文化金名片更加深入人心、走向世界。
陳野認為,對宋韻文化的認識,要以全領域的視角,跳出文學藝術看宋韻文化;要以全地域的視角,跳出杭州、浙江看宋韻文化;要以鑄牢中華民族共同體意識的視角,跳出兩宋統治地域看宋韻文化;要以同時期不同區域的橫向比較,跳出中國看宋韻文化;要以長時段的縱向比較,跳出兩宋時期看宋韻文化。陳野指出,跳出宋韻看宋韻,是為更全面、更系統、更立體地研究宋韻文化的內涵特征、歷史地位、精神標識;更科學、更准確、更深刻地提煉其中蘊含的跨越時空、超越國度、富有永恆魅力、具有當代價值的文化基因和文化精神。
會中,她通過結合兩宋時期花鳥畫的傳承與流變、兩宋山水畫之變等橫縱向比較,形象生動地例解了宋韻文化內涵。
她還從「基於華夏認同的民族精神」「基於家國情懷的愛國精神」「基於海外交往的開放精神」「基於多元包容的創造精神」「基於探索求真的科學精神」「基於社會關切的人文精神」六個方面,總結了宋韻文化的精神實質。
講座深入淺出,兼具學術性與科普性,讓在場的聽眾進一步開拓了視野,對宋韻文化有了更深的了解與認識。
講座結束後,陳野還就杭州宋韻文化對外交流、國際傳播途徑以及宋韻文化的要素、氣質、精神在朝代變更中的影響作用等問題回答了聽眾的提問。
會前,杭州國際城市學研究中心浙江省城市治理研究中心聘請陳野為智庫客座研究員並頒發證書。
「浙江人文大講堂•未來講堂」為浙江省社科聯與杭州國際城市學研究中心聯合推出的品牌講堂,旨在在杭州城西科創大走廊搭建一個「科技」與「人文」碰撞的舞台,為周邊廣大科技工作者、高校師生及社區居民提供精神大餐、思想盛宴。迄今已累計舉辦9講,邀請了原中共浙江省委常委、杭州市委書記,浙江省人民政府咨詢委員會副主任,杭州城市學研究理事會理事長,浙江省城市治理研究中心主任、首席專家王國平,中央美術學院原院長、中國美術學院原院長潘公凱,北京大學講席教授,北京大學政府管理學院院長俞可平等著名專家學者,圍繞「讓城市因歷史而美麗」「筆墨藝術、美術理論、裝置藝術、建築設計的創意實踐」「傳統謚法的政治學意義」等主題開展演講,獲得了聽眾的一致好評,並產生了廣泛社會影響。
((原題:「浙江人文大講堂•未來講堂」第十講開講 l 宋韻文化的認識維度和內涵例解——2022-09-29 來源:都市快報; 来源:《都市快报》2022年9月26日;延續閱讀:地方文化營銷 0.9:國内遊;韵文化:鄉韻 ;愛墾慕課·在地篇; 韵文化:我求)
Jun 11, 2024
Paris En mémoire
江南·讓城市因歷史而美麗~~2018年3月31日上午,由浙江省社科聯、杭州城市學研究理事會、杭州師范大學聯合主辦的「浙江人文大講堂·未來講堂」開講儀式在杭州國際城市學研究中心倉前大樓舉行。原中共浙江省委常委、杭州市委書記,浙江省人民政府咨詢委員會副主任,杭州城市學研究理事會理事長王國平作題為《讓城市因歷史而美麗》的講座。
浙江省社科聯副主席陳先春,杭州市社科聯黨組書記、主席沈翔,杭州師范大學副校長方亮,杭州城研中心黨組書記、主任江山舞,浙江省委黨校原副校長、浙江省城市治理研究中心首席專家馬力宏,浙江省委組織部人才工作辦公室副主任陳榮華,杭州市社科聯副主席張旭東,杭州未來科技城管委會常務副主任趙喜凱等出席開講儀式。300余名省市區有關部門及企事業單位人員、高校師生、社區居民聆聽講座。
陳先春在致辭中說,浙江歷史文化厚重,從河姆渡文化、良渚文化一路走來,堅持海納百川、兼收並蓄,不斷地傳承歷史、守正出新,迸發出全新的活力。「浙江人文大講堂」是推進「文化浙江」建設的重要品牌活動。在集聚阿里巴巴、夢想小鎮、人工智能小鎮、海創園等一大批高新企業、高端人才的未來科技城,推出高品質的社科普及講堂——「浙江人文大講堂·未來講堂」,意義重大、恰逢其時、大有作為。
相信通過各方的協同創新,「浙江人文大講堂·未來講堂」一定能成為城西科創大走廊的「人文高地」、全省社科普及的「金字招牌」、智庫咨政啟民的「樣本工程」,為推動浙江哲學社會科學事業繁榮發展、書寫新時代的文化自信作出更大貢獻。
王國平在講座中說,習近平總書記指出:「要堅定中國特色社會主義道路自信、理論自信、制度自信,說到底是要堅定文化自信。文化自信是更基本、更深沉、更持久的力量。」歷史文化是城市的靈魂,要像愛惜自己的生命一樣保護好城市歷史文化遺產。保護文化遺產、傳承城市文脈是一種歷史責任。我們沒有任何權力和理由使文化遺產在當代消失,只能不遺余力地保護與傳承。一座城市的核心競爭力產生於,也只能產生於其固有的特色,也就是區別於其他城市的差異性、獨特性,甚至是唯一性,而這種特色,這種差異性、獨特性,甚至唯一性,只能來自於歷史文化遺產。作為一座歷史文化名城,要建設獨特韻味、別樣精彩的世界名城,重中之重就是要做好歷史文化遺產的保護和利用。
西湖、京杭大運河已分別於2011年、2014年成功列入世界文化遺產,良渚遺址申遺工作也已進入倒計時。南宋皇城大遺址、西溪濕地、錢塘江古海塘與錢江潮、湘湖與跨湖橋文化遺址,國內外專家都認為具備申遺的條件。杭州必須要樹立雄心壯志,通過15年乃至更長時間的努力,努力使杭州成為中國第一座擁有五處、六處乃至七處世界文化遺產的城市,從而推動杭州城市的核心競爭力、知名度與美譽度再上新台階,成為真正的「人間天堂」、「世界名城」。
王國平指出,「拆老城、建新城」的城市化模式,正在吞噬富有地域特色的城市文化,摧毀老街、老宅、老樹等歷史遺產,造成傳統風貌的破壞,歷史文脈的割裂,鄰裡社區的解體,城市記憶的消失,使城市成為水泥叢林,從而抹殺了城市個性。
當前和今後一個時期,扎實推進文化遺產保護和利用工作,首先要樹立以下科學理念:第一,牢固確立保護歷史文化遺產是最大政績的理念,把保護歷史文化名城作為第一責任來抓;第二,牢固確立保護歷史文化遺產就是保護生產力的理念,把保護歷史文化名城作為第一要務來抓;第三,牢固確立保護和發展「魚」與「熊掌」可以兼得的理念,在保護與發展之間尋找一個最佳結合點;第四,牢固確立保護歷史文化遺產人人有責的理念,形成政府、媒體、專家、市民良性互動;第五,牢固樹立「城市有機更新」理念,走可持續城市化道路;第六,牢固確立打造「建築歷史博物館」的理念,當好歷史文化遺產的「薪火傳人」;第七,牢固確立「保護第一、積極保護」的理念,在保護與利用之間尋找一個最大公約數。
王國平指出,城市需要創新驅動、動能轉換,更需要人文關懷、文化自信。杭州要與其他城市一樣,要以搶救的姿態,打贏一場歷史文化名城保衛戰。要始終堅持以人為本、規劃引領、研究先行,不斷打造文化遺產保護利用的「杭州模式」。具體而言,一要堅持「保老城、建新城」模式,保護好城市的「根」和「魂」;二要堅持「城市有機更新」戰略,大力推進城市形態、街道建築、自然人文景觀、道路設施、城市河道、城市產業、城市管理的有機更新;三要堅持構建點、線、面相結合的保護體系,對歷史文化遺產實行「應保盡保」;四要堅持破解「錢從哪裡來和去、地從哪裡來和去、人從哪裡來和去、手續怎麼辦」等四大難題;五要堅持以「最小干預、和而不同」為准則,積極打造「建築歷史博物館」;六要堅持研究先行,以高層次研究帶高起點規劃、高強度保護、高標准建設、高效率治理和高水平經營。
講座前,王國平、陳先春共同為「浙江人文大講堂·未來講堂」揭牌。據悉,「浙江人文大講堂·未來講堂」擬每季度舉行1講,邀請國內權威城市學專家學者主講,旨在搭建一個「科技」與「人文」碰撞的舞台,不斷提升未來科技城的人文氛圍,為廣大科技工作者、社區居民以及懷揣著夢想的年輕人,提供精神食糧、文化大餐和思想盛宴,滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要。
(原題:(「浙江人文大講堂·未來講堂」開講第一場 I 王國平首講《讓城市因歷史而美麗》;2018-04-17 來源:城市怎麼辦;延續閱讀:地方文化營銷 0.9:國内遊;韵文化:鄉韻 ;愛墾慕課·在地篇; 韵文化:我求;在江南發現詩性文化)
Jun 11, 2024
Paris En mémoire
沙巴札記
美人魚島:座落沙巴「牛仔城」古打毛律岸外的美人魚島羣,是由3個孤立小島組成。美人魚島實際名為曼塔那尼島(Mantanani Island),因附近海域曾經有兩只野生的海牛,也就是俗稱的「美人魚」而得名。
Jul 10, 2024
Paris En mémoire
學術上的主要區別
理論背景:地方感基於文化地理學和環境心理學,注重人們對特定地方的情感依附、歸屬感以及與地方的身份認同。情感地理學受到情感轉向、德勒茲與瓜塔裡的影響,更加關注情感的流動性、身體與空間的互動,以及情感如何在社會和物質力量中生成。
情感的特質:地方感中的情感更注重個體與集體在特定地方中的情感依附和認同,它是對某個地方的穩定情感反應。情感地理學強調情感的動態性和生成性,情感不是固定的依附,而是通過人與空間的互動持續變化。
空間的理解:在地方感中,空間是一個具體的物理和社會場域,承載著歷史、文化和個人記憶。在情感地理學中,空間是情感流動和生成的場域,情感不斷塑造空間並被空間所塑造。
對文創領域的貢獻
地方感強調文創產品和空間的地方性特征,文創設計常通過強化地方感來增強文化認同。例如地方特色手工藝、地方特產等通過對地方感的塑造與傳播,增強消費者與地方文化的情感聯結。
情感地理學則更加關注文創中的情感體驗的流動與互動,特別是在空間和情感體驗的設計中,強調情感如何通過參與、互動和沉浸式體驗來生成。例如在博物館展覽或城市空間設計中,情感地理學的理論可以幫助設計出能夠激發情感共鳴和互動的體驗空間。
心靈空間的學術見解
地方感強調個體和集體與特定地方的情感依附,心靈空間是通過地方的文化、歷史和個人記憶所形成的認同與歸屬空間。學者如段義孚將心靈空間視為人類體驗和情感在地理環境中的投射,形成了個人或群體對地方的深刻感知。
情感地理學更注重情感的流動性和生成性,心靈空間被視為一個動態的情感力量場域,通過身體、社會和物質空間的相互作用不斷變化和再創造。德勒茲與瓜塔裡的無器官的身體概念在這裡提供了對心靈空間的解放式理解,心靈空間不再是固定的心理體驗,而是情感、身體和空間力量的交互生成。
這兩種理論都為心靈空間提供了獨特的見解,一個重視情感依附與認同,一個強調情感的流動和生成,各自在文創、旅游、文化敘事等領域都有深遠的影響。(續上 / 下續)
Sep 17, 2024
Paris En mémoire
愛墾網·Sense of Place vs Geography of affects
Sense of Place 和 Geography of Affects 是學術上探討空間與情感關係的兩個不同概念,各自側重不同的研究路徑和理論背景。它們在如何理解空間與情感的互動、對心靈空間(psychic space)的探討上,反映了不同的學術傳統與關注點。以下是二者的學術區分及其對心靈空間的見解:
Sense of Place (地方感)
這是社會地理學、環境心理學和文化地理學中的一個核心概念,主要研究人們對特定地方的情感聯結、文化歸屬和認同。這一概念探討了地方如何通過歷史、文化、個人經歷以及社會互動來塑造人們的感知和情感。
核心要素
文化與歷史:地方感通常與特定地域的歷史文化背景有關。某個地方之所以對人們有意義,源於它的文化歷史積淀、社會記憶或是個人經歷。
情感依附與認同:人們對特定地方的情感依附與認同是地方感的核心。例如,一個人可能因為某個地方承載著家庭記憶、童年回憶或是文化儀式而產生深厚的情感聯系。
空間與身份:地方感與個人或群體身份緊密相關,地方不僅是地理上的存在,也是人們情感、文化認同的載體。
環境感知:地方感也與物理環境的特質相關,例如地形、氣候、自然景觀,這些因素影響著人們如何與空間互動並形成情感歸屬。
對心靈空間的見解
在地方感研究中,心靈空間(psychic space)與物理空間交織在一起,地方不僅是客觀存在的地理環境,還反映了個人和集體的情感、記憶和認同。學者如段義孚(YiFu Tuan)認為,地方感是人類在自然環境中形成的情感和心理歸屬,通過地方的物理特征、社會關係和文化符號建構出心靈的空間場域。地方感中,心靈空間往往是一種主觀體驗,反映了個人對地方的深層情感和心理互動。
Geography of Affects(情感地理學)
這是情感轉向(affective turn)中發展出來的一種地理學研究范式,受到德勒茲(Deleuze)和瓜塔里(Guattari)的哲學影響。它關注空間與情感的互動,特別是情感如何通過身體、空間和社會關係流動,形成新的空間體驗。情感地理學強調情感不是個人內部的靜態狀態,而是通過人與空間、社會和物質的互動生成的動態力量。
核心要素
情感的流動性:情感地理學不把情感看作單一主體的體驗,而是強調情感作為一種流動性力量,通過人與物質空間、社會關係的互動傳遞、擴展和改變。
物質性與身體:情感不僅僅是心理現象,還與身體和物質環境相互作用。情感通過身體與空間互動,在特定的社會、文化和物質情境中產生。
超越個體情感:情感地理學特別關注情感如何在集體、社會和環境中流動,探索情感、權力和社會關係如何共同塑造空間體驗和空間實踐。
空間與情感的生成:情感不是事物附帶的,而是在人與空間的關係中生成的。這種生成性(becoming)是動態的、過程性的,情感會在空間中不斷發生變化和再創造。
對心靈空間的見解:情感地理學對心靈空間的理解更加注重情感的流動性和生成性,而非靜態的情感依附。德勒茲和瓜塔里提出的無器官的身體(Body without Organs)概念在情感地理學中起到了啟發性作用,認為心靈空間不僅是情感的容器,而是一個情感力量流動、擴散、變形的場域。心靈空間在情感地理學中是一種生成空間(spaces of becoming),它通過身體、物質空間和社會力量的相互作用不斷變化和生成。
Sep 17, 2024
Paris En mémoire
[吃馬德萊娜點心時的至福感覺]有時,恰恰就在我們感到山窮水盡的時候,一線生機豁然出現;我們敲遍一扇扇並不通向任何地方的門扉,唯一可以進身的那扇門,找上一百年都可能徒勞無功,卻被我們於無意間撞上,打開了。
我懷著剛才說的綿綿愁思,走進蓋爾忙特公館的大院,……我的腳踩在一塊比前面那塊略低的鋪路石板上,我沮喪的心情溘然而逝,在那種至福的感覺前煙消雲散,就像在我生命的各個不同階段,當我乘著車環繞著巴爾貝克兜風,看到那些我以為認出了的樹木,看到馬丹維爾的幢幢鐘樓時,當我嘗到浸泡在茶湯里的小馬德萊娜點心的滋味,以及出現我提到過的其他許許多多感覺,仿佛凡德伊在最近的作品中加以綜合的許多感覺的時候我所感覺到的那種至福。如同我在品嚐馬德萊娜點心的時候那樣,對命運的惴惴不安、心頭的疑雲統統被驅散了。……
剛才還不可解決的難題已全然失去了它們的重要性。可是,這一回,我下定決心,絕不不求甚解,像那天品味茶泡馬德萊娜點心時那樣甘於不知其所以然。我剛感受到的至福實際上正是那次我吃馬德萊娜點心時的感覺,那時我沒有當即尋根問底。純屬物質的不同之處存在於它們所喚起的形象之中。一片深邃的蒼穹使我眼花繚亂,清新而光彩鮮豔的印象在我身前身後回旋飛舞。只是在品味馬德萊娜點心的時候,為了攫住它們,我再也不敢挪動一下,致力於使它在我心里喚起的東西直至傳達到我身上,這一次卻繼續顛簸著,一隻腳踩在高的那塊石板上,另一隻腳踩著低的那塊,顧不得引起那一大群司機的哂笑了。
每當我只是物質地重覆踩出這一步的同時,像這樣踩著雙腳找回我已曾有過體驗的那種感覺的話,這種炫目而朦朧的幻象便重又在我身邊輕輕飄拂,它仿佛在對我說:「如果你還有勁兒,那就趁我經過時把我抓住,並且努力解開我奉上的幸福之謎吧。」於是,我幾乎立即把它認了出來,那是威尼斯,我為了描寫它而花費的精力和那些所謂由我的記憶攝下的快鏡從來就沒有對我說明任何問題,而我從前在聖馬可教堂兩塊高低不平的石板上所經受過的感覺卻把威尼斯還給了我,與這種感覺會合在一起的還有那天的其他各種不同的感受,它們佇留在自己的位置上,佇留在一系列被遺忘的日子中,等待著,一次突如其來的巧合不容置辯地使它們脫穎而出。猶如小馬德萊娜點心使我回憶起貢布雷。
然而,為什麼貢布雷和威尼斯的形象竟能在此時或彼時給予我如同某種確實性那樣的歡樂,足以使我在沒有其他證據的情況下對死亡都無動於衷呢?
(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)
Dec 5, 2024
Paris En mémoire
第5屆「一帶一路」馬中商業對話(2024)
中國駐馬來西亞大使歐陽玉靖表示,2023年馬中雙邊務實合作成效顯著,貿易與投資領域持續蓬勃發展,預計全年雙邊貿易額將重返2000億美元,中國有望連續16年成為大馬最大貿易伙伴。
他指出,隨著馬來西亞榴槤成功進入中國市場和中資企業在大馬投資助力產業升級,中國民眾得以品嚐「舌尖上的馬來西亞」,同時提升了當地產業競爭力並創造高素質就業機會。
他強調,自2023年12月馬中互免簽證政策實施以來,兩國人民可享受「說走就走」的旅行便利,中方上月更宣布將大馬公民免簽停留時間延長至30天,進一步促進人員往來與文化交流,深化雙邊友誼。
歐陽玉靖也提出未來雙邊合作的4個關鍵方向:
第一、在戰略對接上力求「通」。中國式現代化與「昌明大馬」理念同頻共振,雙方在數字經濟、綠色發展和新能源等領域全面開花,展現出巨大的合作潛力。
「雙方應以經貿合作五年規劃及『一帶一路』合作規劃為指導,推動更高水平的開放與政策對接,加強產供鏈、價值鏈、數據鏈及人才鏈的深度融合,拉緊合作紐帶,共創美好未來。」
第二、在具體合作上做到「實」。雙方應深化「一帶一路」高質量共建,推進東海岸鐵路、「兩國雙園」等旗艦項目,並加強軌道交通與基礎設施合作,中方將支持馬來西亞發展交通、港口及物流產業。
「中方的目標是與馬方共享中國開放發展的紅利,追求雙贏與共贏,實現共同發展與聯動發展。」
第三,在合作亮點上突出「新」。在深化傳統合作領域的同時,應深挖新興領域的合作潛力,拓展數字經濟、人工智能、5G通信、新能源等領域的合作空間,推動創新發展與綠色發展,為兩國經濟注入新動能。
「第四、在多邊協作上強調『合』。雙方將共同維護自由貿易與經濟全球化,堅決反對單邊主義與保護主義。同時,支持馬來西亞履行東盟輪值主席國職責,並期待其在區域合作中發揮更大作用,攜手推動中國-東盟自貿區3.0版落地,共同實施《區域全面經濟伙伴關系協定》(RCEP)。」
「此外,作為全球南方的重要力量,雙方將在國際與地區組織中加強協調與合作,推動構建開放型世界經濟,實現共贏與可持續發展。」
「風好正揚帆,下個50年,馬中關系這艘巨輪必將乘風破浪,駛向更加輝煌的未來。」
歐陽玉靖是在今日出席第5屆「一帶一路」馬中商業對話中會時,發表上述觀點。
出席者包括,旅游、藝術及文化部副部長凱魯菲道斯、大馬中國商務理事會代執行董事拿督鄭源炳、馬中商務理事會董事拿督方天養。
馬輝:下一個50年將迎「黃金時代」 籲兩國工商界抓住機遇
與此同時,中共中央對外聯絡部副部長馬輝表示,馬中經貿合作過去50年不斷深化,大馬作為最早參與「一帶一路」的國家之一,重點項目穩步推進。同時,兩國在數字經濟、人工智能和新能源等新興領域合作潛力巨大。
馬輝表示,在兩國領導人的引領下,馬中關系未來50年將迎來新「黃金時代」,並呼籲工商界抓住機遇深化合作。
馬輝表示,在兩國領導人的引領下,馬中關系未來50年將迎來新「黃金時代」,並呼籲工商界抓住機遇深化合作。
馬輝提出了3點建議,推動中馬經貿合作邁向新台階:
第一,順應大勢,發掘馬中務實合作的新機遇。他呼籲馬中兩國順應全球數字化、智能化及綠色化的產業革命潮流,挖掘務實合作新機遇,同時把握經貿升級的大勢,抵制「脫鉤斷鏈」,推動互利共贏的共同發展。
第二,弘揚絲路精神,為中馬關系發展添磚加瓦。他鼓勵雙方企業深化農業、基建等傳統領域合作,並積極拓展綠色發展、數字經濟等新興領域,優化創新資源配置,促進民心相通,為中馬友誼打下堅實基礎。
第三,用好工商界對話會平台,打造地方合作新亮點。他指出,經貿與地方合作是中馬關係的重要組成部分,對增進互信與推動合作具有重要意義,本屆對話會吸引中國多個省市的政府機構和企業參與,期望雙方利用平台加強對接,開創更多合作亮點。
他相信,在兩國領導人的政治引領下,中馬關係的下一個50年將迎來又一個「黃金時代」,並呼籲兩國工商界抓住機遇,共同推動中馬合作不斷走深走實,為兩國人民帶來更多福祉。(發佈於 2024年12月13日,報導:賴文鳳;東方日報)
Dec 14, 2024
Paris En mémoire
中馬工商界對話會,解鎖巨大商機~~第5屆「一帶一路」中馬工商界對話會圓滿結束,圍繞探討新能源、人工智能、和綠色與可持續發展等方向,現場有約500位與會者出席,反映馬來西亞和中國在「一帶一路」倡議下,解鎖巨大商機方面合作的重要性日益增長。
馬來西亞-中國商務理事會董事方天養對話會上致詞時表示,希望對話會是富有成效和有意義的,並能促進有價值的伙伴關系和想法,為馬來西亞、中國和全球「一帶一路」社區的共同繁榮做出貢獻。
方天養較後在接受《亞視新聞》訪問時指出,2025年的第6屆「一帶一路」中馬工商界對話會,將輪到中方舉辦,目前尚未確定企業連接性的方向,胥視2026年將出爐的第13大馬計劃,有望在2025年開始提供一些方向的信號。
他也坦言,這是第一次與中國經濟聯絡中心(CECC)合作,僅耗時1個月半時籌備這場活動,雖然倉促,但依然順利完成。
除此之外,此次對話會也舉辦簽約儀式,現場正式簽署13項諒解備忘錄(MOU),涉及農產品、物流運輸、旅游策略合作、產業園、以及人工只能和數碼創新等。(2024年12月13日 亞洲電視新聞)
南海契合評議:方天養的談話,從南海契合的角度來看,值得關注的是,2024年雖然是馬中建交50週年的大喜年份,制定馬中商界合作方案的重大會議,只花了「一個半月」籌備。是簽了一些MOU, 有照片,有場面,不過沒有具體詳情。不懂是不是又像過去兩年多類似1,700億投資事件的處理方法?
話說中國將舉辦明年的對話會,不過馬來西亞還不知道到時要談什麼,等明年再說吧。反正我們最不缺擅長即席發表激勵演說的奇才。
馬中商業理事會的眼下的效能,若對照過去的廈門大學計劃,從議決、建造到招生只花了三年功夫的個案來看,充滿了敘事想像的空間。
Dec 15, 2024
Paris En mémoire
鍾啟章[灼見]昌明大馬,有禮真好~~本月3日揭曉的2024年度十大候選漢字,「免」字14年來首次上榜,隨著馬來西亞和中國互相實施豁免兩國人民入境簽證措施,雙方旅游互訪的人數劇增,對促進旅游經濟立竿見影,「免」字自然就成為年度十大候選漢字。
我也沒錯過這個免簽的機會,上個月中應中國友人的邀請,到荊楚大地走了一趟。抵達武漢後的第一個活動,便是參觀湖北省博物館,盡管是旅游淡季,人潮依然是絡繹不絕。走進博物館的曾侯乙展館,看到眼前的九鼎八簋,我馬上就聯想到「一言九鼎」、「問鼎中原」、「鐘鳴鼎食」幾句成語。
禮成中土文明象征
由於我們只有4個人,導游小張可以仔細和深入講解,他的九鼎八簋典故,讓我對中華數千年的文明留下非常深刻的印象。原來這九鼎八簋是周朝所遺傳下來的禮制,所以中國自古就有禮儀之邦的稱號。
周武王滅商後,吸取了商代滅亡的歷史教訓,用禮樂制度來規范統治階級內部的秩序。鼎最早是一種烹煮肉和存貯肉的方形器皿,後來逐漸發展成為禮器,被視為國家和權力的象征。簋主要用於放置飯食,是古代盛裝煮熟的稻、粱等食物的器皿。史書記載,古人在祭祀宴享之時,天子用九鼎八簋,諸侯用七鼎六簋,卿大夫用五鼎四簋,士用三鼎二簋,君臣、貴賤得以清楚劃分,充分體現出了商周時期嚴格的等極制度。
中國古代社會與國家管理是禮法社會。禮法是禮制與法律相結合的概念,融入哲學家的思想,法學家的智慧和政治家的實踐。雖然現在中國進入了法治社會,可是在任何地方,我們還可以看見禮制對生活的影響。
除了對內用禮制治國,對外也以禮相待,禮遂成為中土文明的象征,譬如禮尚往來,不強佔他人的土地,師出要有名,先禮而後兵,即先與敵人溝通,倘若對方不予理會,才會動武,即使如此也從不開第一槍,以免失禮。
雖然周朝距今已經超過3086年,但是禮儀在今天的中國仍深受重視,外交活動都會嚴格按照禮節進行。打個比方,假設我是一國首長,受邀到中國展開國事訪問,我的隨行部長不懂國家禮節,在國宴上用手機自拍,以「當做江湖手段來宣傳」,肯定是要被中國核心圈人笑話了。當時中方官員可能礙於我的面子,沒有當面制止部長的行為,但難免要成為私聊談天的笑話。當兩國首長在對話時,我國隨行部長如果插嘴說我的祖輩來自中土,這種不顧禮節率性而言的行為也是失禮之至。
其他可能引起詬病的不當行為還可能包括曝光國宴菜色等,中方官員會認為私人拍照什麼其實是可以的,但是把它變成公開資訊,當做外交成績來宣傳是一種低層次外交禮儀。畢竟部長是代表國家,不是代表個人或個別政黨,層次有別。這種舉止跟中國的國格,差別太大了,也會被認為跟以前這個國家的官員水平相差太遠了。
小拿破侖自作主張
一個國家的部長有時候難免需要獨斷獨行,因為部門小拿破侖太多了,這些小拿破侖往往自作主張,制定一些不利國人的措施,身為部門首長不能受制於官員,需要有自己的一套辦事作風。可是,國事訪問,不管怎樣還是需要咨詢外交部的專業知識,以免貽笑大方。希望泱泱大國的中方能夠理解我們這些外國人禮貌不足之處,畢竟大行不顧細謹,大禮不辭小讓。
謹守禮儀嚴以自律
現今社會禮教不彰,不僅在神州大地之外,即令中國百姓本身亦面對同樣的問題。馬來亞大學一名中國留學生日前控訴,本身因身穿短褲進入學校圖書館而遭工作人員怒聲呵斥,並揚言要將此事上告學院,導致他面臨被開除的噩運。
事實上,馬來西亞的政府部門都有本身一套嚴格的衣著禮儀規范,即使是賭場,都有本身的服裝規格,更何況是神聖的大學殿堂。《禮記·樂記》有一句成語「反躬自省」,希望這位學生能克己反省,我們年輕的一代也要注意個人儀表、言行舉止。
不論是中國或馬來西亞,其實都是重視禮儀道德的國家。孔子說:「禮失而求諸野」,讓我們互相砥礪、互相學習。馬來西亞明年將擔任東盟輪值主席國,屆時各國首長將陸續到訪,謹守禮儀,嚴以自律,讓外國領導感覺」昌明大馬,有禮真好」,應是我們舉辦外交活動的座右銘。
(2024年11月10日南洋商報言論版)
作者厚道,没明说文中的“随行部长”是谁,不過大家也猜得到哪位江湖郎中永远是那么的风头十足。大家还记得有人一部不放松从中国现场,第一手给媒体抖料;更壮观的是,还代表習主席透露,领袖在见面时说了些什么。
Dec 30, 2024
Paris En mémoire
愛墾APP:情動體驗與文創産業~~在學術界,特別是情動領域,將體驗經濟與文化創意產業結合起來進行討論的文獻計有:
1.體驗經濟與文化創意產業的融合
張淑華在《從體驗經濟看文化創意產業的發展》中指出,隨著經濟形態的演進,消費者越來越追求情感和美感的體驗。她強調,文化創意產業應該融入體驗經濟的理念,透過創新設計和情感連結,為消費者提供深刻的體驗價值。
何財能、莊漢斌、陳俊寧在《體驗行銷運用於文化創意產業之探討-十鼓文化村之案例研究》中,探討了體驗行銷如何在文化創意產業中運用。研究發現,透過感官、情感、思考、行動和關聯等策略體驗模組,能提升顧客的滿意度和忠誠度,進而增強文化創意產業的競爭力。
2.情境創意與體驗行銷
荊翡在《文化創意產業中情境創意研究及其在江蘇的實踐》中,提出了情境創意的概念,強調在文化產業中,透過營造特定的情境,激發消費者的情感共鳴和參與感。這種方法有助於深化消費者的體驗,提升文化產品的附加值。
陳依文 在《體驗經濟下的文化創意生活產業—以天仁喫茶趣的創意產業升級為例》中,探討了傳統產業如何透過體驗經濟的理念進行創新轉型。研究指出,天仁喫茶趣透過主題設定、高質感美學設計和客製化服務,成功將傳統茶產業升級為具有體驗價值的文化創意產業。
3. 審美經濟與文化創意產業鏈的延伸
王彤玲、吳強 在《審美經濟時代文化創意產業鏈的延伸與發展》中,討論了在審美經濟背景下,文化創意產業如何延伸產業鏈,滿足消費者對美感和情感體驗的需求。文章強調,藝術與科技的結合,以及審美價值的主導地位,對於文化創意產業的發展至關重要。
綜合以上研究可見,學術界已經關注並探討了體驗經濟與文化創意產業的結合,特別是在情動領域,強調透過情感和美學的體驗,提升文化產品的價值和競爭力。後来的研究者可在這些些文獻的基礎上探討進一步的情動議題。
Feb 24
Paris En mémoire
The global cultural and creative industries market was valued at approximately $2.3 trillion in annual revenues and contribute 3.1% of the global GDP, employing 6.2% of the global workforce.
Global Value:
The cultural and creative industries generate annual revenues of almost US$ 2.3 trillion globally.
Contribution to GDP:
These industries contribute 3.1% of the global gross domestic product (GDP).
UNESCO estimates that the cultural and creative industries account for 6.2% of global employment.
The creative industries encompass sectors like media, advertising, design, fashion, film, music, and digital content.
Growth Drivers:
The market is driven by innovation, technology, and cultural expression, with a visible consistent increase fueled by demand for digital transformation, interactive media, and immersive stories.
Emerging markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America, are experiencing unexpected growth in the creative industries.
Economic Impact:
The creative industries can play a significant role in promoting more resilient and prosperous economies, address social and income inequalities and boost innovation, particularly in emerging markets and vulnerable countries.
The cultural and creative industry (CCI) market in Asia-Pacific is the world's largest, generating US$743 billion in revenue (33% of global CCI sales) and employing 12.7 million people (43% of global CCI jobs).
In the EU, the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) represent approximately 3.95% of EU value added and employ around 8 million people.
Malaysia, along with Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, and the Philippines, is among the top 50 global exporters of creative goods and services and one of the top 10 exporters of creative goods, he said, adding in 2022, the creative economy in the region generated over $150bil in revenue.
In 2016, Kuala Lumpur's cultural and creative industry contributed RM11.2 billion to the country, accounting for over 2% of the city's economy and supporting over 86,000 jobs.
Economic Contribution: The cultural and creative industry in Kuala Lumpur contributed RM11.2 billion to the country's economy in 2016.
Percentage of Kuala Lumpur Economy: This contribution represented over 2% of the Kuala Lumpur economy.
Job Creation: The sector supported over 86,000 jobs in 2016.
Future Goals: There was a goal to create 125,000 jobs in the cultural and creative economy sector in Kuala Lumpur by 2022.
Comparison to Developed Countries: In developed countries, the cultural and creative economy typically contributes 3% to 6.9% to their national economies.
Mar 8
Paris En mémoire
特拉克爾(Trakl)詩選·給妹妹
秋天和黃昏是你的散步之處,
藍色的鹿子,在樹下唱歌,
孤獨的黃昏之地。
鳥兒的飛翔輕柔地鳴響,
你額頭上的悲傷。
你稀薄的笑容歌唱。
上帝扭曲了你的眼瞼。
熱情的孩子,
群星在夜里尋找你眉額的拱門。
May 24
Paris En mémoire
特拉克爾(Trakl)詩選·漫步
一
午後的叢林里逥蕩起音樂。
谷場上嚴肅的稻草人悠悠轉轉。
溫柔的接骨木叢在路旁漸漸消散;
一所房屋的亮光模糊而神奇。
金黃中揚起百里香的氣息,
岩石上印著一個明亮的數字。
草地上孩子們玩耍著皮球,
在你面前一棵樹直立,盤旋。
你已入夢:妹妹梳著她金黃的長髮,
遠方的朋友也寄來一封信。
枯黃的草垛在灰暗里歪歪斜斜地消失
有時你也輕靈美妙地飄行。
二
時光流盡。啊,親愛的赫利俄斯!
哦,蛙池中的景像甜蜜而清晰;
沙地里一個伊甸園奇妙地下沉。
黃鵡在它的巢窩里搖動樹枝。
兄弟為你在痴迷的國度死去
你的眼睛堅定地凝望自己。
那金黃中百里香的氣息。
一個小男孩在村莊扔下火種。
戀人們新化作閃亮的蝴蝶
圍繞岩石和明亮的數字翩翩飛行。
烏鴉向惡心的佳肴飛去
而你的額頭呼嘯著穿過溫柔的草地。
一頭野獸在荊棘環中黯然死去。
明亮的童年時光還追隨著你,
灰色的風,模糊不定。
黃昏纏繞黴爛的香氣。
三
一首古老的搖籃曲令你驚懼。
路旁一個婦人無邪地脯乳她的嬰孩。
夢游中你仿佛聽見她的清泉如何湧出。
蘋果樹枝上掉下了鷂的咕鳴。
麵包和紅酒因辛勤的勞作而甘甜。
你銀白的手摸索著果子。
田里走過死去的松雞。
綠草以友好的姿態向你致意。
那些夢游般立於井畔的貧苦少女,
傷愈的懷抱也綻放花兒。
伴著上帝無罪的造物
孤獨者欣然踏上寂靜的小路。
譯者:pyrrhon
May 25
Paris En mémoire
丹納《藝術的哲學》諸位先生,你們可以回顧一下走過的路程。我們對藝術一步一步地得到一個越來越完全,因此也越來越正確的觀念。最初我們以為藝術的目的在於模仿事物的外表。然後把物質的模仿與理性的模仿分開之下,我們發現藝術在事物的外表中所要模仿的是各個部分的關係。最後又注意到這些關係可能而且應該加以改變,才能使藝術登峰造極,我們便肯定,研究部分之間的關係是要使一個主要特徵在各個部分中居於支配一切的地位。這些定義並非後者推翻前者,而是每個新的定義修正以前的定義,使它更明確。結合所有的定義,按照低級隸屬於高級的次序安排一下,那麼我們以上的研究工作可以得出個結論如下:藝術品的目的是表現某個主要的或突出的特徵,也就是某個重要的觀念,比實際事物表現得更清楚更完全;為了做到這一點,藝術品必須是由許多互相聯系的部分組成的一個總體,而各個部分的關係是經過有計劃的改變的。在雕塑、繪畫、詩歌三種模仿的藝術中,那些總體是與實物相符的。(丹納《藝術的哲學》第一篇·藝術品的本質及其產生)
完美的塑像藝術的條件,他們完全能適應;眼晴沒有眼珠,臉上沒有表情;人物多半很安靜,或者只有一些細小的無關重要的動作;色調通常只有一種,不是青銅的就是雲石的,把絢爛奪目的美留給繪畫,把激動人心的效果留給文學;一方面受著素材的性質與領域狹窄的限制,一方面這些限制也增加塑像的莊嚴;不表現面部的變化、騷動的情緒、特別與反常的現象,以便顯出抽象與純粹的形體,使端莊和平的塑像在殿堂上放出靜穆的光輝,不愧為人類心目中的英雄與神明。結果雕塑成為希臘的中心藝術,一切別的藝術都以雕塑為主,或是陪襯雕塑,或者模仿雕塑。沒有一種藝術把民族生活表現得這樣充分,也沒有一種便藝術受到這樣的培養,流傳這樣普遍。(丹納《藝術的哲學》第一篇·藝術品的本質及其產生)
Aug 1
Paris En mémoire
倪方六·文史博覽|古代如何保護「網購」者權益 [下]
古代怎麼讓消費者「放心購」?
《唐律疏議》:「有行濫、短狹而賣者,各杖六十。」
誠信乃經商之本,但缺乏誠信的商業行為古已有之。據《孟子·滕文公上》,孟子認為如果能做到「市賈不貳」,則「國中無偽,雖使五尺之童適市,莫之或欺。」
有一個叫虞孚的商人,曾向范蠡的老師計然學習經商之道,學會了種漆樹的技術。虞孚聽從大舅子的建議,將漆運到吳國去賣,在漆中摻假導致血本無歸:「虞孚不能歸,遂丐而死於吳。」這是明劉基《郁離子》所記的一則奸商案例,以此告誡商人「誠信興利」的道理。
如何讓消費者得以「放心購」?實行「商品質量准入制」是古代采取的手段之一,先秦時叫「偽飾之禁」。《禮記·王制》記載,周王朝規定有14類貨物不准上市交易,其中7類涉及質量問題——日用器具不合規格(「用器不中度」)、軍用車不合規格(「兵車不中度」)、布帛精粗不合格、幅寬不夠(「布帛精粗不中數,幅廣狹不中量」)、服裝器具顏色不對(「奸色亂正色」)、五谷瓜果不成熟(「五谷不時,果實未熟」)、不在適宜季節采伐的木材(「木不中伐」)、不在當季捕獵的禽獸魚鱉(「禽獸魚鱉不中殺」)等,均「不粥於市」。
隋唐時,這種「商品質量准入制」被稱之為「行濫之禁」。 什麼叫「行濫」?「謂器用之物不牢不真」;「短狹」則指「絹不充四十尺,布端不滿五十尺,幅闊不充一尺八寸。」唐朝規定,凡質量不行、尺寸不合格的商品都不可以入市交易。《唐律疏議·雜律》「器用絹布行濫」條規定:「有行濫、短狹而賣者,各杖六十。」一經查出,「以偽濫之物交易者,沒官;短狹不中量者,還主。」為了落實商品准入制,唐朝還設有「市吏」,對入市貨物進行檢查,如果有問題商品入市,責任人要受處罰,知情不查處,與「賣者同罪」。
「偽飾之禁」和「行濫之禁」很像是古代的「消費者權益保護法」,它貫穿於整個古代商品交易中。
古代經商是否「實名制」?
《唐六典》:「仍題工人姓名,然後聽鬻之。」
在實行「行濫之禁」制度的的同時,古人還想到了「商人實名制」,古稱「市籍」。 秦漢時這種「實名制管理」已經確立,城市中列肆販賣的坐賈,都須加入「市籍」。盡管其初衷並非是出於保護消費者權益的考慮,但客觀上卻有效約束了商人的交易行為。據秦漢七科謫法,賈人及「嘗有市籍」,「父母有市籍」,「大父母有市籍」者,與刑徒、賤民一起,被列為謫戍對象,派遣到遠方去服苦役和戍邊。《史記·大宛列傳》記載:「而發天下七科適(謫),及載糒給貳師,轉車人徒相連屬至敦煌。」
到了清代,這種「商人實名制」又被稱為「商籍」。據《清史稿·食物志一》「戶口田制」條,清朝有4種戶籍,「商籍」為其中之一。商人如果是在城裡做生意,還要有「營業執照」,如無印照,即屬於非法交易行為(盜賣)。而且,實名登記以後,不准更名。
這種實名制還有另一種表現形式:在所售貨物上署名,以示對商品質量負責到底。據《唐六典·太府寺》「兩京諸市署」條:「凡與官交易及懸平贓物,並用中賈。其造弓矢、長刀,官為立樣,仍題工人姓名,然後聽鬻之;諸器物亦如之。」意思是,凡與官府交易及處理拍賣贓物,都用中等價格,制造弓劍、長刀由官府定出規格,題上工匠的姓名,然後才允許上市交易;其他器物的上市辦法,也依此規定。
這種在物品上寫名字的做法又叫「勒名」,除了運用於商品交易,在古代工程建設中也可以看到,如明朝南京城牆的建設用磚,每一塊都刻有匠人或責任人的名字。這種帶名字的磚,在北京的城牆上也有不少。
值得注意的是,這種「勒名」法起初也有商人主動使用,在防止自己的商品被惡意調換、假冒的同時,還能擴大知名度,這種做法到後來則演變成了「招牌」和「商標」。 (2017-03-17 來源:北京晚報)
原文附圖如下,有興趣者可上網尋索原圖:
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四川三星堆出土的古代貝幣。
元代山西廣勝寺壁畫中的《執官秤稱魚圖》
敦煌莫高窟第296窟壁畫《古代商旅圖》
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Sep 21