《愛墾網》馬來西亞-台灣墾友於2014年7月23~26日,四天三夜遊走沙巴內陸市鎮丹南(Tenom)。最難忘的,除了陳明發博士、劉富威和張文傑三人的麓夢悠神秘巨石圖騰(Lumuyu Rock Carvings)探險外,要算是丹南—Halogilat鐵路之旅了。最難得的是,這次鐵路遊得到Ken李敬傑、李敬豪兄弟的安排,請到服務沙巴鐵路局34年的蘇少基先生前丹南火車站站長一道同遊。
(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)
(con't from above)Metaphors have a spatial logic, they connect a thing which is present in the poem to something which is absent outside of it. In doing this the absent thing becomes present. The inside is connected to the outside. Using metaphor means seeing one thing as another – a form of understanding that is “fundamentally spatial in organization” (Zwicky 2003, § 3). This spatiality is one which is not bounded and singular but, instead, one which makes a connection, or, as Jan Zwicky puts it. “a linguistic short-circuit.”
Non-metaphorical ways of speaking conduct meaning, in insulated carriers, to certain ends and purposes. Metaphors shave off the insulation and meaning arcs across the gap (Zwicky 2003, § 68). The place which is a poem has both the meanings which lie within the boundaries marked by the presence of type, and the meanings that this type connects to. The text of the poem is both a neat, closed entity and a set of links to what lies beyond.
It is in this sense that the metaphor formulas a=b and a≠b simultaneously recognizes the inherent qualities of what lies within the poem and the connections to what lies without.
A metaphor can appear to be a gesture of healing – it pulls a stitch through the rift that our capacity for language opens between us and the world. A metaphor is an explicit refusal of the idea that the distinctness of things is their fundamental ontological characteristic.
But their distinctness is one of their most fundamental ontological characteristics (the other being their interpenetration and connectedness). In this sense, a metaphor heals nothing – there is nothing to be healed (Zwicky 2003, § 59).
Metaphor works on the dual capacity to recognize the concrete unity of the assemblage of things that lies before us and to insist on their connectedness to a world beyond. Things (and the assemblages of things which are places) are both distinct (in that there is no other assemblage exactly like this one) and connected (things are always interconnected). Metaphor allows us to be near to things, in the way both a poet and a phenomenologist insist on, and to recognize a constitutive outside. This outside is also a world of things, practices and meanings that can be drawn upon to recognize the specificity of ‘here’.
5 Conclusion
In this essay I have developed a basis for topopoetics – a way of reading poetry that uses spatial thinking to interpret the work a poem does. This is distinct from an analysis of poems about place – or the poetics of sense of place. While it is clear than many poets evoke place in their poetry and that geography may be one of the few constants in the history of English language poetry, it is also the case that poems are kinds of places and they enact a form of dwelling. Indeed, it was poetry that inspired much of Heidegger’s thinking about place and dwelling. Topopoetics insists on the active nature of spatial thinking in the process of interpretation. Place and space are not just setting or subject but are, rather, woven into the fabric of poetic making itself. I have made a start to outlining topopoetics through reference to the role of blank space, stasis and flux and inside and outside in order to show how spatiality is implicated in the process of meaning making. This, in turn, becomes a tool in relating the poem to the places the poem is about.
(Con't) Stanza means ‘room’, ‘station’ or ‘stopping place’ and refers to blocks of black separated by white on the page. These are rooms we pass between surrounded by outside. Stanzas found their way into written poetry through the act of memoriz ing verse. Rooms, or stopping places, are memorized and filled with words that would be activated by an imagined walk through the rooms. While stanzas are clearly places to stop – they are also clearly linked by movement. Movement also occurs within the stanzas as we follow the lines of text.
The word ‘verse’ comes from the practice of tilling the soil – agriculture – the root of ‘culture’. It is rooted in the Latin versus, meaning a ‘furrow’ or a ‘turning of the plow’. As the farmer (or farm worker) tills the soil they come to an edge, turn around, then make their way back, pacing out the day. Verse can thus be found in ‘reverse’. These two ideas – stanza – as a block of bounded space and verse as an action – a form of practice that brings those blocks alive and reminds us that they are only there because of move ment – these two ideas describe something of the geography of the poem as the interplay of fixity and flux of being and becoming.
Poetry is often referred to as freezing time. In fact, many kinds of representation are said to freeze time (and thus, in some circles, representation has become deeply suspect) (Anderson and Harrison 2010). In poetry’s case, this could not be further from the truth. Poetry, to me, is a mobile form related to walking and, indeed, ploughing and reversing. This sense of mobile journeying in the poem is part of the topological understanding of the poem on the page.
Perec knew this: I write: I inhabit my sheet of paper, I invest it, I travel across it, I incite blanks, spaces (jumps in the meaning, discontinuities, transitions, changes of key) (Perec 1997, 3) with place starts from a recognition of an original encounter which is “singular and situated”. The more the poem can reflect this situated singularity the more faithful it will be to the place that lies beyond it. But it would be wrong to think of the ‘concrete unity’ of place as a pure, bounded entity with no relation to a world (even an abstract world) beyond it. Places always point to a world beyond them, and so do poems.
One way in which the place of the poem opens up to its outside is through metaphor. Metaphor is another component of poetics that has a spatial root in travel. Metaphor comes from the Greek metaphorá (μεταφορά ) for ‘transfer’ or ‘carryover’.
In modern Athens, the vehicles of mass transportation are called metaphorai. To go to work or come home, one takes a “metaphor” – a bus or a train. Stories could also take this noble name: every day, they traverse and organize places; they select and link them together; they make sentences and itineraries out of them. They are spatial trajectories (de Certeau 1984, 115).
Metaphors perform two operations simultaneously – they say a equals band, at the same time, a does not equal b. Just saying a is the same as b is not metaphorical.
For a metaphor to be a metaphor a has to also be different from b. The more different they are the more powerful the metaphor. This is true as long a and b are not so different that they are not, in fact, similar in any way.
Poems speak to things which lie outside the poem. Clearly the poem has a referential function – like all language. It is about something. But even if we include the things the poem directly names on the inside of the poem, there is yet another set of things that are not directly named but instead gestured towards. In this way the poem opens up to the world. We have seen how one of the features of place is the way in which it gathers things.
A place is a unique assemblage. The things that constitute a place often appear to us as specific to that place even if they have, in fact, travelled from else where. Things form a particular topography of place at the same time as their jour neys link the inside of a place to elsewhere. Poetry is one way in which we stop and wonder at the specificity of the way things appear to us in place.
Poetry involves being attentive to things and the way I which they are gathered. Poetry is an ‘encounter with the world’. No matter the changes in Heidegger’s philosophical vocabulary, a key point around which his thinking constantly turns is the idea that thinking arises, and can only arise, out of our original encounter with the world – an encounter that is always singular and situated, in which we encounter ourselves as well as the world, and in which what first appears is not something abstract or fragmented, but rather the things themselves, as things, in their con crete unity (Malpas 2012b, 14).
This insistence on the specificity of ‘things themselves’ is one way we can think about poetic attention. A poetic concern ground that appears relatively static. This movement, in a poem, is expressed with direction words such as “over” or “in” or “towards”. Topopoetics challenges some of the assumptions of the figure/ground equation. As place is most often equated with ground it tends to have a degree of deadness associated with it. It seems less important.
Topopoetics draws our attention to the opposite – the active presence of place in the poem. Another key term in cognitive poetics is “image schema” which refers to “loca tive expressions of place” (Stockwell 2002, 16). Stockwell gives the examples of “JOURNEY, CONTAINER, CONDUIT, UP/DOWN, FRONT/BACK, OVER/ UNDER, INTO/OUT OF”. Terms of mobility catch our attention and urge us to continue reading – static elements are frankly boring and we quickly forget them. The difference between the moving elements and static elements produces literary and cognitive effects. But even before any particular word is written or read we have the poem – the lines that form a shape in space. As we read left to right and top to bottom against the white space a figure forms over ground. A passage is enacted. Stuff happens.
Poems are made out of arrangements of type and blank space – figure and ground in a physical, pre-verbal sense. I am not sure what the cognitive content of this patterning is but it is surely important to poetry – even before the specifics of actual words and their meanings. This is the start of the geography of the poem. There are two spatial metaphors at work in the basic language of poetry that point towards the way a poem is an act of dwelling: these are the words ‘stanza’ and ‘verse’.
Something has to appear for space to emerge. Georges Perec makes this clear: This is how space begins, with words only, signs traced on the blank page. To describe space: to name it, to trace it, like those portolano-makers who saturated the coastlines with the names of harbours, the names of capes, the names of inlets, until in the end the land was only separated from the sea by a continuous ribbon of text (Perec 1997, 13).
Perec’s book, Species of Spaces is a catalogue of spaces and places with chapters devoted to “The Apartment”, “The Street” and “The Town” for instance. The first chapter, though, is “The Page”. The page is immediately equivalent to spaces we may more easily think of as the world beyond the page.
The page and its markings are not removed from, and about, the world – they are of the world. In this chapter Perec outlines the nature of a topopoetics in simple terms. Writing, particularly writing poems, is the production of space and place.
It is a cartographic act that combines senses of home and journey. The process of writing creates coordinates – a top and a bottom, left and right, beginning and end. In amongst the words are pauses and hesitations. There is a poetic topological correspondence between the poem and the place it is about. In Peter Stockwell’s account of ‘cognitive poetics’ a key idea is the notion of f igure/ground – the notion that some things appear to be more important, more fluid, more foregrounded while others remain as background and setting (and thus seem ingly less important) (Stockwell 2002).
The first is figure and the second is ground. The figure is prominent and the ground is not. This occurs most obviously in the way characters are more important than the places they are in in novels. Description is often about ground and action involves figures. Figures often move across a
We make our places by doing them –by beating the bounds rather than drawing a line in the sand. Beyond that place of movement is the white of silence. But even that space is being shaped, if only as the negative image of the poem. 4 Inside and Outside One way of thinking about place is to think of it as a singular thing – specific, par ticular, bounded and separate.
The very idea of place is bound up with uniqueness and a sense of division from what lies beyond it. But places are actually connected into networks and flows – they have an extrovert side (Massey 1997). This paradoxi cal sense of separation and connectedness is noted by Malpas.
One of the features of place is the way in which it establishes relations of inside and out side – relations that are directly tied to the essential connection between place and boundary or limit. To be located is to be within, to be somehow enclosed, but in a way that at the same time opens up, that makes possible.
Already this indicates some of the directions in which any thinking of place must move – toward ideas of opening and closing, of concealing and revealing, or focus and horizon, of finitude and “transcendence,” of limit and possibility, of mutual relationality and coconstitution (Malpas 2012b, 2). This feature of place is one that translates into the topos of the poem. Poems too open and close, conceal and reveal. (Con't below)
The painter may paint blankness, applying white paint perhaps but rarely leaves the canvas untouched. But there are also similarities between the blank space of the painter and the poet. One similarity is suggested by Gilles Deleuze in his meditation on Francis Bacon. Here he suggests that the blank canvas that con fronts the painter is not blank at all but invested with every painting ever done before. In fact, it would be a mistake to think that the painter works on a white and virgin surface. The entire surface is already invested virtually with all kinds of clichés, which the painter will have to break with (Deleuze 2005, 11). The image Deleuze gives us is of a painter confronted with the whole tradition of painting right there on the blank space which is no longer blank. This is the same for a poet who has to face the page/screen with the knowledge of all the poems that have gone before. There are all the ballads and sonnets, the free verse and the sesti nas, Caedmon’s Hymn, the long lines of Whitman, the dashes of Dickenson, iambic pentameter, half rhyme, sprung rhythm, spondees, syllabic experiments, language poetry and limericks – all of these pre-figure the first letter written or typed. The space is not blank but dizzyingly full. Returning to Deleuze: It is a mistake to think that the painter works on a white surface. The figurative belief fol lows from this mistake. If the painter were before a white surface, he – or she – could reproduce on it an external object functioning as a model. The painter has many things in his head, or around him, or in his studio. Now everything he has in his head or around him is already in the canvas, more or less virtually, more or less actually, before he begins his work. They are all present in the canvas as so many images, actual or virtual, so that the painter does not have to cover a blank surface, but rather would have to empty it out, clear it, clean it. (Deleuze 2005, 87).
The space of the poet, like that of the artist’s is a space to fill with what gets defined by the words or a seething endless presence of everything that has been written before. Once there is a poem on the page then an act of dwelling has occurred that brings space and place into being. If we move beyond the blankness of the empty page/ screen then we begin to see all the other ways in which space works for the poem. Take any poem, copy it, and apply a thick black marker to the lines of text. You end up with a black shape and a white shape. Space works as margins, as gaps, as signi f iers of intent when the poet does anything other than left align the lines. Naturally this use of space is most pronounced in forms of experimental poetry in the modern ist tradition: concrete poetry, Mallarme’s radical departures from the left margin, the projective verse of the Black Mountain School or the contemporary experimen tation with ‘erasure’. But space and place do their work too in traditional forms. The popularity of the sonnet is partly attributable to the perfect way it sits on the page, announcing itself as a poem. 3 Stasis and Flux The topos of the poem results from its play of ink and the absence of ink.
Culture brings nature into perspective and makes it make sense in much the way the marks of the poem make the blank space make sense. Stevens’ jar performs similar functions to Heidegger’s bridge. The poem does the same thing – bringing space into being.
Silence is the acoustic space in which the poem makes its large echoes. If you want to test this write a single word on a blank sheet of paper and stare at it: note the superior attendance to the word the silence insists upon, and how it soon starts to draw out the word’s ramifying sense-
potential, its etymological story, its strange acoustic signature, its calligraphic mark; you are reading a word as poetry (Paterson 2007, 63). Here, British poet Don Paterson suggests that the self-aware special-ness of the poem is created by its being surrounded by blankness, which he equates with silence. There is a merging of sight and sound – pure blankness and silence. The sense of sound is the only sense which has a unique word for absence.
While silence is the absence of sound there is no word for the absence of smell or taste for instance (we have to resort to terms like ‘tasteless’). Perhaps it is for this reason that blank space is compared to silence. It also reminds us of the origins of poetry in spoken forms. The blankness is not just something to be filled but an active component in
the creation of the poem. The blank page is the friend of the poet allowing an infinite variety of form in the simple sense of shape. When the single word appears on the blank sheet the word-as-poem and the space around it are simultaneously brought into being. In this sense, one does not precede the other.
Paterson describes the act of poetry as an emergence out of silence and space. This is not quite right. This assumes the pre-existence of a blankness and silence within which the words emerge.
Perhaps, instead, the blankness is produced by the creative act. The blankness emerges with the noise. There are similarities between the poet’s relationship to blank space and the painter’s relationship to the canvas. They are clearly not the same thing.
In most painting the canvas is covered. The first thing many traditional painters do is cover a canvas with paint and then start to work on the detail. The canvas is obliterated. The poet, on the other hand, cannot fill up the space he or she is confronted with. The poem needs to play with the space and allow the blankness to be part of the process. Don Paterson puts it this way: Our formal patterning most often supplies a powerful typographical advertisement.
What it advertises most conspicuously is that the poem has not taken up the whole page, and con siders itself somewhat important. The white space around the poem then becomes a potent symbol of the poem’s significant intent (Paterson 2007, 62). The space around the poem once written advertises the poem’s importance as special words. (Con't Below)
Poems of place are not simply poems about places, rather they are a species of place with a special relationship to what it is to be in (external) place. Included in this is a recognition that poems (as places) have a material existence as a gathering of words (literally ink) on the page which takes a particular spatial form.
Topopoetics means closing the gap between the material form of the poem (topos in the sense of rhetorics) and the earthly world of place (topos as place). It means attending to the presence of place within the poem. To do this the rest of the essay considers the role of blank space, the tension between shape/form and movement and the relationship between the inside and outside of the poem. 2
Blank Space/Full Space Before, there was nothing, or almost nothing; afterwards, there isn’t much, a few signs, but which are enough for there to be a top and a bottom, a beginning and an end, a right and a left, a recto and a verso (Perec 1997, 10). My interest here is in the combined impact of two meanings of topos – as correct form and as place – on understanding poetic approaches to and renditions of place. The act of building and dwelling that is a poem starts with a blank white space. By writing poems we gather that space and give it form.
True – it already has edges and texture (it is, in Perec’s terms “almost nothing”) but words (as place) bring space into existence. The space becomes margins and gaps between words – even holes within letters. This relationship between poem and place and the space that takes shape around it is one of the defining elements of poetry. Glyn Maxwell, in On Poetry, ruminates on blank space and silence in poetry. Regard the space, the ice plain, the dizzying light. That past, that future.
Already it isn’t nothing. At the very least it’s your enemy, and that’s an awful lot. Poets work with two materials, one’s black and one’s white. Call them sound and silence, life and death, hot and cold, love and loss…. … Call it this and that, whatever it is this time, just don’t make the mistake of thinking the white sheet is nothing. It’s nothing for your novelist, your journalist, your blogger. For those folk it’s a tabular rasa, a giving surface. For the poet it is half of everything. If you don’t know how to use it you are writing prose. If you write poems that you might call free and I might call unpatterned then skillful, intelligent use of the whiteness is all that you’ve got (Maxwell 2012, 11). Poems are patterns made from space and which make space. Even before a word is read you can see a poem’s shape – the black against the white in Maxwell’s terms.
This is one of the most pleasing things about poetry and it serves no function at all in a novel or most other forms of writing. Writing a poem is a little form of place creation that configures blankness. This resonates with Wallace Stevens’ ‘Anecdote of the Jar’: I placed a jar in Tennessee, And round it was, upon a hill. It made the slovenly wilderness Surround that hill. The wilderness rose up to it, And sprawled around, no longer wild. The jar was round upon the ground And tall and of a port in air. It took dominion every where. The jar was gray and bare. It did not give of bird or bush, Like nothing else in Tennessee.
Here the roundness of the jar (roundness is repeated throughout the poem in ‘round’, ‘around’ and ‘surround’) orders the “slovenly wilderness” around it – it orders and regulates a kind of blankness (the ‘almost-nothing’ of wilderness) in a contrived and designed way.
In Aristotle’s rhetoric it is important to choose the right kind of topos for the argument at hand, just as it is important to select the right form for a particular poet. It draws our attention to the importance of (among other things) the shape on the page. The richer meaning of topos emerged more fully formed in the writing of Martin Heidegger and has recently been elaborated by the philosopher, Jeff Malpas (Heidegger 1971; Malpas 1999, 2012a).
Here topos is mobilized through the idea of the topological to indicate the primary nature of place for being. To put it bluntly, to be is to be in place – to be here/there. The connection between poetry and the idea of place as the site of being is right there at the outset as Heidegger’s insistence on being as being-in-place originated from an encounter with the poetry of Hölderlin (Malpas 2006; Elden 1999).
Heidegger’s topological thought includes two key concepts – Dasein and dwelling. Dasein means (approximately) ‘being there’. It combines Heidegger’s career- long enquiry into the nature of being with a recognition that being is always placed – that existence is thoroughly intertwined with place.
The way that we make a home in the world is referred to as dwelling. The way in which you are and I am, the manner in which we humans are on the earth, is Buan, dwelling.
To be a human being means to be on the earth as a mortal. It means to dwell (Heidegger 1971, 145). How, exactly, people enact this dwelling (or fail to enact it) becomes a central object for philosophy in Heidegger’s later texts.3 In an important series of late essays Heidegger invokes poetry as a form of dwell ing. He goes so far as to suggest that it is an ideal form of building and dwelling. Poetic creation, which lets us dwell, is a kind of building.
Thus we confront a double demand: for one thing, we are to think of what is called man’s existence by way of the nature of dwelling; for another, we are to think of the nature of poetry as a letting-dwell, as a – perhaps even the – distinctive kind of building. If we search out the nature of poetry according to this viewpoint, then we arrive at the nature of dwelling (Heidegger 1971, 213).
This observation (linking poetry to its root meaning of ‘making’) gets right to the heart of the constitution of topopoetics. Poetry, as Heidegger observes, is a kind of building and thus a particularly important kind of dwelling. This building-as- dwelling, however, is more than the practical stuff of constructing in the correct way – it is, in Heidegger’s view, about the essential character of being-in-the world – being in, and with, place.
1 For a discussion of topos, see Rapp 2010: 7.1.
2 Aristotle Topics 163b28.32.
3 Heidegger was a member of the Nazi Party, a membership he later denounced. There is no doubt that these ideas of dwelling were easily incorporated into a Nazi ideology of proper authentic (Aryan) dwelling counterposed to an inauthentic (Jewish, gay, Romany) form of (non) dwelling. Following Malpas I do not believe that this necessarily means that his ideas are irrecoverably infected.
An engagement with the philosophical basis of topos adds to our original definition of place (above) as a gathering of things, practices and meanings in a particular location. While place is all of these things this definition fails to underline the basic significance of being placed to being-in-the-world. A topopoetic account is one which recognizes the specificity of the nearness of things in place and at the same time focuses our attention on the way in which the poem is itself a form of building and dwelling.
With the banks, the bridge brings to the stream the one and the other expanse of the landscape lying behind them. It brings stream and bank and land into each other’s neighborhood. The bridge gathers the earth as landscape around the stream (Heidegger 1971, 150).
Heidegger’s bridge brings a place and a surrounding landscape into being. In so doing, it also produces space. The bridge as a place does not just connect pre- existing spaces or operate within a pre-existing space – it brings space into being.
In this sense, place comes before space. This is a reversal of the more frequent suggestion that places exist in space and that space comes before place. Heidegger is clearly making a different argument from Merleau-Ponty.
Nevertheless, what unites the two passages is an insistence on the way spaces are brought into being in relation to platial bodies and structures as active agents. Place comes first. One final preliminary point about place before moving on to a discussion of topopoetics. One of the defining qualities of place, across disciplines, has been the way in which places bring things together.
They are seen as syncretic mixtures of elements of multiple domains. Different scholars use different terms to describe this fact. Philosophers following Heidegger write of places as sites of gathering (Casey 1996). The geographer Robert Sack uses the metaphor of a loom to describe places as products of the process of weaving (Sack 2003).
Writers informed by the philoso phy of Gilles Deleuze and Manual Delanda refer to this process as assemblage (DeLanda 2006; Dovey 2010). Things mingle in places and places are constantly being made through gathering/weaving/ assembling and constantly being pulled apart. Among the things that are gathered in place are objects (materialities), mean ings (narratives, stories, memories etc.) and practices.
Philosopher Edward Casey puts this as well as anyone. Minimally, places gather things in their midst– where ‘things’ connote various animate and inanimate entities. Places also gather experiences and histories, even languages and thoughts. Think only of what it means to go back to a place you know, finding it full of memories and expectations, old things and new things, the familiar and the strange, and much more besides. What else is capable of this massively diversified holding action? (Casey 1996, 24)
1 Towards topopoetics
In the remainder of this essay I mobilize some of what has preceded in relation to thinking about poetry. I argue for poems as places (as well as about places) that can be interpreted spatially. The term topopoetics originates from the term topos as developed by Malpas and Casey in their readings of Heidegger and others (Casey 1998; Malpas 2012b).
Topo comes from topos (τόπος), the Greek for ‘place’. This is combined with poetics, which comes from poiesis (ποίησις), the Ancient Greek term for ‘making’. Topopoetics is thus ‘place-making’. The particular lineage I am invoking for topos derives from the philosophy of Aristotle. Importantly, for our purposes, topos appears in both accounts of how the world comes into being and as a figure in rhetoric. In rhetoric a topos is a “particular argumentative form or pattern” from which particular arguments can be derived.1
It is very much like a form in poetry – a sonnet or a villanelle. It has a particular shape. This rhetorical view of topos is linked to the world through the art of memorizing long lists by locating things on a list in particular places. “For just as in the art of remembering, the mere mention of the places instantly makes us recall the things, so these will make us more apt at deductions through looking to these defined premises in order of enumeration.” 2
It has become commonplace to see place as arising from space. In this sense space comes ‘first’. If space is an undifferentiated field – an abstract categorical axis of existence in the Kantian sense, then place has to occur in space. Places here are spatial moments, or points in space on which experience and meaning are layered.
Place comes after space. Space is a fundamental fact of the reality of the universe while place is what humans make out of it. The philosopher Jeff Malpas sees this as a relegation of place to the increasing importance of space in thought following the Renaissance: “The ‘rise’ of space is thus accompanied, one might say, by the ‘decline’ of place.
Indeed, in much contemporary thought, place often appears either as subjective overlay on the reality of materialized spatiality (place is space plus human value of ‘meaning’ …) or else as merely an arbitrary designated posi tion in a spatial field” (Malpas n.d.).
This way of thinking is turned on its head by philosophers of the phenomeno logical tradition following Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty who see spaces being formed out of the reality of place.
Place, here, becomes fundamental and primary while space is what follows once places come into existence as a kind of relation between places. In The Phenomenology of Perception Maurice Merleau-Ponty locates consciousness and intentionality not in the head but in the body.
How does the body relate to space? The most obvious way of articulating this is to think of the body as located (like place) in space where space is an external and continuous field in which the body exists and which the body has to navigate.
This is a body in Cartesian space that exists as an object. Merleau-Ponty rejects this view and argues instead for a ‘body-subject’ that exists in lived space – space which unfolds through the existence of the body rather than providing a precondition for the body. The human body produces certain kinds of orientation such as inside and outside, up and down, front and back and left and right that continually produce space rather than simply inhabit it.
As Merleau-Ponty put it: We must therefore avoid saying that our body is in space, or in time. It inhabits space and time … In so far as I have a body through which I act in the world, space and time are not, for me, a collection of adjacent points nor are they a limitless number of relations synthesized by my consciousness, and into which it draws my body.
I am not in space and time, nor do I conceive space and time; I belong to them, my body combines with them and includes them (Merleau-Ponty 1962, 161). Merleau-Ponty, then, insists that the bodily space is primary to external Cartesian space. Bodies are not simply in an already existing space – rather space is produced by the body.
A similar logic is at work in Heidegger’s account of the work done by building a bridge over a river. The bridge swings over the stream “with ease and power.” It does not just connect banks that are already there. The banks emerge as banks only as the bridge crosses the stream. The bridge designedly causes them to lie across from each other. One side is set off against the other by the bridge. Nor do the banks stretch along the stream as indifferent border strips of the dry land.
Towards Topopoetics: Space, Place and the Poem by Tim Cresswell
Abstract: This essay focuses on the theme of poetry and place – a project I have called Topopoetics. It introduces the idea of topopoetics drawing on the work of Aristotle, Heidegger and more recent philosophies of place, dwelling and poetics.
The point is not to cover the familiar ground of ‘sense-of-place’ in poetry but rather to explore how the poem is a kind of place and the way in which poems create space and place through their very presence on the page, through the interactions of full space and blank space, stasis and flux, and inside and outside.
What can poetry tell us about space and place? Conversely, what can thinking about space and place tell us about poetry? These are the questions that motivate this essay. My aim is to both answer them and to reveal how spatial and platial thinking can inform forms of interpretation beyond the interpretation of space and place in the geographical world.
I develop a topopoetics – a project that sees poems as places and spaces. The distinction between space and place that is most often made is one in which space is seen as limitless, empty, divisible and subject to mathematical forms of understanding while place is seen as bounded, full, unique and subject to forms of interpretive understanding.
Place has been most frequently described as a meaning ful segment of space – as mere ‘location’ in space overlaid with things such as meaning, subjectivity, emotion and affect (Tuan 1977; Buttimer and Seamon 1980; Relph 1976; Cresswell 2014).
The definitions of space have become more sophisti cated thanks to interventions from critical theory and philosophy which have taken space out of the realm of the abstract and absolute in an attempt to reveal the work ings of space in the production of society (Soja 1989; Lefebvre 1991; Massey 2005).
At the same time work on place has added layers of power on the one hand (Cresswell 1996; Massey 1997) and a deeper philosophical role in human existence on the other (Casey 1998; Malpas 1999). There is not space here to rehearse all of the twists and turns in these debates. One aspect that is worth lingering on is the ques tion of which comes first, space or place? (Con't)
愛墾APP:文創對大數據的必要理解~~對 [德]韓炳哲的新著《敘事的危機》(The Crisis of Narration,2024),網眾的其中一項綜合讀後反應是:大數據揭示了事物之間的相關關係(Kordhation,作者本身就這麽說),屬於認知最原始的形態,屬於「就是如此」(Es-ist-so,讀者反應)的性質,並無法以新視野、新角度解釋任何事物;更無法產生任何概念上的理解,回答「為什麼」(Wieso),生成新意義。其後果是,平均主義計算出來的道德傾向與審美喜好,「趨利避害」的分布形態,在文創事業上產生了保險的、有利可圖的商品,結果犧牲了原創精神與個體風格。
Bechtel, W. (1998). Representations and cognitive explanations: assessing the dynamicist’s challenge in cognitive science. Cognitive Science, 22, 295-318.
Ben-Ze’ev, A. (2000). The Subtlety of Emotions, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books. Dreyfus, H. L. (1991). Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger’s Being and Time, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Guignon, C.(2003)Moods in Heidegger’s Being and Time, in Solomon (ed.) What is an Emotion?--Classic and Contemporary Readings, Oxford University Press.
Haselager, P., De Groot, A., & van Rappard, H. (2003). Representationalism vs. anti-representationalism: a debate for the sake of appearance. Philosophical Psychology, 16, 5-23.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time, English translation by J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. O’Connor, K., & Glenberg, A. M. , ‘Situated cognition’, in Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Wiley, pp. 19-25.
Solomon, R.(1988). On Emotions as Judgments, Ameircan Philosophical Quarterly, 25. Also appear in Solomon (2003) Not Passion’s Slave: Emotions and Choice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 7.
──(2001). Thoughts and Feelings: What is a Cognitive Theory of Emotions. In A. Hatzimoysis (2003), ed., Philosophy and the Emotions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chapter I. Also appear in Solomon (2003a), Chapter 11. ──(2003). Not Passion’s Slave: Emotions and Choice, Oxford University Press. ──(2004a). Thinking about Feeling, Oxford University Press. ──(2004b). Emotions, thoughts, and Feelings: Emotions and Engagements with the World, in Solomon (2004a).
Possibilities by Wislawa Szymborska Translated by Stanisław Barańczak & Clare Cavanagh
I prefer movies.
I prefer cats.
I prefer the oaks along the Warta.
I prefer Dickens to Dostoyevsky.
I prefer myself liking people
to myself loving mankind.
I prefer keeping a needle and thread on hand, just in case.
I prefer the color green.
I prefer not to maintain
that reason is to blame for everything.
I prefer exceptions.
I prefer to leave early.
I prefer talking to doctors about something else.
I prefer the old fine-lined illustrations.
I prefer the absurdity of writing poems
to the absurdity of not writing poems.
I prefer, where love’s concerned, nonspecific anniversaries
that can be celebrated every day.
I prefer moralists
who promise me nothing.
I prefer cunning kindness to the over-trustful kind.
I prefer the earth in civvies.
I prefer conquered to conquering countries.
I prefer having some reservations.
I prefer the hell of chaos to the hell of order.
I prefer Grimms’ fairy tales to the newspapers’ front pages.
I prefer leaves without flowers to flowers without leaves.
I prefer dogs with uncropped tails.
I prefer light eyes, since mine are dark.
I prefer desk drawers.
I prefer many things that I haven’t mentioned here
to many things I’ve also left unsaid.
I prefer zeroes on the loose
to those lined up behind a cipher.
I prefer the time of insects to the time of stars.
I prefer to knock on wood.
I prefer not to ask how much longer and when.
I prefer keeping in mind even the possibility
that existence has its own reason for being.
(CREATIVITY AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION by Keith Negus & Michael Pickering. To cite this article: Keith Negus & Michael Pickering (2000) Creativity and cultural production, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 6:2, 259-282, DOI: 10.1080/10286630009358124; To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286630009358124)
陳老頭
[椴樹]
椴樹的芳香仿佛是一種只有付出勞而無當的代價才能得到的報償。
[汽油味]
猶如風在逐漸增大,樓下駛過一輛汽車,我聽之異常高興。我問道了汽油味。善於挑剔的人會覺得,空氣中飄蕩著汽油味,是一大遺憾(他們是一些講究實際的人,在他們看來,這氣味把鄉村的空氣搞糟了)。另有一些思想家,也是一些講究實際的人。當然他們有他們自己的方式,他們注重事實,認為如果人類的眼睛能看到更多的色彩,鼻孔能辨別更多的香味,那麼人類就會更加幸福,就將富有更濃的詩意,這其實不過等於說,不穿僧袍,換上豪華套裝,生活就會更加美麗,這不過是將天真無知套上哲學外衣而已。對於我來說,這汽油味卻是另一回事(與此相仿,樟腦和香根草,其香型本身並不好聞,卻使我激動,它喚起我對到達巴爾貝克的當天那湛藍大海的回憶)。在我去古維爾的拉埃斯聖約翰教堂的日子裡,這氣味和著機器噴冒的黑煙,曾多少次消散於蒼白的藍天;多少個夏日的午後,阿爾貝蒂娜畫畫,是它隨我出門溜達。現在我身臥暗室,這氣味又在在身邊吹開了矢車菊、麗春花和車軸草。它如田野的芬芳,使我陶醉;它不像山楂樹前的馥香,受其濃烈成分的牽制,固定在山楂樹籬前的范圍內,不能向遠處飄發。它是四處飄揚的芳香,大路聞之奔馳,土地聞之改樣,宮殿紛紛跑來迎客,天空大放晴朗;它使力量倍增,它是動力騰飛的象征……
僅僅是過去的某個時刻嗎?也許還遠遠不止。某個東西,它同時為過去和現在所共有,比過去和現在都本質得多。在我生命到歷程中,現實曾多少次使我失望,因為在我感知它到時候,我的想像力,這唯一使我得以享用美的手段無法與之適應。我們只能呢個想像不在眼前的事物,這是一條不可回避的法則。而現在,這條嚴峻的法則因為自然使出的一個絕招而失去和中止了它的效力。這個絕招使某種感覺——餐廳或鐵鎚敲打的聲音、相同的書名等等——同時在過去和現在發出誘人的光彩。它既使我的想像力領略到這種感覺,又使我的感官因為聲音,因為布料的接觸等等而產生確實的震動,為想像的夢幻補充了它們通常所缺少的東西,存在的意識,而且,幸虧有這一手,使我的生命在瞬息之間能夠取得、分離出和固定它從未體會的東西:一段出於純淨狀態的時光。……此時復蘇的那個生命只從事物的本質汲取養料,也唯有在事物的本質中他才能獲得自己的養分、他的歡樂。他在現時的觀察中日趨衰弱,現時的感官不可能為他提供本質;他在對過去的思考中日趨衰弱,理智擠干了這個過去的水分;他在未來的期待中日趨衰弱,主觀意願用現在和過去的片段拼湊成這個未來,它還抽去其中部分真實,只保留其中符合功利主義的結局、狹隘的認的結局,意願為它們指定的結局。然而,通常隱蔽的和永遠存在的事物本質上一旦獲釋,我們真正的我,有時仿佛久已死亡實際上卻並非全然死去的我,在收受到為他奉獻的絕世養料時,蘇醒、活力漸增,曾經聽到過的某個聲音或者聞到過的一股氣味立即會被重新聽到或聞到,既存在於現在,又存在於過去,現實而非現時,理想而不抽象。逾越時間序列的一分鐘為了使我們感覺到這一分鐘,在我們身上重新鑄就越出時間序列的人。而這個人,我們知道他對自己的歡樂是有信心的,即使一塊馬德萊娜點心的普普通通的滋味邏輯上似乎並不包含著這種歡樂的全部理由,我們知道「死亡」這個詞對他是沒有意義的;既然已處於時間之外,前途中又有什麼能使他感到害怕呢?
(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)
Jul 5, 2024
陳老頭
(con't from above)Metaphors have a spatial logic, they connect a thing which is present in the poem to something which is absent outside of it. In doing this the absent thing becomes present. The inside is connected to the outside. Using metaphor means seeing one thing as another – a form of understanding that is “fundamentally spatial in organization” (Zwicky 2003, § 3). This spatiality is one which is not bounded and singular but, instead, one which makes a connection, or, as Jan Zwicky puts it. “a linguistic
short-circuit.”
Non-metaphorical ways of speaking conduct meaning, in insulated carriers, to certain ends and purposes. Metaphors shave off the insulation and meaning arcs across the gap (Zwicky 2003, § 68).
The place which is a poem has both the meanings which lie within the boundaries marked by the presence of type, and the meanings that this type connects to. The text of the poem is both a neat, closed entity and a set of links to what lies beyond.
It is in this sense that the metaphor formulas a=b and a≠b simultaneously recognizes the inherent qualities of what lies within the poem and the connections to what lies without.
A metaphor can appear to be a gesture of healing – it pulls a stitch through the rift that our capacity for language opens between us and the world. A metaphor is an explicit refusal of the idea that the distinctness of things is their fundamental ontological characteristic.
But their distinctness is one of their most fundamental ontological characteristics (the other being their interpenetration and connectedness). In this sense, a metaphor heals nothing – there is nothing to be healed (Zwicky 2003, § 59).
Metaphor works on the dual capacity to recognize the concrete unity of the assemblage of things that lies before us and to insist on their connectedness to a world beyond. Things (and the assemblages of things which are places) are both distinct (in that there is no other assemblage exactly like this one) and connected (things are always interconnected). Metaphor allows us to be near to things, in the way both a poet and a phenomenologist insist on, and to recognize a constitutive outside. This outside is also a world of things, practices and meanings that can be drawn upon to recognize the specificity of ‘here’.
5 Conclusion
In this essay I have developed a basis for topopoetics – a way of reading poetry that uses spatial thinking to interpret the work a poem does. This is distinct from an analysis of poems about place – or the poetics of sense of place. While it is clear than many poets evoke place in their poetry and that geography may be one of the few constants in the history of English language poetry, it is also the case that poems are kinds of places and they enact a form of dwelling. Indeed, it was poetry that
inspired much of Heidegger’s thinking about place and dwelling. Topopoetics insists on the active nature of spatial thinking in the process of interpretation. Place and space are not just setting or subject but are, rather, woven into the fabric of poetic making itself. I have made a start to outlining topopoetics through reference to the role of blank space, stasis and flux and inside and outside in order to show how spatiality is implicated in the process of meaning making. This, in turn, becomes a tool in relating the poem to the places the poem is about.
(Towards Topopoetics: Space, Place and the Poem,Tim Cresswell,© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 B.B. Janz (ed.), Place, Space and Hermeneutics, Contributions to Hermeneutics 5, Pg.319-331,See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net)
Jul 8, 2024
陳老頭
(Con't) Stanza means ‘room’, ‘station’ or ‘stopping place’ and refers to blocks of black separated by white on the page. These are rooms we pass between surrounded by outside. Stanzas found their way into written poetry through the act of memoriz ing verse. Rooms, or stopping places, are memorized and filled with words that would be activated by an imagined walk through the rooms. While stanzas are clearly places to stop – they are also clearly linked by movement. Movement also occurs within the stanzas as we follow the lines of text.
The word ‘verse’ comes from the practice of tilling the soil – agriculture – the root of ‘culture’. It is rooted in the Latin versus, meaning a ‘furrow’ or a ‘turning of the plow’. As the farmer (or farm worker) tills the soil they come to an edge, turn around, then make their way back, pacing out the day. Verse can thus be found in ‘reverse’. These two ideas – stanza – as a block of bounded space and verse as an action – a form of practice that brings those blocks alive and reminds us that they are only there because of move ment – these two ideas describe something of the geography of the poem as the interplay of fixity and flux of being and becoming.
Poetry is often referred to as freezing time. In fact, many kinds of representation are said to freeze time (and thus, in some circles, representation has become deeply suspect) (Anderson and Harrison 2010). In poetry’s case, this could not be further from the truth. Poetry, to me, is a mobile form related to walking and, indeed, ploughing and reversing. This sense of mobile journeying in the poem is part of the topological understanding of the poem on the page.
Perec knew this: I write: I inhabit my sheet of paper, I invest it, I travel across it, I incite blanks, spaces (jumps in the meaning, discontinuities, transitions, changes of key) (Perec 1997, 3) with place starts from a recognition of an original encounter which is “singular and situated”. The more the poem can reflect this situated singularity the more faithful it will be to the place that lies beyond it. But it would be wrong to think of the ‘concrete unity’ of place as a pure, bounded entity with no relation to a world (even an abstract world) beyond it. Places always point to a world beyond them, and so do poems.
One way in which the place of the poem opens up to its outside is through metaphor. Metaphor is another component of poetics that has a spatial root in travel. Metaphor comes from the Greek metaphorá (μεταφορά ) for ‘transfer’ or ‘carryover’.
In modern Athens, the vehicles of mass transportation are called metaphorai. To go to work or come home, one takes a “metaphor” – a bus or a train. Stories could also take this noble name: every day, they traverse and organize places; they select and link them together; they make sentences and itineraries out of them. They are spatial trajectories (de Certeau 1984, 115).
Metaphors perform two operations simultaneously – they say a equals band, at the same time, a does not equal b. Just saying a is the same as b is not metaphorical.
For a metaphor to be a metaphor a has to also be different from b. The more different they are the more powerful the metaphor. This is true as long a and b are not so different that they are not, in fact, similar in any way.
Jul 9, 2024
陳老頭
Poems speak to things which lie outside the poem. Clearly the poem has a referential function – like all language. It is about something. But even if we include the things the poem directly names on the inside of the poem, there is yet another set of things that are not directly named but instead gestured towards. In this way the poem opens up to the world. We have seen how one of the features of place is the way in which it gathers things.
A place is a unique assemblage. The things that constitute a place often appear to us as specific to that place even if they have, in fact, travelled from else where. Things form a particular topography of place at the same time as their jour neys link the inside of a place to elsewhere. Poetry is one way in which we stop and wonder at the specificity of the way things appear to us in place.
Poetry involves being attentive to things and the way I which they are gathered. Poetry is an ‘encounter with the world’. No matter the changes in Heidegger’s philosophical vocabulary, a key point around which his thinking constantly turns is the idea that thinking arises, and can only arise, out of our original encounter with the world – an encounter that is always singular and situated, in which we encounter ourselves as well as the world, and in which what first appears is not something abstract or fragmented, but rather the things themselves, as things, in their con crete unity (Malpas 2012b, 14).
This insistence on the specificity of ‘things themselves’ is one way we can think about poetic attention. A poetic concern ground that appears relatively static. This movement, in a poem, is expressed with direction words such as “over” or “in” or “towards”. Topopoetics challenges some of the assumptions of the figure/ground equation. As place is most often equated with ground it tends to have a degree of deadness associated with it. It seems less important.
Topopoetics draws our attention to the opposite – the active presence of place in the poem. Another key term in cognitive poetics is “image schema” which refers to “loca tive expressions of place” (Stockwell 2002, 16). Stockwell gives the examples of “JOURNEY, CONTAINER, CONDUIT, UP/DOWN, FRONT/BACK, OVER/ UNDER, INTO/OUT OF”. Terms of mobility catch our attention and urge us to continue reading – static elements are frankly boring and we quickly forget them. The difference between the moving elements and static elements produces literary and cognitive effects. But even before any particular word is written or read we have the poem – the lines that form a shape in space. As we read left to right and top to bottom against the white space a figure forms over ground. A passage is enacted. Stuff happens.
Poems are made out of arrangements of type and blank space – figure and ground in a physical, pre-verbal sense. I am not sure what the cognitive content of this patterning is but it is surely important to poetry – even before the specifics of actual words and their meanings. This is the start of the geography of the poem. There are two spatial metaphors at work in the basic language of poetry that point towards the way a poem is an act of dwelling: these are the words ‘stanza’ and ‘verse’.
Jul 11, 2024
陳老頭
Something has to appear for space to emerge. Georges Perec makes this clear: This is how space begins, with words only, signs traced on the blank page. To describe space: to name it, to trace it, like those portolano-makers who saturated the coastlines with the names of harbours, the names of capes, the names of inlets, until in the end the land was only separated from the sea by a continuous ribbon of text (Perec 1997, 13).
Perec’s book, Species of Spaces is a catalogue of spaces and places with chapters devoted to “The Apartment”, “The Street” and “The Town” for instance. The first chapter, though, is “The Page”. The page is immediately equivalent to spaces we may more easily think of as the world beyond the page.
The page and its markings are not removed from, and about, the world – they are of the world. In this chapter Perec outlines the nature of a topopoetics in simple terms. Writing, particularly writing poems, is the production of space and place.
It is a cartographic act that combines senses of home and journey. The process of writing creates coordinates – a top and a bottom, left and right, beginning and end. In amongst the words are pauses and hesitations. There is a poetic topological correspondence between the poem and the place it is about. In Peter Stockwell’s account of ‘cognitive poetics’ a key idea is the notion of f igure/ground – the notion that some things appear to be more important, more fluid, more foregrounded while others remain as background and setting (and thus seem ingly less important) (Stockwell 2002).
The first is figure and the second is ground. The figure is prominent and the ground is not. This occurs most obviously in the way characters are more important than the places they are in in novels. Description is often about ground and action involves figures. Figures often move across a
We make our places by doing them –by beating the bounds rather than drawing a line in the sand. Beyond that place of movement is the white of silence. But even that space is being shaped, if only as the negative image of the poem. 4 Inside and Outside One way of thinking about place is to think of it as a singular thing – specific, par ticular, bounded and separate.
The very idea of place is bound up with uniqueness and a sense of division from what lies beyond it. But places are actually connected into networks and flows – they have an extrovert side (Massey 1997). This paradoxi cal sense of separation and connectedness is noted by Malpas.
One of the features of place is the way in which it establishes relations of inside and out side – relations that are directly tied to the essential connection between place and boundary or limit. To be located is to be within, to be somehow enclosed, but in a way that at the same time opens up, that makes possible.
Already this indicates some of the directions in which any thinking of place must move – toward ideas of opening and closing, of concealing and revealing, or focus and horizon, of finitude and “transcendence,” of limit and possibility, of mutual relationality and coconstitution (Malpas 2012b, 2). This feature of place is one that translates into the topos of the poem. Poems too open and close, conceal and reveal. (Con't below)
Jul 12, 2024
陳老頭
The painter may paint blankness, applying white paint perhaps but rarely leaves the canvas untouched. But there are also similarities between the blank space of the painter and the poet. One similarity is suggested by Gilles Deleuze in his meditation on Francis Bacon. Here he suggests that the blank canvas that con fronts the painter is not blank at all but invested with every painting ever done before. In fact, it would be a mistake to think that the painter works on a white and virgin surface. The entire surface is already invested virtually with all kinds of clichés, which the painter will have to break with (Deleuze 2005, 11). The image Deleuze gives us is of a painter confronted with the whole tradition of painting right there on the blank space which is no longer blank. This is the same for a poet who has to face the page/screen with the knowledge of all the poems that have gone before. There are all the ballads and sonnets, the free verse and the sesti nas, Caedmon’s Hymn, the long lines of Whitman, the dashes of Dickenson, iambic pentameter, half rhyme, sprung rhythm, spondees, syllabic experiments, language poetry and limericks – all of these pre-figure the first letter written or typed. The space is not blank but dizzyingly full. Returning to Deleuze: It is a mistake to think that the painter works on a white surface. The figurative belief fol lows from this mistake. If the painter were before a white surface, he – or she – could reproduce on it an external object functioning as a model. The painter has many things in his head, or around him, or in his studio. Now everything he has in his head or around him is already in the canvas, more or less virtually, more or less actually, before he begins his work. They are all present in the canvas as so many images, actual or virtual, so that the painter does not have to cover a blank surface, but rather would have to empty it out, clear it, clean it. (Deleuze 2005, 87).
The space of the poet, like that of the artist’s is a space to fill with what gets defined by the words or a seething endless presence of everything that has been written before. Once there is a poem on the page then an act of dwelling has occurred that brings space and place into being. If we move beyond the blankness of the empty page/ screen then we begin to see all the other ways in which space works for the poem. Take any poem, copy it, and apply a thick black marker to the lines of text. You end up with a black shape and a white shape. Space works as margins, as gaps, as signi f iers of intent when the poet does anything other than left align the lines. Naturally this use of space is most pronounced in forms of experimental poetry in the modern ist tradition: concrete poetry, Mallarme’s radical departures from the left margin, the projective verse of the Black Mountain School or the contemporary experimen tation with ‘erasure’. But space and place do their work too in traditional forms. The popularity of the sonnet is partly attributable to the perfect way it sits on the page, announcing itself as a poem. 3 Stasis and Flux The topos of the poem results from its play of ink and the absence of ink.
Jul 14, 2024
陳老頭
Culture brings nature into perspective and makes it make sense in much the way the marks of the poem make the blank space make sense. Stevens’ jar performs similar functions to Heidegger’s bridge. The poem does the same thing – bringing space into being.
Silence is the acoustic space in which the poem makes its large echoes. If you want to test this write a single word on a blank sheet of paper and stare at it: note the superior attendance to the word the silence insists upon, and how it soon starts to draw out the word’s ramifying sense-
potential, its etymological story, its strange acoustic signature, its calligraphic mark; you are reading a word as poetry (Paterson 2007, 63). Here, British poet Don Paterson suggests that the self-aware special-ness of the poem is created by its being surrounded by blankness, which he equates with silence. There is a merging of sight and sound – pure blankness and silence. The sense of sound is the only sense which has a unique word for absence.
While silence is the absence of sound there is no word for the absence of smell or taste for instance (we have to resort to terms like ‘tasteless’). Perhaps it is for this reason that blank space is compared to silence. It also reminds us of the origins of poetry in spoken forms. The blankness is not just something to be filled but an active component in
the creation of the poem. The blank page is the friend of the poet allowing an infinite variety of form in the simple sense of shape. When the single word appears on the blank sheet the word-as-poem and the space around it are simultaneously brought into being. In this sense, one does not precede the other.
Paterson describes the act of poetry as an emergence out of silence and space. This is not quite right. This assumes the pre-existence of a blankness and silence within which the words emerge.
Perhaps, instead, the blankness is produced by the creative act. The blankness emerges with the noise. There are similarities between the poet’s relationship to blank space and the painter’s relationship to the canvas. They are clearly not the same thing.
In most painting the canvas is covered. The first thing many traditional painters do is cover a canvas with paint and then start to work on the detail. The canvas is obliterated. The poet, on the other hand, cannot fill up the space he or she is confronted with. The poem needs to play with the space and allow the blankness to be part of the process. Don Paterson puts it this way: Our formal patterning most often supplies a powerful typographical advertisement.
What it advertises most conspicuously is that the poem has not taken up the whole page, and con siders itself somewhat important. The white space around the poem then becomes a potent symbol of the poem’s significant intent (Paterson 2007, 62). The space around the poem once written advertises the poem’s importance as special words. (Con't Below)
Jul 16, 2024
陳老頭
Poems of place are not simply poems about places, rather they are a species of place with a special relationship to what it is to be in (external) place. Included in this is a recognition that poems (as places) have a material existence as a gathering of words (literally ink) on the page which takes a particular spatial form.
Topopoetics means closing the gap between the material form of the poem (topos in the sense of rhetorics) and the earthly world of place (topos as place). It means attending to the presence of place within the poem. To do this the rest of the essay considers the role of blank space, the tension between shape/form and movement and the relationship between the inside and outside of the poem. 2
Blank Space/Full Space Before, there was nothing, or almost nothing; afterwards, there isn’t much, a few signs, but which are enough for there to be a top and a bottom, a beginning and an end, a right and a left, a recto and a verso (Perec 1997, 10). My interest here is in the combined impact of two meanings of topos – as correct form and as place – on understanding poetic approaches to and renditions of place. The act of building and dwelling that is a poem starts with a blank white space. By writing poems we gather that space and give it form.
True – it already has edges and texture (it is, in Perec’s terms “almost nothing”) but words (as place) bring space into existence. The space becomes margins and gaps between words – even holes within letters. This relationship between poem and place and the space that takes shape around it is one of the defining elements of poetry. Glyn Maxwell, in On Poetry, ruminates on blank space and silence in poetry. Regard the space, the ice plain, the dizzying light. That past, that future.
Already it isn’t nothing. At the very least it’s your enemy, and that’s an awful lot. Poets work with two materials, one’s black and one’s white. Call them sound and silence, life and death, hot and cold, love and loss…. … Call it this and that, whatever it is this time, just don’t make the mistake of thinking the white sheet is nothing. It’s nothing for your novelist, your journalist, your blogger. For those folk it’s a tabular rasa, a giving surface. For the poet it is half of everything. If you don’t know how to use it you are writing prose. If you write poems that you might call free and I might call unpatterned then skillful, intelligent use of the whiteness is all that you’ve got (Maxwell 2012, 11). Poems are patterns made from space and which make space. Even before a word is read you can see a poem’s shape – the black against the white in Maxwell’s terms.
This is one of the most pleasing things about poetry and it serves no function at all in a novel or most other forms of writing. Writing a poem is a little form of place creation that configures blankness. This resonates with Wallace Stevens’ ‘Anecdote of the Jar’: I placed a jar in Tennessee, And round it was, upon a hill. It made the slovenly wilderness Surround that hill. The wilderness rose up to it, And sprawled around, no longer wild. The jar was round upon the ground And tall and of a port in air. It took dominion every where. The jar was gray and bare. It did not give of bird or bush, Like nothing else in Tennessee.
Here the roundness of the jar (roundness is repeated throughout the poem in ‘round’, ‘around’ and ‘surround’) orders the “slovenly wilderness” around it – it orders and regulates a kind of blankness (the ‘almost-nothing’ of wilderness) in a contrived and designed way.
Jul 18, 2024
陳老頭
In Aristotle’s rhetoric it is important to choose the right kind of topos for the argument at hand, just as it is important to select the right form for a particular poet. It draws our attention to the importance of (among other things) the shape on the page. The richer meaning of topos emerged more fully formed in the writing of Martin Heidegger and has recently been elaborated by the philosopher, Jeff Malpas (Heidegger 1971; Malpas 1999, 2012a).
Here topos is mobilized through the idea of the topological to indicate the primary nature of place for being. To put it bluntly, to be is to be in place – to be here/there. The connection between poetry and the idea of place as the site of being is right there at the outset as Heidegger’s insistence on being as being-in-place originated from an encounter with the poetry of Hölderlin (Malpas 2006; Elden 1999).
Heidegger’s topological thought includes two key concepts – Dasein and dwelling. Dasein means (approximately) ‘being there’. It combines Heidegger’s career- long enquiry into the nature of being with a recognition that being is always placed – that existence is thoroughly intertwined with place.
The way that we make a home in the world is referred to as dwelling. The way in which you are and I am, the manner in which we humans are on the earth, is Buan, dwelling.
To be a human being means to be on the earth as a mortal. It means to dwell (Heidegger 1971, 145). How, exactly, people enact this dwelling (or fail to enact it) becomes a central object for philosophy in Heidegger’s later texts.3 In an important series of late essays Heidegger invokes poetry as a form of dwell ing. He goes so far as to suggest that it is an ideal form of building and dwelling. Poetic creation, which lets us dwell, is a kind of building.
Thus we confront a double demand: for one thing, we are to think of what is called man’s existence by way of the nature of dwelling; for another, we are to think of the nature of poetry as a letting-dwell, as a – perhaps even the – distinctive kind of building. If we search out the nature of poetry according to this viewpoint, then we arrive at the nature of dwelling (Heidegger 1971, 213).
This observation (linking poetry to its root meaning of ‘making’) gets right to the heart of the constitution of topopoetics. Poetry, as Heidegger observes, is a kind of building and thus a particularly important kind of dwelling. This building-as- dwelling, however, is more than the practical stuff of constructing in the correct way – it is, in Heidegger’s view, about the essential character of being-in-the world – being in, and with, place.
1 For a discussion of topos, see Rapp 2010: 7.1.
2 Aristotle Topics 163b28.32.
3 Heidegger was a member of the Nazi Party, a membership he later denounced. There is no doubt that these ideas of dwelling were easily incorporated into a Nazi ideology of proper authentic (Aryan) dwelling counterposed to an inauthentic (Jewish, gay, Romany) form of (non) dwelling. Following Malpas I do not believe that this necessarily means that his ideas are irrecoverably infected.
An engagement with the philosophical basis of topos adds to our original definition of place (above) as a gathering of things, practices and meanings in a particular location. While place is all of these things this definition fails to underline the basic significance of being placed to being-in-the-world. A topopoetic account is one which recognizes the specificity of the nearness of things in place and at the same time focuses our attention on the way in which the poem is itself a form of building and dwelling.
Jul 20, 2024
陳老頭
With the banks, the bridge brings to the stream the one and the other expanse of the landscape lying behind them. It brings stream and bank and land into each other’s neighborhood. The bridge gathers the earth as landscape around the stream (Heidegger 1971, 150).
Heidegger’s bridge brings a place and a surrounding landscape into being. In so doing, it also produces space. The bridge as a place does not just connect pre- existing spaces or operate within a pre-existing space – it brings space into being.
In this sense, place comes before space. This is a reversal of the more frequent suggestion that places exist in space and that space comes before place. Heidegger is clearly making a different argument from Merleau-Ponty.
Nevertheless, what unites the two passages is an insistence on the way spaces are brought into being in relation to platial bodies and structures as active agents. Place comes first. One final preliminary point about place before moving on to a discussion of topopoetics. One of the defining qualities of place, across disciplines, has been the way in which places bring things together.
They are seen as syncretic mixtures of elements of multiple domains. Different scholars use different terms to describe this fact. Philosophers following Heidegger write of places as sites of gathering (Casey 1996). The geographer Robert Sack uses the metaphor of a loom to describe places as products of the process of weaving (Sack 2003).
Writers informed by the philoso phy of Gilles Deleuze and Manual Delanda refer to this process as assemblage (DeLanda 2006; Dovey 2010). Things mingle in places and places are constantly being made through gathering/weaving/ assembling and constantly being pulled apart. Among the things that are gathered in place are objects (materialities), mean ings (narratives, stories, memories etc.) and practices.
Philosopher Edward Casey puts this as well as anyone. Minimally, places gather things in their midst– where ‘things’ connote various animate and inanimate entities. Places also gather experiences and histories, even languages and thoughts. Think only of what it means to go back to a place you know, finding it full of memories and expectations, old things and new things, the familiar and the strange, and much more besides. What else is capable of this massively diversified holding action? (Casey 1996, 24)
1 Towards topopoetics
In the remainder of this essay I mobilize some of what has preceded in relation to thinking about poetry. I argue for poems as places (as well as about places) that can be interpreted spatially. The term topopoetics originates from the term topos as developed by Malpas and Casey in their readings of Heidegger and others (Casey 1998; Malpas 2012b).
Topo comes from topos (τόπος), the Greek for ‘place’. This is combined with poetics, which comes from poiesis (ποίησις), the Ancient Greek term for ‘making’. Topopoetics is thus ‘place-making’. The particular lineage I am invoking for topos derives from the philosophy of Aristotle. Importantly, for our purposes, topos appears in both accounts of how the world comes into being and as a figure in rhetoric. In rhetoric a topos is a “particular argumentative form or pattern” from which particular arguments can be derived.1
It is very much like a form in poetry – a sonnet or a villanelle. It has a particular shape. This rhetorical view of topos is linked to the world through the art of memorizing long lists by locating things on a list in particular places. “For just as in the art of remembering, the mere mention of the places instantly makes us recall the things, so these will make us more apt at deductions through looking to these defined premises in order of enumeration.” 2
Jul 23, 2024
陳老頭
It has become commonplace to see place as arising from space. In this sense space comes ‘first’. If space is an undifferentiated field – an abstract categorical axis of existence in the Kantian sense, then place has to occur in space. Places here are spatial moments, or points in space on which experience and meaning are layered.
Place comes after space. Space is a fundamental fact of the reality of the universe while place is what humans make out of it. The philosopher Jeff Malpas sees this as a relegation of place to the increasing importance of space in thought following the Renaissance: “The ‘rise’ of space is thus accompanied, one might say, by the ‘decline’ of place.
Indeed, in much contemporary thought, place often appears either as subjective overlay on the reality of materialized spatiality (place is space plus human value of ‘meaning’ …) or else as merely an arbitrary designated posi tion in a spatial field” (Malpas n.d.).
This way of thinking is turned on its head by philosophers of the phenomeno logical tradition following Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty who see spaces being formed out of the reality of place.
Place, here, becomes fundamental and primary while space is what follows once places come into existence as a kind of relation between places. In The Phenomenology of Perception Maurice Merleau-Ponty locates consciousness and intentionality not in the head but in the body.
How does the body relate to space? The most obvious way of articulating this is to think of the body as located (like place) in space where space is an external and continuous field in which the body exists and which the body has to navigate.
This is a body in Cartesian space that exists as an object. Merleau-Ponty rejects this view and argues instead for a ‘body-subject’ that exists in lived space – space which unfolds through the existence of the body rather than providing a precondition for the body. The human body produces certain kinds of orientation such as inside and outside, up and down, front and back and left and right that continually produce space rather than simply inhabit it.
As Merleau-Ponty put it: We must therefore avoid saying that our body is in space, or in time. It inhabits space and time … In so far as I have a body through which I act in the world, space and time are not, for me, a collection of adjacent points nor are they a limitless number of relations synthesized by my consciousness, and into which it draws my body.
I am not in space and time, nor do I conceive space and time; I belong to them, my body combines with them and includes them (Merleau-Ponty 1962, 161). Merleau-Ponty, then, insists that the bodily space is primary to external Cartesian space. Bodies are not simply in an already existing space – rather space is produced by the body.
A similar logic is at work in Heidegger’s account of the work done by building a bridge over a river. The bridge swings over the stream “with ease and power.” It does not just connect banks that are already there. The banks emerge as banks only as the bridge crosses the stream. The bridge designedly causes them to lie across from each other. One side is set off against the other by the bridge. Nor do the banks stretch along the stream as indifferent border strips of the dry land.
Jul 27, 2024
陳老頭
Towards Topopoetics: Space, Place and the Poem by Tim Cresswell
Abstract: This essay focuses on the theme of poetry and place – a project I have called Topopoetics. It introduces the idea of topopoetics drawing on the work of Aristotle, Heidegger and more recent philosophies of place, dwelling and poetics.
The point is not to cover the familiar ground of ‘sense-of-place’ in poetry but rather to explore how the poem is a kind of place and the way in which poems create space and place through their very presence on the page, through the interactions of full space and blank space, stasis and flux, and inside and outside.
What can poetry tell us about space and place? Conversely, what can thinking about space and place tell us about poetry? These are the questions that motivate this essay. My aim is to both answer them and to reveal how spatial and platial thinking can inform forms of interpretation beyond the interpretation of space and place in the geographical world.
I develop a topopoetics – a project that sees poems as places and spaces. The distinction between space and place that is most often made is one in which space is seen as limitless, empty, divisible and subject to mathematical forms of understanding while place is seen as bounded, full, unique and subject to forms of interpretive understanding.
Place has been most frequently described as a meaning ful segment of space – as mere ‘location’ in space overlaid with things such as meaning, subjectivity, emotion and affect (Tuan 1977; Buttimer and Seamon 1980; Relph 1976; Cresswell 2014).
The definitions of space have become more sophisti cated thanks to interventions from critical theory and philosophy which have taken space out of the realm of the abstract and absolute in an attempt to reveal the work ings of space in the production of society (Soja 1989; Lefebvre 1991; Massey 2005).
At the same time work on place has added layers of power on the one hand (Cresswell 1996; Massey 1997) and a deeper philosophical role in human existence on the other (Casey 1998; Malpas 1999). There is not space here to rehearse all of the twists and turns in these debates. One aspect that is worth lingering on is the ques tion of which comes first, space or place? (Con't)
Jul 30, 2024
陳老頭
[沉眠中轟然驚蟄]
我們的女士 / 身懷 / 痛楚 /身負十字架背負之苦 / 身懷痛楚,一再痛楚 / 宛若巨石上的疤痕般深刻 / 榔頭將她撬出粗岩之古老 / 睡夢 / 所啜泣之星辰四處雕琢 / 啜泣 / 刻印於石上之痛楚 / 他身負之痛楚 / 她背負過的痛楚 她聽見脆弱之形體崩裂 / 心知 /他 / 將一去不返 / 萬物靜止 / 不顧停留的微物 / 我們質問 / 沉重呼吸 一聲兩聲三聲 / 隨後暫停 / 永遠停歇 —— 引自第364頁
年輕女孩都很愁苦。她們喜歡自己悲愁。這會讓她們覺得自己很堅強。 —— 引自第68頁
她訴說她的愛,在半醒半睡之間 / 黑暗的時刻 / 欲語還休,低聲細訴 / 大地在她冬夜的沉眠中轟然驚蟄 / 綠草與花朵瞬間綻開 / 無視皚皚白雪 / 無視翩翩飛臨的皚皚白雪 —— 引自第14頁
徹日落雪 / 雪落徹夜 / 靜沉我窗 / 積雪白潔 / 有隻小家伙 / 羽翼豐滿 / 明亮斑斕—/ 外展雪般純淨容顏 / 明亮神采欣然成歡 / 傾心敘言 / 喜悅綿綿 ——克里斯塔貝爾·蘭蒙特 — 引自第72頁
(摘自从(Possession),作者: [英] A·S·拜雅特;出版社: 南海出版公司;出品方: 新經典文化;譯者: 於冬梅 / 宋瑛堂;出版年: 2008-5)
Aug 19, 2024
陳老頭
高阶创造力挑战机械人系列:“意念思维”(Noetic Thinking)
近年来,“意念思维”或“心智科学”(Noetic Science)领域取得了一些显着的发展,特别是在对意识本质和其与物质世界的互动方面的探索上。
首先,有几项引人注目的研究获得了Linda G. O’Bryant意念科学研究奖。
这些研究涉及意识的非传统理解,例如“超眼视觉”(EOV,‘extra-ocular vision’
),即无需物理眼睛的视力,以及探索“意识代理”如何与亚原子世界交互的数学模型。这些研究试图挑战传统的科学观念,提出意识可能不仅仅是大脑活动的产物,而是一个更加基础性的存在。
其次,研究还扩展到意识如何超越个体并影响集体或宇宙级别的现象,例如通过“有组织的随机事件生成器”(OREGs,Organized Random Event Generators )检测到的非本地同步性现象,这些现象暗示着意识可能在物理世界之外发挥作用。
此外,意念科学研究所(IONS,the Institute of Noetic Sciences)在提升人类潜能、心灵与物质互动以及集体意识等方面的研究也取得了显着进展。他们的研究目标是通过更深入地理解意识的本质,寻求解决长期存在的人类问题的新方法。
这些发展表明,“意念思维”正逐渐从边缘领域走向主流,并对传统科学和社会观念产生潜在的深远影响。
它是受承认的正规科学吗?
“意念思维”或“心智科学”(Noetic Science)虽然在某些学术圈子和机构中得到重视和研究,但在主流科学界中,它仍然不被广泛承认为正规科学。主要是因为意念科学涉及的很多领域,比如意识的非物质本质、心灵与物质的互动、超感知能力等,常常难以通过传统的科学方法进行验证。
主流科学通常依赖可重复的实验和严格的验证标准,而意念科学的许多研究则基于主观体验和难以量化的现象。这些研究往往涉及意识、直觉、超感知等领域,通常被认为是科学不可测试或难以验证的。
尽管如此,意念科学领域的研究者们正在努力通过更加严格的实验设计和跨学科的合作,试图将这些非传统的研究纳入更广泛的科学讨论中。例如,意念科学研究所就尝试通过实验来验证意识对物质世界的影响,这些努力旨在建立更加严谨的科学基础。
“意念思维”在主流科学中虽并未获得广泛承认,但它作为一个探索意识和人类潜能的领域,正在吸引越来越多的关注和研究兴趣。(爱垦网综合整理,仅供内部参考,敬请谨慎采用)
Sep 1, 2024
陳老頭
高阶创造力挑战机械人系列:“呼唤型造物”(Evocative Object)
以下三个成功的数字文化创意产品,在某种程度上体现了陈明发博士曾在爱垦網讨论过的“evocative object”概念,它们都融合了象征性、文化内涵和用户体验:
1. Google's AI-Powered Art Project (Magenta)
Google 的 Magenta 计划是个使用人工智能(AI)创作音乐、视觉艺术和其他形式作品的平台。该项目结合了先进的技术与创造力,允许用户通过简单的输入生成复杂的艺术作品。这种互动模式鼓励用户与技术共同创造,从而激发个人的创造力。
其特点是强调用户的参与和个性化创造过程,赋予用户艺术家的身份,让他们体验到创造的乐趣和成就感。
3. Sifteo Cubes
这是一套互动型玩具,结合了物理触控和数字交互。每个小立方体都具有独立的显示屏、传感器和互动功能,用户可以通过摇晃、移动或点击这些立方体来进行各种创意活动和游戏。
它通过物理和数字交互,增强了用户的沉浸感和参与度。这种设计不仅提供了娱乐功能,还鼓励用户通过互动来激发创造性思维。
3. LEGO Ideas
这平台允许用户提交自己的创意设计,并通过公众投票和评审来决定哪些设计将被实际生产。这个平台成功地将用户的创造力和集体智慧转化为实际的产品,体现了互动性和社区参与的重要性。
它通过集体创造力和参与式设计,成功地将用户的想象力和创意融入到品牌的产品线中,创造了高度个性化和象征性的玩具。
这些产品在各自的领域中成功地实现了用户的深度参与、创造力的激发和象征性表达,对开发“evocative objects”极有价值的参考。
在某种程度上,短视频服务领域的TikTok 和抖音符合“evocative object”(呼唤型造物)的理念,特别是在以下几个方面:
1. 用户生成内容 (UGC)
创意表达平台: TikTok 和抖音都是用户生成内容(UGC)的平台,允许用户通过视频表达自己的创造力和个性。这种方式鼓励用户利用短视频形式表达自己的情感、想法和文化背景。这些平台为用户提供了创作和发布内容的工具和空间,使得每个用户的视频都可以看作是一种“evocative object”——即具有个人象征意义和文化表达的数字作品。
呼唤性和互动性: 用户可以通过评论、点赞、分享等方式与内容互动,甚至可以通过模仿、挑战等方式进行多次创作,这种互动性和内容的不断迭代和演变正是“evocative objects”理念中的互换性。
文化表达: TikTok 和抖音上的内容往往反映了用户所在的文化和社会背景,从舞蹈、音乐到语言和时尚,这些平台成为全球文化交流和创造力展现的场所。这种跨文化的内容创造和传播方式与“诗性思维”中的象征性和隐喻性有着共通之处。
社会意识: 虽然虚拟平台本身并不是专门为环保、ESG等社会议题设计的,但用户可以利用平台传播相关意识和可持续发展的理念。例如,用户可以通过创作内容来推广环保产品或倡导环保生活方式,这种内容本质上是一种具有生态意识的“evocative object”。
诗性叙事: 很多创作者通过短视频形式传达诗性内容,结合视觉、声音和节奏,营造出一种诗性氛围。这种表达方式与Vico的“诗性思维”紧密相连,展示了如何通过多种感官体验来触动和激发创造性思维。
短视频的情感共鸣: TikTok 和抖音的视频通常通过简短内容迅速引发观众的情感共鸣,这与“ecocative objects”设计中注重情感和审美体验的理念相符。视频中的音乐、视觉效果和情感表达能有效地触动观众的内心,形成强烈的情感链接。
TikTok 和抖音多方面都符合“evocative object”理念,尤其是在用户创造力的激发、文化表达和互动性方面。尽管它们是数字平台,而非物質产品,但它们成功地将用户体验、文化内涵和创造性互动结合在一起,成为当今数字时代的重要文化创意载体。
相关:
陈明发博士〈TikTok年代:刷亮华团品牌路径图〉
Jeffrey M. O’Brien·TikTok经济时代
爱垦搜索
Sep 2, 2024
陳老頭
詭異的Drift或Duree:文案本質是詩
從具體的廣告環境中,把文案抽離出來進行閱讀,這些文案仿佛具有了獨立的生命,因而提供了一種觀察廣告文案的新角度。
如果把廣告活動看做一種儀式的話,那麽,在這個儀式中,一個非常關鍵的因素就是廣告文案。廣告文案就像某種神秘的咒語。在很多宗教儀式中,咒語被認為具有神奇的力量,輕念咒語,人與宇宙萬物間溝通的開關一下子就打開了。好的廣告文案也是如此,一句看似不經意的廣告語,對消費者而言,仿佛是撬動心靈之門的按鍵。消費者被真實所觸動,然後領會、感悟,最終參與到消費的過程中。對於廣告活動而言,好的廣告文案,是靈魂,是活力之源,具有咒語一樣的魔力,它會觸發廣告效果的能量場,創造品牌與消費者的溝通。
咒語雖然是一種語言形式,但這種形式必然有不同於日常語言的特質。咒語是不可知的世界與可知的世界之間的橋梁,所以它必須創造一種表達方式,在其中必然有不可解的要素。這正是咒語的魅力和魔力所在。廣告文案也是對語言的一種重新發現和定義, 它把商品同消費者關係中不可知的層面通過語言表達出來,像咒語一樣激發消費者,形成對商品的感應。因而,廣告文案的語言表達必然具有某些反日常語言的特性,只有對語言的陌生化,才能讓語言本身的力量充分顯現。
在可知與不可知之間來去自如,所以,創作出一流文案的人必定是通靈者。他(她)雖然生活在常人中間,但就像遊弋在世間的貓一樣。貓的目光經常穿透了物質之墻,由於看到了前世、來世,以及其他豐富的跡象,它的眼神當然是飄移而詭異的。我看到許多優秀的文案創作者都具有貓一樣的神態與特質。無論他們呈現出怎樣的形態,或溫順、或威猛、或萎靡,無論他們是蜷伏,還是伸展,在特定的時刻,他們的眼中總是瞬間閃爍出迷離而決斷的光芒,就像貓在散漫的行走中突然警覺到未知形體的存在。
優秀的文案創作者,是社會的神經末梢。他(她)所表達的是自己的情感,但代表了不同群體最隱秘和最真實的內在需求和意識。他(她)對社會變遷所帶來的個體心理最細微的變化是如此敏感,以至於發出囈語一樣的呻吟,這種表達的結晶應該是詩,但同商業文化結合的時候,就成為了廣告文案。如南方朔先生所言,廣告文案是介於詩與非詩之間的。廣告文案用語言的形式凝聚和提煉了消費者的情感,並建立其同商品之間的精致鏈接,因而對消費者產生了引導和感染的力量。這是一種暈染,廣告文案賦予商品動人的意義和價值,吸引消費者關注和擁有商品。
(摘自:陳剛·序 李欣頻《誠品副作用》;本文作者為京大學新聞傳播學院副院長)
延續閱讀:文創叙事咒語
Sep 5, 2024
陳老頭
路易·阿尔都塞的《阅读〈资本论〉》
这是法国哲学家路易·阿尔都塞(Louis Althusser)及其团队在1970年出版的理论著作,旨于通过结构主义方法,重新解读马克思的《资本论》,从而阐明其核心理论。重点:
断裂理论
其概念认为,马克思在《资本论》中实现了从早期思想(如《1844年经济学哲学手稿》)向科学性更强的思想的转变。这种断裂是马克思主义的核心转折点,标志着马克思从一种“人本主义”转向一种科学的历史唯物主义。
阿尔都塞将马克思的工作视为科学,而不是意识形态。他批评了那些将马克思主义简单地看作是另一种意识形态的人,强调马克思的科学性在于其方法论的独特性。这种革命不仅是思想内容的改变,更是方法论和认知模式的根本转变,为社会和政治的革命性变革提供了坚实的理论基础。
此书对马克思主义哲学,特别是对《资本论》的解读产生了深远的影响,并推动了后来的马克思主义理论的发展。
阿氏引入了“问题域”(problematic)的概念,指的是某一理论体系中,问题被提出和解决的具体方式。这种分析方法帮助理解为什么不同的理论在不同的历史条件下产生,并且如何解读马克思的理论框架。
传统历史唯物主义中线性的历史观要打破,需要一种多重决定性和结构性的历史观,因为社会结构是多层次的,而这些层次在相互作用中决定了历史的进程。
理论断裂(Epistemological Break)
阿尔都塞提出,马克思在其思想发展过程中经历了一次重要的“理论断裂”,这标志着从早期人本主义和意识形态性的思考转向了科学的、结构性的分析。
从意识形态到科学: 阿尔都塞认为,马克思早期的著作受黑格尔和费尔巴哈影响较大,具有人本主义倾向。而在《资本论》中,马克思实现了对政治经济学的科学分析,摆脱了早期思想中的意识形态束缚。
方法论革命: 这种断裂不仅是内容上的变化,更是方法论上的革命。马克思采用了全新的分析工具和概念体系,如生产方式、生产关系等,来理解社会和历史。
意识形态的作用和再生产
阿尔都塞强调意识形态在社会结构中的作用,认为意识形态是维护和再生产现存社会关系的关键工具。
意识形态国家机器: 他提出了“意识形态国家机器”(Ideological State Apparatuses,ISA)的概念,指出教育、宗教、家庭、媒体等机构通过传播特定的意识形态,巩固统治阶级的地位。
思想革命的挑战: 要实现真正的思想革命,必须认识并挑战这些深植于社会结构中的意识形态机制,从而打破对人们思想的控制。
结构主义视角下的思想革命: 阿尔都塞运用结构主义的方法,主张对社会和思想进行结构性的分析,强调结构对个体和思想的决定性作用。
反对主体中心论: 他反对传统哲学中将个体视为自主、中心的观点,认为个体和思想都是由更广泛的社会结构和关系所决定的。
思想的客观性: 思想不是个人主观创造的结果,而是社会结构和物质条件的反映。因此,思想革命需要在结构层面上进行变革,而不仅仅是改变个人的观念。
哲学作为阶级斗争的形式
阿尔都塞将哲学视为阶级斗争的一种形式,认为哲学斗争反映并服务于社会中的阶级冲突。哲学的政治性: 哲学并非中立的理论探讨,而是具有明确的政治立场和功能。不同的哲学思潮代表着不同阶级的利益和视角。革命性的哲学实践: 通过发展和传播革命性的哲学思想,可以挑战和改变现存的社会秩序,为社会革命奠定思想基础。
科学理论的自主性
科学理论的自主性让科学独立于意识形态的影响,具备自身的逻辑和方法。科学与意识形态有所区分;科学提供了对现实的客观分析,真正的理解理论体系,才能和改变社会。换句话说,思想革命不仅涉及到内容的改变,更重要的是方法和理论框架的转变。而意识形态则往往一开始便歪曲和遮蔽现实,受到主观主义的束缚。(愛墾網内部分析笔记)
Sep 8, 2024
陳老頭
爱垦APP:量子纠缠(Quantum entanglement)
“意念科学”(Noetic Science,亦译“心智科学”) 和量子纠缠的相似之处,主要体现在它们对“非局限性”和“跨越时空联系”的关注。“意念科学”提出意识可能是非局限的,超越时间和空间限制,这与量子纠缠中的粒子无论距离多远,仍能保持关联的现象类似——
非局限性(Nonlocality):量子纠缠表明,在量子世界,信息可以一种超越物理空间和时间的方式传递。“意念科学”中的某些理论,如集体意识、宇宙意识,强调意识也可能超越个体,具有非局限性。
心灵与物质的交互:“意念科学”关注的是意识如何与物质现实产生交互作用,而量子纠缠表明,粒子的量子态可能超越经典物理学中的因果关系。这种对非线性、非经典物理规律的探讨,为“意念科学”提供了理论基础,使探讨意识影响物质世界的可能性。
即时性:量子纠缠中的即时关联性(即一粒子的状态会瞬时影响另一粒子)常被用于类比“心灵感应”、超感知觉等现象,“意念科学”也试图解释这些超越传统科学的心灵现象。
虽然量子纠缠和“意念科学”的研究方向不同,一个是量子物理学的核心现象,另一个是关于意识和心智的跨学科领域,但它们的理论探讨在“非局限性”和“即时关联”上有相似的哲学意蕴,因此常被联系在一起。
“即时关联”(Instantaneous Correlation)vs. 卡尔·荣格(Carl Jung)“同步性”(Synchronicity)理论
二者有一定的关联。尽管它们来自不同的领域(量子物理学和心理学),它们都涉及某种跨越常规因果律的关联和现象,因此在某些层面上具有相似的哲学背景。
荣格的“同步性”理论:
“同步性”是卡尔·荣格提出的一个概念,指的是两件看似无关的事件在时间上同时发生,但它们之间没有明显的因果关系,而是通过一种“意义上的关联”彼此联系起来。荣格认为这些事件的“同时出现”有着深层次的心理或精神意义,而非简单的巧合。
同步性的核心要点:
1.非因果性:同步事件之间没有明显的物理因果链,它们是通过意义而非因果关系联系的。
2.共时性:同步事件在时间上同时发生,且往往带有强烈的主观意义感。
3.集体潜意识:荣格认为,同步性可能与人类的集体潜意识有关,某些共通的原型或象征可能在这些同步事件中被唤起。
4.精神与物质的交汇点:同步性探讨的是心理现象与物质现实的交叉点,暗示着心灵与物质可能在更深层次上相互关联,而不仅仅是分离的两个领域。
“非局限性”、“即时关联”与同步性:
量子物理中的非局限性和即时关联与荣格的同步性理论,有着某些相似的概念框架,尤其是在超越因果关系以及跨越时空的关联方面。
1.非局限性与超越时间空间的连接:
在量子纠缠中,两个粒子之间的关联是非局限的,即使它们相隔很远也能即时产生关联。这与荣格的同步性理论相似,后者指出没有直接的物理因果联系,但事件之间仍然通过某种超越空间和时间的方式相关联。
2.即时关联与共时性:
量子纠缠中的即时关联,意味着远距离的粒子状态会同时发生变化,这种同时性与荣格所描述的同步性中的共时性相呼应。荣格认为同步事件在时间上同时发生,具有深刻的心理或象征意义,而量子物理则从物理的角度描述了这种现象。
3.意义上的关联与量子意识的解释:
一些探索量子意识或Noetic Science的科学家认为,量子现象如纠缠可能为某些心灵现象提供解释。例如,量子物理中的非局限性现象,可能被用来解释如心灵感应或同步性这种“超自然”的心理现象。虽然这些理论在科学上还没有广泛接受,但它们为荣格的同步性理论提供了潜在的物理学背景。
4.心灵与物质的统一性
荣格认为,心灵和物质在更深层次上是不可分割的,同步性现象正是心灵与物质相互联系的表现。而量子物理中的非局限性和即时关联也暗示了物理世界中粒子之间的深层关联性,某些解释认为这反映了一个更统一的“宇宙网络”,心灵与物质的分界可能在这种网络中消失。
虽然同步性、非局限性和即时关联,分别来自心理学和物理学领域,它们都探讨了超越经典因果律的现象。荣格的同步性理论为探讨心理现象提供了超越传统因果链的视角,而量子纠缠及其背后的非局限性,则在物理学层面上表现出超越空间和时间限制的关联。因此,二者在跨学科的哲学讨论中经常被联系在一起,用来探索心灵、意识与物质世界的深层次关系。(爱垦網内部讨论笔记)
Sep 9, 2024
陳老頭
高阶创造力挑战机械人系列:量子纠缠(Quantum entanglement)
这是量子力学中的一个重要现象,指的是两个或多个粒子在量子态上互相关联,彼此纠缠在一起,即使它们之间相隔很远的距离。通过量子纠缠,一粒子的状态会即时影响另一粒子的状态,无论它们相距多远。这种现象看似违反了经典物理学中信息传递的速度极限(光速),因此在物理学界被认为是非常神秘和深奥的现象。
量子纠缠的核心特点:
1.即时关联:两个粒子纠缠后,无论它们分开多远,一旦测量了其中一个粒子的状态,另一个粒子的状态也会立即被确定。这种关联是即时的,不受距离限制。
2.不可分性:纠缠态的粒子不能被简单地视为独立的粒子,它们共享一个整体的量子态。因此,单独描述某一个粒子的状态是不完整的,必须考虑整个系统。
3.非定域性(Non locality):量子纠缠表明,在量子尺度上,物理系统的行为并不受经典物理学的局限,尤其是空间和时间的限制。纠缠态表明粒子之间的影响似乎是“超越距离”的。
4.“贝尔不等式”与实验验证:物理学家约翰·贝尔(John Bell)提出的“贝尔不等式”通过实验检验量子纠缠现象,证明了量子力学的预测优于经典物理学。这些实验表明,量子纠缠确实存在,并且粒子间的关联无法通过局部隐变量理论解释。
Sep 9, 2024
陳老頭
爱垦APP:史蒂格勒技术哲学教育 2
爱垦網之前在讨论意念科学时,曾提到机械人真的和斯蒂格勒(Bernard Stiegler [1952 – 2020] )的技术哲学,对传统教育将造成不小的的冲击。接下来,我们要谈谈它的机会又是什么?
对传统教育的机会
个性化教育的实现:AI使个性化教育成为可能,能够为每个学生量身定制学习计划、提供即时反馈、分析学习风格和需求。这种教育模式可以满足不同学生的学习节奏、兴趣和潜力,突破传统的“一刀切”教学模式。
AI可以根据学生的学习轨迹,识别出他们的优势和薄弱点,从而精准地提供针对性的课程和资源,提升学习效率和学习体验。自主学习能力的增强:学生在AI的辅助下,可以更加自主地规划学习路径,培养终身学习的能力。
跨学科与系统思维:AI技术的发展为跨学科教育提供了新的可能性。通过整合量子物理、心理学、认知科学和技术哲学,教育可以更全面地培养学生的系统思维,帮助他们在复杂世界中发现问题、解决问题。
通过AI分析不同学科的关联,教育系统可以帮助学生跨学科学习,知识整合变得可能,综合性思维得以培养,从而打破传统学科壁垒。
AI辅助下的教育可以帮助学生理解复杂的全球性问题(如气候变化、社会不平等等),并通过技术哲学和系统思维训练,找到解决这些问题的方法。
创造力与协作能力的培养:AI和自动化能够替代许多重复性任务,这反而为教育提供了更加专注于创造力与协作能力培养的机会。未来工作需要更高水平的创造力和人际协作,这些都是AI无法完全替代的技能。
AI可以帮助学生完成大量繁琐的工作,腾出时间进行创意和创新活动。教育的重点将从知识的积累转向创造力的培养。
通过虚拟学习平台和AI支持的协作工具,学生可以与全球的同龄人互动,跨文化、跨学科地学习与协作,提升全球视野和团队协作能力。
伦理与技术反思教育的机会:AI和技术的迅速发展需要学生具备深刻的伦理反思能力。未来的教育可以通过引入技术哲学、量子伦理等新兴学科,帮助学生理解技术的复杂性以及它对社会和人类的影响。
教育可以专门设立关于技术伦理的课程,培养学生对AI、量子计算等技术背后隐含的道德和伦理问题进行批判性思考,形成对未来技术应用的反思性认知。
教育也可以通过技术与人文学科的融合,培养学生不仅具备技术技能,还具备哲学、心理学和伦理学的思维,能够应对复杂的技术世界。
AI时代对传统教育的冲击是深刻的,技术加速、记忆外化、时间和空间的重新定义都在挑战着传统的教学模式。然而,AI也为教育提供了诸多机遇:个性化学习、跨学科整合、创造力培养、伦理反思等,教育可以通过这些机遇重新定义其角色,将技术作为增强人类心智和社会合作的工具。在AI的辅助下,教育不再仅仅是知识传授的过程,而是成为培养未来全球公民与创造性思维的关键平台。
这对企业的培训、学习型社团的转型,以及乡产学的推动也一样管用。(爱垦網内部探讨整合笔记)
Sep 9, 2024
陳老頭
爱垦網评注:人文科学研究方法
人文科学研究通常涉及对文本、文化现象、历史资料等的深度分析与诠释,再依赖这些文本、文献、哲学思想或文化背景,来构建本身的理论和论点。
在研究过程中,可以从现有的经典文本、二手资料(如学术论文、书籍)中寻找相关的数据与论据,以支持手中的分析与论述。这种做法是被人文科学领域广泛接受的。只要有关研究建立在扎实的理论基础上,并通过系统的方法对文本进行批判性分析与阐释,便能形成学术上可接受的论点。
另一方面,除了文本分析,许多前沿的人文研究也会融合跨学科的数据或新方法论,如结合社会学调查、文化分析,甚至技术领域(如电影研究、数字人文)的数据和工具,来拓宽和深化研究。
扎根方法论(Grounded Theory)
将个人在文创领域的经营经验注入到研究中,可以算作一种扎根方法论的应用,同时也能够归入人文科学范畴。具体来说,这两者的关系和方法论的选择取决于你如何将经验与理论进行整合。
扎根理论与经验
扎根理论是一种来自社会科学的方法,强调从实际经验出发,逐步归纳出理论,而不是预先设定框架。通过收集实践中的真实数据,反复进行编码和分析,从中发现模式或理论。因此,如果你将个人的经营经验作为研究的核心数据源,并通过系统分析这些经验来提炼出具有普遍意义的理论,那么这种做法符合扎根理论的方法论框架。
人文科学与个人经验
在传统的人文科学中,个人经验同样可以作为研究的一部分,但更多是通过自我反思或现象学分析来理解经验的深层意义,而不是像扎根理论那样系统地从实践中归纳出理论。例如,在文创领域的研究中,我们可以结合海德格尔、维柯与克里斯蒂瓦等哲学家的理论,以阐释个人经营经验中的情感、文化或存在性意义,从而把这些经验提升为人文科学的研究对象。这类研究虽然基于个人经验,但最终目的还是对人类的思想、文化与实践进行反思与分析。
跨界的可能性
我们也可以选择结合两者。例如,将个人的经营经验与扎根理论的方法相结合,用实地经验作为基础数据,然后通过人文哲学、文化理论等框架进行解读,这样的研究既具备实证基础,又体现出深层次的哲学思考。在文创领域,结合经营经验可以帮助研究者深入理解文化产品的运作逻辑、情感转化与市场反应等实际问题,从而丰富理论分析的实践层面。
总结来说,将个人的经营经验融入文创研究既可以是扎根方法论的一部分,也可以通过人文科学的视角进行诠释。两者并不矛盾,而是可以相互补充,形成跨学科或跨方法论的综合性研究。
人文科学研读班
弦論研究専題 1 弦論研究専題 2
肖礼彬·做好人文科学跨学科研究的六点要诀
李慶芳·腦到:關照~鍛鍊你的深度思維
案例分析的目標——從故事到知識
用研掌握的人类学研究方法
传播研究方法
格羅塞《藝術的起源》
Sep 10, 2024
陳老頭
爱垦APP:“情动转折” vs 现象学
“情动转折”与现象学有明显的理论渊源,特别是在对感性经验、具身性和知觉的探讨上联系密切。但“情动转折”并不完全属于现象学的领域,其研究范围更广,涉及社会、文化和权力结构中的情感分析;它是跨学科的理论发展,涉及哲学、文化研究、社会学、情感地理学、性别研究等多个领域,涵盖了更多现代文化和社会研究的内容。
现象学的感性基础
现象学,尤其是胡塞尔和梅洛-庞蒂的工作,强调对感知、体验和身体的分析。梅洛-庞蒂尤其在其著作《知觉现象学》中强调了身体作为理解世界和存在的媒介,这与“情动转折”中的许多观点有相似之处。“情动转折”从现象学那里借鉴了对感性经验的重视,尤其是对身体的体验、知觉和存在如何形塑我们的世界观的关注。
感性与情感的现象学维度
“情动转折”在很多方面延续了现象学对情感和感性经验的探索。现象学注重第一人称经验以及我们如何通过感官与世界互动,这为“情动转折”提供了理论背景。情动转折则探讨情感在社会、文化和权力中的作用,常常结合现象学的关注点,探索情感的具身性(embodiment)和存在体验。
多学科交叉
“情动转折”不仅仅限于现象学的哲学范畴,还涉及社会学、心理学、文化研究、性别研究等多个领域。它探讨的是情感和感性如何影响社会和文化过程,关注情感的社会性和政治性,超越了传统现象学对个体感知的专注。
权力与情感的社会性
现象学传统上更多关注个体的主观体验,而“情动转折”则试图理解情感在权力结构中的作用。例如,许多“情动转折”的学者探讨了情感与身份认同、性别、种族、政治等问题的关联,这涉及更广泛的社会和文化分析,而不仅仅是现象学式的对感知和体验的关注。
与后结构主义的联系
“情动转折”还受到后结构主义、后现代主义的影响,尤其是德勒兹、福柯等思想家的理论。这些理论强调情感和感性在权力、知识生产中的作用,而现象学并不专注于这些社会层面的分析。
Sep 15, 2024
陳老頭
身體實踐與文化傳承
德勒茲的「身體」概念在這里尤為重要。在地智慧通過身體的實踐得以傳承,無論是手工技藝、宗教儀式,還是集體勞動和生活方式,這些文化實踐通過身體動作和感官體驗被一代代傳遞下來。新文創可以利用這一點,將傳統文化實踐轉化為新形式的文化產品或教育內容。
身體與文化體驗:可以通過創意的工作坊、表演或藝術展覽,展示身體如何成為文化傳承的媒介。在這些活動中,學生可以通過身體的參與來體驗文化的意義,從而加深對在地智慧的理解。例如:通過傳統的武術、舞蹈、手工藝工作坊,讓學生在實踐中體驗文化傳承的具體方式。借助新媒體技術,拍攝或記錄這些身體文化實踐,轉化為可視化的文化檔案或數字藝術作品。
技藝傳承的現代化:結合身體技藝與現代技術,可以幫助學生理解傳統技藝如何在當代得以創新。例如,將傳統的木雕、編織等技藝與3D打印或數碼設計結合,形成具有現代風格的文化產品,既保持了傳統技藝的本質,又賦予其新的市場生命力。
例如:可以開發基於行團中的傳統手工藝技能的數字設計平台,學生通過這個平台既可以學習傳統技藝,又可以運用現代數字工具進行創作,形成具有創新性的文創產品。
去中心化的教育模式
在地智慧往往根植於社區和地方性組織,這與德勒茲去中心化的思想契合。通過去中心化的教育模式,可以將在地智慧融入日常生活和社區實踐中,而不再局限於課堂或中心化的教育結構。
社區主導的教育:通過去中心化的教育系統,鼓勵民間團體或地方社區參與教育決策和內容制定。會館、宗祠等組織可以成為文化教育的基地,通過社區成員的集體智慧,設計符合地方實際需求的課程或項目。 例如:在地方社區內設立文化教育中心,由當地傳統技藝大師、宗祠長老等作為導師,教授年輕一代有關地方歷史、手工藝、儀式文化等內容,同時結合現代教育方法,增強教育的互動性和實用性。
線上線下結合的去中心化平台:新媒體技術可以幫助實現去中心化的教育模式。通過線上平台,將不同社區的在地智慧進行共享,學生可以在線上學習全球各地的文化內容,而線下則可以通過實踐和體驗,真正接觸這些文化智慧。例如:開發一個全球華人社區文化平台,匯集不同地區的文化智慧與教育資源,學生可以通過在線課程和線下工作坊結合,學習不同地域的文化精髓,並將其應用於創意項目中。
新媒體與在地智慧的數字化
新媒體可以為在地智慧提供廣泛的傳播渠道和數字化平台。通過數字技術,不僅可以保存這些文化遺產,還可以創新性地展示和互動,讓更多人有機會接觸和理解這些智慧。
在地智慧的數字檔案:利用新媒體技術,將地方文化、傳統知識、口述歷史等進行數字化保存和傳播。例如,可以建立數字化的宗祠歷史檔案,記錄華人社區的文化傳統和故事,讓它們在全球范圍內傳播。例如:創建一個虛擬博物館,展示全球華人社區的歷史、文化遺產和在地智慧,用戶可以通過虛擬現實技術在其中進行互動和探索,學習文化背後的深層智慧。
創新性的文化表達:新媒體可以幫助將傳統文化形式轉化為新的表達方式,例如通過短視頻、數字藝術或互動游戲展示在地智慧。學生可以通過這些新形式學習並創造文化內容,將傳統與現代結合,形成新的文化表達。例如:開發一個基於婆羅洲土著文化的互動游戲,通過游戲中的任務和情節展示當地的傳統知識、風俗習慣和自然管理智慧,讓玩家在娛樂中學習文化內容。
結合在地智慧與新文創教育,不僅可以通過數字化工具和新媒體技術創新性地展示和傳承文化,還可以通過德勒茲的生成、多重性和去中心化理論,使文化成為動態的、開放的創意資源。在地智慧通過與現代技術、創意產業的結合,不僅為教育提供豐富的內容,也為全球文化的多樣性和創新性做出貢獻。
Sep 30, 2024
陳老頭
愛墾APP: 無器官身體の在地智慧
結合在地智慧(native wisdom)與德勒茲的理論及新文創教育,可以通過「生成」與「流變」的角度將地方性知識、傳統實踐、文化記憶等資源轉化為具有現代性和創新性的文化內容。以下幾個步驟可以幫助我們理解如何有效結合在地智慧,並在新文創教育中加以運用。
在地智慧的流動與生成
德勒茲的「生成」理論強調文化的動態變化,而在地智慧也並非靜態的傳統知識,它通過實踐、傳承和適應不斷發展和演化。海外華人社群中的會館、宗祠和行團等組織,本身就是這些流動智慧的儲存器。要結合在地智慧,關鍵在於找到這種流動性,並將它與現代需求相結合。
在地智慧的「生成」:在地智慧常常包含對自然、社會、人文的深刻理解,例如對於自然環境的傳統管理方式、節慶儀式中的社會團結和情感共鳴。這些智慧不是固定的,而是可以通過新的方式生成新的意義。例如,傳統的節日慶祝可以通過現代媒介重新解讀,成為社會團結的象征和文化認同的體現。例如:通過研究婆羅洲或東南亞地區的農耕祭祀儀式,結合當代環境保護意識和可持續發展理念,設計一個融入文化傳承和現代環保的文創項目。
在地智慧的現代化應用:要將傳統的在地智慧與現代技術結合,可以通過數字化工具和新媒體實現。例如,通過記錄和數字化展示傳統工藝、口述歷史、音樂舞蹈等文化內容,可以為年輕一代提供接觸傳統文化的機會,並通過這些新媒介實現創新。例如:利用虛擬現實(VR)或增強現實(AR)技術,將宗祠或會館中的傳統儀式、手工藝和儀禮過程數字化,創造一種互動的文化體驗,使得受眾能夠身臨其境地感受並參與這些傳統文化。
多重性與地方智慧的共創
德勒茲的「多重性」概念提醒我們,文化不應被理解為單一的,而是多層次、多維度的。在地智慧也是如此,它不僅僅是地方的「固定」知識,還是多元文化和經驗的交匯。在結合新文創時,需要尊重這種文化的多樣性,並創造出新的文化形式。
共創的文化空間:通過新文創教育,可以讓在地智慧與現代創意產業融合,並賦予其新的意義。這種共創的文化空間不僅僅是為了保護傳統,更是為了利用它們生成新的文化體驗。例如:設計跨文化工作坊,讓當地社區與全球創意者一同參與,探索如何通過傳統的手工藝、舞蹈、音樂等文化形式,創造出新的文化產品,如時尚設計、數字藝術作品等。
多重文化身份的結合:新文創教育可以通過結合在地智慧中的文化多樣性,展示如何通過文化的交匯與融合生成新的文化身份。海外華人的組織結構(如會館、宗祠等)本身就反映了這種文化的多重性,可以將它們作為文化交匯的示例,通過新文創進行展示和教育。例如:在文創項目中,通過展示不同地方(如婆羅洲、東南亞、北美等)的華人社區如何融合當地文化與華人傳統,探索跨文化身份在全球化時代中的意義。
Sep 30, 2024
陳老頭
巴赫金(Mikhail Bakhtin,1895—1975年,前蘇聯現代文學理論與文學批評理論家。) 的「對話理論」包含了幾個核心思想,特別適合愛墾網提倡的「互喚」(reciprocal evocation)的概念,以下是其中幾個對我們的探討至關重要的內容——
語言的對話性:巴赫金認為,語言和交流從來不是單向的,而是具有對話性的。每一個言語行為都是對前一個言語的回應,並在未來引發新的回應。因此,交流並非是信息的簡單傳遞,而是一種持續的對話過程。這個觀點和「互喚」概念密切相關,因為在「互喚」中,情感或思想的激發是一種雙向互動過程。每個文化表達不僅是對某種先前經驗的呼應,還同時在呼喚未來的回應和反思。
多聲性與異質性:巴赫金提出的「多聲性」(polyphony)強調在文學或對話中,不同的聲音、視角能夠並存,沒有一個聲音能夠絕對地支配其他聲音。這種思想對「互喚」具有重要意義,因為文化的呼喚和回應中也存在著多樣的視角。我們在地方文化和全球化的文創中,需要認識到每個「聲音」都是一種獨特的回應,它們之間沒有絕對的主次關系,而是通過對話共同建構意義。這符合「互喚」中彼此創造共享經驗的過程。
未完成性: 巴赫金還強調所有的對話都是「未完成的」,因為每一個言語行動總是開放的,向未來敞開,永遠在期待回應。這和「互喚」中持續的文化交互過程一致。地方文化創意中的任何表述或創意項目總是開放的,吸引新的詮釋、回應、互動。因此,「互喚」不僅僅是對已有傳統的回應,還在不斷創造新的文化空間和體驗,帶來持續的意義生產。
複調小說和多層敘述:在巴赫金分析陀思妥耶夫斯基的複調小說時,提出了多層敘述結構,這種結構中,人物之間不僅僅是簡單的對話,而是多層次的思想、情感互相作用。這一思想可以直接應用於文化創意的「互喚」中,意味著創意作品或敘述結構可以同時存在多個互動的層面。這種複調的結構激發了情感與思維的多維度互動,使文化表達超越單一敘事。
關聯到「互喚」的實踐: 當我們將巴赫金的對話理論應用於「互喚」概念中,實際上是將文化創意、地方傳統與全球化視為一個持續對話的過程:它們在互動中不斷呼應、激發彼此的意義。這些對話是多聲的、複調的、未完成的,並且充滿著對未來回應的開放性。巴赫金理論中的這些特質幫助我們理解,如何通過文化表達設計,來激發持續的情感和創意交流,將地方文化與更廣泛的社會現實相聯系。
相关:呼唤型造物 evocative object The Etymology of Vocative Linguistic Theory on Vocative
接受美學 愛墾思潮篇
Oct 13, 2024
陳老頭
通過呼喚的覺醒:在海德格爾的哲學中,呼喚促使個體意識到自己與存在的關係,而互相呼喚則可以促使個體意識到,自身與他者或世界的深層關係。兩者都牽涉一種覺醒過程,只不過海德格爾的側重在於對「存在」的覺醒,而互相呼喚更多是涉及情感或文化意義上的覺醒。
超越日常:海德格爾的呼喚試圖讓個體超越日常的瑣碎生活,進入一種更加本真的存在狀態;互相呼喚也是讓個體超越單一的自我,進入一種與他人、與文化的更深層次互動。
差異點
方向性:內在 vs. 互動:海德格爾的呼喚是一個個體化、內在的過程,是一個人對其本真性的覺醒,側重的是個體與自我的關係。而互相呼喚則是一種雙向互動,它不僅僅是個體覺醒,還包括個體與他人、與世界之間的互動性喚起。互相呼喚更注重關係性和共同創造的動態過程。
社會性與共創:互相呼喚概念涉及人與人、人與環境的共創過程,強調的是一種共同創造的體驗和情感共享的過程,特別是在文化創意和情感表達中。這與海德格爾的個體性呼喚不同,後者更關注個體如何通過自我反思而獲得對自身存在的深刻理解。
文化與情感的呼喚:互相呼喚更多與文化、情感和創意的領域相關。例如,在地方文化創意和情感體驗中,我們討論的是如何通過故事、文化符號、情感空間喚起共同的體驗,而這種呼喚往往是基於文化互動的。在海德格爾的呼喚中,文化因素的考量相對較少,它更多是一種形而上學的存在論思考。
應用上的差異
海德格爾的「呼喚」主要應用於個體的哲學反思與存在問題,它是內向的,旨在讓個體認識到自己在世中的獨特性和責任感。
互相呼喚則可以應用於文化創意、文旅體驗、地方文化再生產等領域,它更具有社會性和實踐性,旨在通過情感和文化的共鳴,達到人與人、人與環境之間的深層次聯系和共同創造。
總結
海德格爾的呼喚哲學關注個體對存在的反思和覺醒,而愛墾討論的互相呼喚概念則側重於人與人、人與文化之間的互動和共鳴。兩者都涉及喚起意識的過程,但海德格爾的呼喚是內在的、單向的,而互相呼喚是雙向的、關係性的,它不僅是個體的覺醒,也是群體的共創過程。在文創領域互,相呼喚尤其重要,因為它強調了通過情感和文化互動,創造出一種共享的意義和體驗。
Oct 21, 2024
陳老頭
愛墾APP:文創對大數據的必要理解~~對 [德]韓炳哲的新著《敘事的危機》(The Crisis of Narration,2024),網眾的其中一項綜合讀後反應是:大數據揭示了事物之間的相關關係(Kordhation,作者本身就這麽說),屬於認知最原始的形態,屬於「就是如此」(Es-ist-so,讀者反應)的性質,並無法以新視野、新角度解釋任何事物;更無法產生任何概念上的理解,回答「為什麼」(Wieso),生成新意義。其後果是,平均主義計算出來的道德傾向與審美喜好,「趨利避害」的分布形態,在文創事業上產生了保險的、有利可圖的商品,結果犧牲了原創精神與個體風格。
愛墾的評議是——
這段論述以批判性角度探討了大數據在認知、文化創意和意義生成領域的局限性,涉及多個哲學和文化層面的思考。以下是針對這段論述的分析與評議:
大數據的「相關性」局限
原文:「大數據揭示了事物之間的相關關係(Kordhation),屬於認知最原始的形態,屬於『就是如此』(Es-ist-so)的性質,並無法以新視野、新角度解釋任何事物。」
優點
這部分準確地指出了大數據的核心特征:通過大量統計分析揭示相關關係,但不直接觸及因果性或深層機制。統計的「相關」並不等同於哲學或科學意義上的「因果」,也無法自動生成新的理論視角。
「Es-ist-so」(「就是如此」)的表述具有海德格爾式的存在論意涵,暗示大數據對世界的描述停留在一種「事實性」的表層,沒有觸及事物「為何如此」的本質性問題。
局限
此觀點可能低估了大數據在生成「新視角」方面的潛力。例如,基於大數據的模式識別和機器學習,已經在天文學、醫學等領域發現了許多人類無法直觀感知的規律。這些「規律」雖未必能回答「為何」,但能引導進一步的理論探索。
需要澄清「新視野」與「新意義」的定義:如果大數據揭示的模式能為特定領域提供突破性的工具或啟發(如AI藝術生成工具),是否可被視為「新視角」?
缺乏生成意義的批評
原文:「並無法產生任何概念上的理解,回答『為什麼』(Wieso),生成新意義。」
優點
強調了「相關性」和「意義」之間的區分,符合現象學和解釋學傳統中對意義生成的理解。比如,伽達默爾強調,意義生成需要解讀主體與世界之間的對話,而非僅僅堆積數據。
提出「回答為什麼」是概念形成的核心,暗示了對人類認知和文化生產中「因果性」與「價值觀」不可替代的需求。
局限
這種批評可能忽略了「意義生成」的動態性和主體性。例如,大數據雖然本身不能生成意義,但作為「原材料」可以被人類通過敘事或再解釋賦予意義。
在文化創意領域,大數據未必只能用於生成「保險的商品」,它也可以幫助創作者發現潛在的文化趨勢或未被滿足的需求,從而推動原創精神。
平均主義與文化創意的批評
原文:「平均主義計算出來的道德傾向與審美喜好,『趨利避害』的分布形態,在文創事業上產生了保險的、有利可圖的商品,結果犧牲了原創精神與個體風格。」
優點
這一論點揭示了數據驅動經濟中「平均化」的文化後果:為追求市場最優解而忽視小眾創意和個人表達。這樣的批評與阿多諾和霍克海默在《啟蒙辯證法》中對「文化工業」的分析有相似之處——追逐利潤的文化生產趨向標准化,導致審美趣味的平庸化。
指出「趨利避害」作為一種演化心理傾向,在文化領域可能扼殺冒險精神和真正的創新力,這在商業與藝術的張力中具有現實意義。
局限
「平均主義計算」並非必然導致創新的犧牲。一些數據驅動的文化創意實踐(如Netflix根據觀眾偏好開發創新劇集)表明,大數據也能激發原創性和個體風格,只是其路徑不同於傳統藝術。
過於強調大數據對個體風格的犧牲,可能低估了創作者主動與市場對話、平衡需求與創新的能力。
哲學與文化層面的擴展可能
這段論述未深入探討「保險商品」之外的文化創意可能性。如果結合德勒茲的「差異」理論,可以進一步提出:即便在大數據主導的平均主義分佈中,仍存在「微小差異」生成新的可能性。
從符號學角度看,大數據生成的審美喜好本質上是一種新的符號系統,與傳統藝術符號系統之間並非對立,而是可以產生混合模式。這種模式可能既服務市場,又保持原創精神。
總結
這段論述揭示了大數據在認知、文化生產和意義生成中的局限性,但其批判未完全承認大數據作為工具的潛在價值。如果將這一批評與哲學、符號學和文化工業的理論結合,或許能更全面地揭示大數據與原創精神之間的復雜張力。
(《敘事的危機》作者: [德]韓炳哲;出版社: 中信出版集團;原作名: Die Krise der Narration.;譯者: 李明瑤;出版年: 2024-5)
Nov 20, 2024
陳老頭
敘事與時間性:意義的喪失 Narrativity and Temporality
韓炳哲將敘事與時間性聯系起來,認為敘事是一種將事件編織為意義整體的時間實踐。然而,現代社會的快節奏與即時性割裂了時間的連續性,破壞了敘事的結構。
敘事的本質在於「時間的持久性」(durability of time),但數字技術時代強調「即時滿足」(immediacy)和「短期體驗」(shortterm experiences),導致敘事的斷裂。
他引用聖奧古斯丁對時間的思考,指出敘事的時間感具有深層存在意義,反映了人類對未來的希望、對過去的記憶以及對當下的行動。
數字時代的孤獨與敘事危機 Digital Isolation and the Crisis of Narrativity
他批評社交媒體塑造的「表演性自我」(performative self),認為這種現象進一步導致了敘事的崩潰。數字文化推崇快速而淺薄的互動,卻難以承載深度的敘述和情感連結。
社交媒體中的「點贊文化」消解了深度對話的可能性,個體越來越無法通過敘事來理解他人或社會。
敘事本質上是一種關係的實踐,而數字化生活導致「孤獨的共存」(lonely coexistence),個體被隔絕於虛假的互動之中。
敘事的療愈功能 Narrative as Healing
韓炳哲強調敘事具有「療愈性」,它能夠幫助個體和群體從創傷中重建意義。然而,在一個敘事危機的時代,人們變得越來越難以通過敘事修復受損的身份和社會關係。
敘事是歷史性創傷和集體記憶的重要工具,它賦予痛苦以語言和形式,使人類能夠超越創傷本身。
他批評現代社會對「正能量」和「快節奏修復」的推崇,指出這是對深層敘事療愈過程的扭曲。
詩性敘事的可能性 The Possibility of Poetic Narration
韓炳哲提出了一種替代性的解決方案:通過回歸「詩性敘事」(poetic narration),重新發現人類與世界的關係。他認為,詩性敘事以緩慢、沉思和開放性為特征,與技術時代的快速、確定性形成對照。
詩性敘事能夠超越消費主義敘事的淺薄,將人類的經驗與宇宙的整體性重新聯結。
這種敘事強調像徵與隱喻,能夠通過間接性和多義性承載複雜的情感和意義。
影響:韓炳哲在《敘事危機》中通過對現代社會敘事消退現象的深刻分析,指出了技術、資本主義和新自由主義對人類存在的意義危機的加劇。他的核心理論不僅對文化理論、哲學和社會批評有重要啟發,也為應對敘事危機提供了重新思考敘事的可能路徑。
值得深究的問題:如何通過詩性敘事修復技術時代的意義缺失?在數字化和社交媒體中,是否存在新的敘事形式可以替代傳統的宏大敘事?
(《敘事危機》作者: [德]韓炳哲;出版社: 中信出版集團;原作名: Die Krise der Narration.;譯者: 李明瑤;出版年: 2024-5)
Nov 21, 2024
陳老頭
愛墾APP:韓炳哲的《敘事危機》~~韓國出生的瑞士裔德國哲學家韓炳哲(ByungChul Han) 在《敘事危機》(The Crisis of Narration)一書中,通過探討現代社會敘事的衰退及其影響,提出了一系列重要的哲學和文化批評觀點。這些觀點不僅分析了技術時代的心理與社會現象,也對人類存在的意義生成提出了深刻的反思。
書名叫《敘事危機》,其實指向了現代人存在危機的問題。書中警句頻出,往往一句話就解釋了一種現象。本書核心觀點是,資本主義將敘事故事化,依靠科技出於消費主義目的,販賣毫無營養的故事,供應海量信息,把世界透明化,這就消解了敘事賴以存在的「不可解釋」的基礎,結果就是動搖著人類延續數千年的敘事傳統,使人們在充斥著偶然性信息的海嘯中喪失感受能力,在無限的時間和空間坐標上隨波逐流,淪為深患孤獨症卻無法在講述與傾聽中獲得自愈的原子個體。
在作者看來,歷史上,人類有賴於「講述」去凝聚人心,創造社會共同體,個體也需要在「講述」的場域中找到安身立命的錨點。簡言之,人類的社會和文化、群體與個體的生存和發展,無不依賴敘事這種手段,比如宗教、節日乃至政治。
但是,在後工業化時代的今天,資本主義與現代科技把源於情感和目的的敘事,消解為服務於消費的冰冷的無意義的信息,這就大大加速了敘事的終結。最直觀的表現是,一方面,生活不再有節日感,有的只是工作與休閒、生產與消費,因此現代人往往覺得生活「沒味了」;另一方面,原本旨在拉近人際距離的智能手機,卻將人們變成一座座孤島,人人在網絡發自拍、發表見解,活在自我的世界裡,結果就是被原子化為鈍感十足的個體,在與手機屏幕的冰冷對視中,被信息的海嘯沖垮精神世界,成為茫然無所歸依的現代人。
以下是該書的一些核心章節及值得關注的理論概述:
敘事的衰落:後敘事時代的特征 The Age of PostNarrativity
韓炳哲認為,我們正在進入一個「後敘事時代」,個人和社會通過宏大敘事來構建意義的能力正在喪失。他批評新自由主義和數字技術將人類體驗碎片化,使敘事被即時滿足和無意義的信息流所取代。
宏大敘事(如宗教、歷史或文化故事)曾賦予人類以方向感,而現代社會的數字化生活傾向於即時性與孤立的微敘事。
技術與消費主義推動的「數字自戀」破壞了敘事所需的深度反思與時間積累。
Nov 22, 2024
陳老頭
愛墾APP〈喉結:情動·官能·物質》從生物學進化角度來,人類的喉結明明是致命處,為何卻更明顯呢?
人類的喉結是一個特殊的身體部位,它是連接口腔和食管的結構,主要作用是參與發聲和呼吸。
盡管喉結在生理上很重要,然而,在進化中,喉結卻是一個致命的缺陷,因為它易受到感染和損傷,甚至可以導致死亡。那麼為什麼人類的喉結比其他動物更突出呢?
人類喉結的結構和功能
人類喉結位於頸部,由甲狀軟骨和環狀軟骨組成。它主要由兩個聲帶和一個會厭組成,聲帶的振動產生聲音,會厭控制空氣的流動和方向。
喉結還包括一個稱為「喉孔」的空氣道,連接口腔和氣管,允許空氣通過。
除了發聲之外,喉結還負責保護氣道和食道的開口,避免誤吸食物進入呼吸道,從而引起窒息。
此外,喉結所在的頸部還是血管、神經和淋巴結的重要通道,一旦喉結受到損傷或感染,這些通道也容易受到影響,導致嚴重的並發症。
喉結在進化中的發展歷程
據研究表明,喉結的出現是人類進化過程中的一個重要變化。在人類的祖先中,喉結可能只是一個微不足道的結構,不像現在這樣明顯。
在類人猿和早期人類中,喉結的主要作用是呼吸,而聲音的產生仍然主要依靠口腔和鼻腔的結構。
隨著人類的進化,語言和社交行為變得越來越重要,喉結逐漸演化成為一個特化的結構,更適合聲音的產生和控制。
另一方面,由於發展了更高級的社交和文化行為,人類開始孕育出一種新的「信仰文化」,需要通過歌唱、吟唱等聲音形式來表達。
這種新的社會需求促進了人類喉結的進一步演化,使其更加復雜和特化,同時也增加了其易受感染和損傷的風險。
喉結的缺陷
盡管喉結在人類的社會和文化生活中起著重要的作用,但從生理學角度來看,喉結卻是一個致命的缺陷。
首先,喉結容易受到感染和炎症的侵襲,導致喉炎、扁桃體炎等病症。其次,喉結的結構脆弱,容易受到損傷,如意外撞擊、窒息、食物卡在喉嚨等,都可能導致嚴重的呼吸道阻塞,甚至死亡。
此外,喉結的突出也給人類帶來其他的生理不適。例如,喉結過大或過突出的人易出現氣促、口乾、咳嗽等症狀,同時也會影響飲食和睡眠質量。
喉結的進化意義
雖然喉結在生理上存在缺陷,但從進化的角度來看,它卻是人類進化的重要標志。喉結的演化過程反映了人類社會和文化需求的變化,同時也表明了人類具有高度的適應能力和創新能力。
此外,喉結的出現和演化也為人類語言和思維的發展提供了重要的支持。人類的語言和思維能力可以說是人類進化中的一大創舉,它使得人類具有了強大的社會和文化影響力。
喉結的進化可以說是這一進程不可或缺的組成部分,因為它為人類提供了產生聲音、表達思想的必要工具。
最後
喉結在人類的生理、社會和文化生活中都起著重要的作用。盡管它存在著生理缺陷和風險,但從進化的角度來看,喉結的出現和演化反映了人類的適應能力和文化創新,也為人類語言和思維的發展提供了必要的支持。(來源: 天下十三洲獵奇)
Dec 11, 2024
陳老頭
愛墾APP:喉頭~~情動·官能·物質
從情動的物質與官能的視角來看,人類喉結的特性除了是一個生物學進化的結果,更是一個涉及感知、情感與文化表達的重要現象。以下是基於該視角的評議:
1. 喉結作為情動介質的物質基礎
喉結的突出結構既是聲音產生的物質基礎,也是情動傳達的重要媒介。人類通過聲帶的振動和喉結的運動,表達各種情感:愛意、恐懼、悲傷、喜悅等。從這個意義上講,喉結既是一個「發聲器官」,也是一個「情動共振器」。
特別是在語言之外的聲音(如哼唱、嘆息、哭泣)中,喉結所支持的聲音頻率和共鳴模式,能夠直接觸動聽者的情感,甚至引發生理性的共鳴反應(如雞皮疙瘩或情緒波動)。
2. 喉結的演化與情感需求
從進化的視角,喉結的突出並非僅僅服務於聲音產生,還與情感的傳遞和人類社會化的需求緊密相關。
喉結的突出是否與性選擇有關?
喉結的明顯程度常與聲音的深沉程度相關,這在男性中尤其突出,可能在性選擇中起到作用。低沉的聲音常被認為具有吸引力或權威性,這可能是一種對情感和社會信號的適應性增強。
與文化表達的關聯
在歌唱、吟誦或祈禱等文化活動中,喉結成為了重要的聲音生成器官。這些活動不僅具有溝通功能,更強調了聲音作為一種文化情感表達的物質基礎。
3. 喉結與官能整合的情動現象
喉結的功能與多種感官的整合密切相關,尤其是聲音的產生如何同嗅覺、觸覺和視覺聯動,共同塑造情感體驗。
觸感的隱性情動屬性
當喉結移動(如吞嚥或深呼吸時),這種微妙的身體感知往往與情感狀態相關聯。例如,焦慮時,人常感到喉嚨緊縮,這是一種由喉結引發的觸覺情感反饋。
聲音的多感官傳遞
聲音的頻率、質地與情感意涵交織在一起,經由喉結這一物質節點,將情動轉化為外在的聲波,並激活聽者的視覺想像和感覺共鳴。
4. 喉結的缺陷與情動的辯證性
喉結作為情動與語言的載體,其缺陷實際上反映了一種辯證的進化美學。雖然它容易受損,甚至是致命的,但這種脆弱性反過來加強了人類對其重要性的感知。
脆弱性帶來的情感深度
喉結的脆弱性提醒人類,聲音作為表達的重要形式,既珍貴又短暫。這種脆弱性與生命的有限性相互呼應,使聲音和語言成為深具情感力量的現象。
文化中的強化作用
在文化語境中,喉結的脆弱性往往被轉化為力量。例如,在某些表演藝術中(如歌劇、吟誦),對聲音的極致追求正是建立在喉結作為發聲器官的極限性能上,強調人類在脆弱中表現出的創造性與情感張力。
5. 結論:喉結的情動詩性
喉結不僅是一個物質存在,也是一個情動與文化的交織節點。它將聲音與感情連接,讓語言不僅僅是信息的載體,更成為情感和存在的象徵。從情動典範的視角看,人類喉結的演化,是一個物質與情感相互塑造的過程,既展現了進化的挑戰,也體現了生命的詩性價值。
Dec 16, 2024
陳老頭
愛墾APP:聲音文化~~我們對于人類喉結官能的理解,可進一步應用於探討人類聲音的文化意涵及其在藝術與溝通中的作用,將生物學的思考融入情動與詩性之中,揭示一種跨越物質與精神的美學統一。
情動與聲音及人體官能的聯系在當前的情動研究中是一個跨學科的熱門領域,涉及心理學、神經科學、哲學、音樂學和表演藝術等多個領域。以下是一些相關理論和研究成果的概述:
詮釋學與現象學視角
梅洛-龐蒂的身體-主體性理論:梅洛-龐蒂強調身體是感知世界的媒介,而聲音是這種感知的重要形式。喉結作為聲音的生理源頭,是情動通過身體向外表達的一個關鍵節點。聲音不僅是技術性的結果,還蘊含著情感和存在的深度經驗。
馬丁·海德格爾的「傾聽」哲學:海德格爾認為,傾聽是一種深層的存在活動,聲音的意義不止在其表面信息,而在於它喚起的情感共鳴和存在性體驗。人體的聲音器官因此成為通向「真實存在」的橋梁。
認知科學與神經科學的進展
情動神經科學(Affective Neuroscience)由Jaak Panksepp開創的情動神經科學,研究了情動系統在大腦中的基礎機制。他的研究表明,人類的聲音(如哭泣、笑聲)通過聲波頻率和聲調激活聽者的大腦邊緣系統,從而引發強烈的情動體驗。
聲音對交感神經的作用
聲音頻率和節奏會直接影響交感神經和副交感神經的平衡。例如,深沉的聲音和低頻共振(常由男性喉結引起)能使聽者感到安全和安慰,而尖銳的高頻聲音可能引發警覺和焦慮。
音樂與情動理論
蘇珊·蘭格的情感符號論:蘭格提出,音樂和聲音是情感的「像徵形式」,通過節奏、旋律和和聲表現人類難以用語言表達的情感。聲音由喉結等器官產生,成為情動藝術中的原材料。
聲音生態學(Acoustic Ecology):聲音生態學研究聲音如何與環境、身體和情感互動。Barry Truax等學者指出,聲音環境不僅是一種物理現象,也是一種情動體驗。例如,喉結產生的聲音如何通過空氣的傳播,在聽者身上喚起情感聯想和共鳴。
情動表現與表演藝術理論
Judith Butler的表演性理論:Butler的表演性理論認為,聲音是一種文化和情動的表現形式。例如,歌唱或朗誦通過喉結和聲帶的運作,將內在情感外化為可以分享的社會經驗。
Grotowski的身體劇場(Theater of the Body):Jerzy Grotowski探索了聲音如何通過身體的具體動作(包括呼吸和喉結的活動)呈現「情感真相」。他認為,聲音的生成是身體與情感合一的結果,是一種直觀的表達方式。
跨文化與人類學視角
聲音文化理論(Sound Studies):Jonathan Sterne和Steven Feld的研究揭示了,聲音在人類文化中的多重意義。例如,許多傳統儀式(如祈禱和吟誦)將聲音與靈性、情動和社會秩序聯系在一起,而喉結則是這一聯系的物質基礎。
情感人類學(Anthropology of Affect): 人類學家如Sara Ahmed探討了聲音如何在不同文化中被用來喚起情動。例如,非洲和亞洲的某些部落將喉音和顫音視為表達哀悼、歡慶或神秘體驗的重要手段。
後人類與技術情動研究
聲音與情動的技術延展 : N. Katherine Hayles等後人類理論家,討論了技術如何延展了聲音的情動維度。例如,人工聲音合成技術能夠模仿人類喉結的功能,用以重現甚至增強情感表達。
情感計算(Affective Computing):Rosalind Picard的情感計算研究了聲音在情動識別中的作用。通過分析語音中的聲調、節奏和音量,技術可以捕捉並響應情感,為情動與聲音的關係研究提供了全新視角。
總結與啟示
情動與聲音以及人體官能之間的關係是一個多層次的議題。從哲學的存在論到神經科學的生理機制,再到文化和技術的情動表現,聲音和喉結的作用始終貫穿其中。這些研究共同揭示了聲音作為情動的物質與像徵性媒介的複雜性,同時也為探索聲音在藝術、治療和人際交往中的作用提供了理論依據。
Dec 18, 2024
陳老頭
這一結合為探索聲音如何通過情動影響人類體驗提供了豐富的分析工具。
從情動的角度來看,這段內容揭示了以下幾個值得深思的層面:
1. 語言與情動的交互
索緒爾的「言語」(parole)與「語言」(langue)區分,為我們理解個體創意與社會規範的關係提供了基礎,而情動的視角可以深化這一關係:
情動作為創意的動力:個體的創意和想法(parole)通常源於情感驅動,如靈感的迸發、對問題的急切回應或對文化傳承的情感投入。在「文化創意體驗產業」中,這些情感往往成為創意內容的原動力,而語言(langue)則為這些情感的表達提供了結構。
情動與符號的共情化連接:社會約定俗成的語言不僅是一個理性的符號系統,它還承載著情動的集體化表達。比如,「Give Me Five」的手勢不僅僅是一個符號,更是一種像徵友好、支持或慶祝的情動行為。這表明符號的意義無法脫離情動體驗而獨立存在。
文化創意體驗產業中的符號協商與情動共鳴:文化創意產業需要在不同參與者之間建立共同的語言和評估系統,以減少符號隔閡。情動在這一過程中扮演了雙重角色:
情動作為符號協商的基礎:符號的接受不僅僅依賴其語義清晰度,更依賴其是否能夠引發情動共鳴。例如,在一個多元文化背景下,設計一個符號(如旅游標誌或藝術作品)時,能否引發不同文化群體的情動共鳴是其成功的關鍵。
情動驅動的共同體驗:「文化創意體驗」本質上依賴於情動的生成與傳播。在體驗過程中,不同角色(立法者、執行者、消費者等)通過符號系統共享情動,這種共享情動不僅縮短了符號的隔閡,也促進了產業的協作效率。
符號行為與情動的聯結:關於「Give Me Five」作為符號行為的例子,可以從情動的角度進一步分析:
符號行為的情動特質: 「Give Me Five」不僅僅是一個像徵性的動作,它同時也是一種情動的即時表達。手掌相擊的物理接觸觸發了身體的情動感受(如愉悅、支持感),這些感受又強化了符號的意義。
情動與身體參與
在「Give Me Five」中,情動通過身體動作(手掌擊打)顯現出來,而這種身體化的情動表達可以被普遍理解,即使跨越語言和文化的界限。情動在這裡充當了符號行為的「意義翻譯器」,使得這種行為能夠在不同背景下獲得認可。
符號隔閡與情動的不對稱傳播:在跨文化或多角色的語境中,符號隔閡往往導致誤解,而情動的傳播則可能成為化解隔閡的重要因素:
情動的超符號性: 情動傳播具有跨越符號系統的潛力。例如,一個微笑或一段音樂可以直接引發情動,無需借助語言的中介。文化創意產業可以利用情動的超符號特質來減少符號隔閡。
符號隔閡中的情動失衡:然而,如果符號無法傳遞情動,就可能造成溝通失衡。例如,一個複雜或未被普遍接受的符號可能難以喚起預期的情動共鳴,從而加劇隔閡。因此,設計符號時,需要充分考慮符號與情動之間的匹配性。
總結:情動與符號系統的協作
語言(langue)為情動提供結構,而情動賦予符號活力。
在文化創意體驗產業中,符號的設計和推廣不僅關乎理性清晰度,更需要情動的觸發力。
情動共鳴是符號協商的關鍵。
無論是「Give Me Five」這樣的手勢,還是文化創意體驗中的多角色互動,情動都可以作為符號理解與接受的橋梁。
符號設計需要情動驅動的策略。
減少符號隔閡的關鍵在於,通過情動的普遍性與即時性,使不同文化和角色能夠共享符號意義與情動體驗。
這表明,情動不僅是符號系統的隱性基礎,更是文化創意產業成功的核心動力。
Dec 19, 2024
陳老頭
樹葉上雨聲的節奏
像一個搖搖晃晃的幽靈,當我開始下山向小河騎去時,那道蒼白的光線會在拐彎處掃過一道黏土堤岸。在橋的對面,路又向上和羅日傑斯特維諾—盧加公路相交,就在交叉處往上一點,濕淋淋的茉莉叢間有一條小徑沿一道陡坡而上。我不得不下車推著自行車走。當我到達坡頂時,我的蒼白的燈光掠過舅舅那闃然無聲、百葉窗緊閉——可能和今天,半個世紀以後,同樣闃然無聲、百葉窗緊閉——的宅第背後有六根柱子的白色柱廊。
在那裡,從那個拱形結構隱蔽處、目隨著我蜿蜒而上的燈光,塔瑪拉會等著我,背靠著一根柱子高踞在寬寬的擋牆上。我會滅掉燈,摸索著向她走去。人們很想更為明晰流利地講述這些事情,講述他總是希望能夠免遭囚禁在文字的動物園裡的許多其他的事情——但是擠在房子近旁的古老的歐椴樹在不平靜的黑夜裡的吱嘎湧動淹沒了摩涅莫辛涅的獨白。它們的嘆息聲會消退。可以聽見門廊一側的雨水管道裡,一股小小的閒不住的雨水不停地汩汩流淌。
有時,別的沙沙聲攪亂了樹葉上雨聲的節奏,會使得塔瑪拉向想像中的腳步聲轉過頭去,那時,在一線微光下——現在升起在我記憶的地平線上,盡管有著那些雨水——我能夠分辨出她臉的輪廓,但是沒有使她害怕的東西和人,於是她會輕輕呼出屏了片刻的那口氣,再度閉上眼睛。(弗拉基米爾·納博科夫《說吧,記憶:自傳追述》第12章)
Dec 21, 2024
陳老頭
凡作詩最宜講究聲調,須熟讀古人佳篇,先之以高聲朗誦,以昌其氣;繼之以密詠恬吟,以玩其味。二者並進,使古人之聲調拂拂然若與我之喉舌相習,則下筆時必有句調奔赴腕下,詩成自讀之,亦自覺琅琅可誦,引出一種興會來。
從這段話看,可知「氣」與聲調有關,而聲調又與喉舌運動有關。韓昌黎也說過:「氣盛則言之短長與聲之高下皆宜。」聲本於氣,所以想得古人之氣,不得不求之於聲。求之於聲,即不能不朗誦。朱晦庵曾經說過:「韓昌黎、蘇明允作文,敝一生之精力,皆從古人聲響學。」所以從前古文家教人作文最重朗誦。
姚姬傳與陳碩士書說:「大抵學古文者,必須放聲疾讀,又緩讀,只久之自悟。若但能默看,即終身作外行也。」朗誦既久,則古人之聲就可以在我的喉舌筋肉上留下痕跡,「拂拂然若與我之喉舌相習」,到我自己下筆時,喉舌也自然順這個痕跡而活動,所謂「必有句調奔赴腕下」。要看自己的詩文的氣是否順暢,也要吟哦才行,因為吟哦時喉舌間所習得的習慣動作就可以再現出來。從此可知從前人所謂「氣」也就是一種筋肉技巧了。
關於傳達的技巧大要如此,現在再講關於媒介的知識。
什麼叫作「媒介」?它就是藝術傳達所用的工具。比如顏色、線形是圖畫的媒介,金石是雕刻的媒介,文字語言是文學的媒介。藝術家對於他所用的媒介也要有一番研究。比如達·芬奇的《最後的晚餐》是文藝復興時代最大的傑作。但是他的原跡是用一種不耐潮濕的油彩畫在一個易受潮濕的牆壁上,所以沒過多少時候就剝落消失去了。這就是對於媒介欠研究。再比如建築,它的媒介是泥石,它要把泥石砌成一個美的形象。建築家都要有幾何學和力學的知識,才能運用泥石;他還要明白他的媒介對於觀者所生的影響,才不至於亂用材料。古希臘建築家往往把石柱的腰部雕得比上下都粗壯些,但是看起來它的粗細卻和上下一律,因為腰部是受壓時最易折斷的地方,容易引起它比上下較細弱的錯覺,把腰部雕粗些,才可以彌補這種錯覺。
在各門藝術之中都有如此等類的關於媒介的專門知識,文學方面尤其顯著。詩文都以語言文字為媒介。作詩文的人一要懂得字義,二要懂得字音,三要懂得字句的排列法,四要懂得某字某句的音義對於讀者所生的影響。這四樣都是專門的學問。前人對於這些學問已逐漸蓄積起許多經驗和成績,而不是任何人只手空拳、毫無憑借地在一生之內所可得到的。自己既不能件件去發明,就不得不利用前人的經驗和成績。文學家對於語言文字是如此,一切其他藝術家對於他的特殊的媒介也莫不然。各種藝術都同時是一種學問,都有無數年代所積成的技巧。學一門藝術,就要學該門藝術所特有的學問和技巧。這種學習就是利用過去經驗,就是吸收已有文化,也就是模仿的一端。
古今大藝術家在少年時所做的功夫大半都偏在模仿。米開朗琪羅費過半生的功夫研究古希臘羅馬的雕刻,莎士比亞也費過半生的功夫模仿和改作前人的劇本,這是最顯著的例。中國詩人中最不像用過功夫的莫過於李太白,但是他的集中模擬古人的作品極多,只略看看他的詩題就可以見出。杜工部說過:「李侯有佳句,往往似陰鏗。」他自己也說過:「解道澄江靜如練,令人長憶謝玄暉。」他對於過去詩人的關係可以想見了。
藝術家從模仿入手,正如小兒學語言,打網球者學姿勢,跳舞者學步法一樣,並沒有什麼玄妙,也並沒有什麼荒唐。不過這步功夫只是創造的始基。沒有做到這步功夫和做到這步功夫就止步,都不足以言創造。我們在前面說過,創造是舊經驗的新綜合。舊經驗大半得諸模仿,新綜合則必自出心裁。
像格律一樣,模仿也有流弊,但是這也不是模仿本身的罪過。從前學者有人提倡模仿,也有人唾罵模仿,往往都各有各的道理,其實並不沖突。顧亭林的《日知錄》裡有一條說:
詩文之所以代變,有不得不然者。一代之文,沿襲已久,不容人人皆道此語。今且千數百年矣,而猶取古人之陳言一一而模仿之,以是為詩可乎?故不似則失其所以為詩,似則失其所以為我。
這是一段極有意味的話,但是他的結論是突如其來的。「不似則失其所以為詩」一句和上文所舉的理由恰相反。他一方面見到模仿古人不足以為詩,一方面又見到不似古人則失其所以為詩。這不是一個矛盾嗎?
這其實並不是矛盾。詩和其他藝術一樣,須從模仿入手,所以不能不似古人,不似則失其所以為詩;但是它須歸於創造,所以又不能全似古人,全似古人則失其所以為我。創造不能無模仿,但是只有模仿也不能算是創造。
凡是藝術家都須有一半是詩人,一半是匠人。他要有詩人的妙悟,要有匠人的手腕,只有匠人的手腕而沒有詩人的妙悟,固不能有創作;只有詩人的妙悟而沒有匠人的手腕,即創作亦難盡善盡美。妙悟來自性靈,手腕則可得於模仿。匠人雖比詩人身份低,但亦絕不可少。青年作家往往忽略這一點。 (朱光潛:「不似則失其所以為詩,似則失其所以為我」——創造與模仿))
Dec 24, 2024
陳老頭
朱光潛〈創造與模仿〉「不似則失其所以為詩,似則失其所以為我」——創造與格律的問題之外,還有一個和它密切相關的問題,就是創造與模仿。因襲格律本來就已經是一種模仿,不過藝術上的模仿並不限於格律,最重要的是技巧。
技巧可以分為兩項說,一項是關於傳達的方法,一項是關於媒介的知識。
先說傳達的方法。我們在上文見過,凡是創造之中都有欣賞,但是創造卻不僅是欣賞。創造和欣賞都要見到一種意境。欣賞見到意境就止步,創造卻要再進一步,把這種意境外射到具體的作品上去。見到一種意境是一件事,把這種意境傳達出來讓旁人領略又是一件事。
比如我此刻想像到一個很美的夜景,其中園亭、花木、湖山、風月,件件都了然於心,可是我不能把它畫出來。我何以不能把它畫出來呢?因為我不能動手,不能像支配筋肉一樣任意活動。我如果勉強動手,我所畫出來的全不像我所想出來的,我本來要畫一條直線,畫出來的線卻是七彎八扭,我的手不能聽我的心指使。窮究到底,藝術的創造不過是手能從心,不過是能任所欣賞的意象支配筋肉的活動,使筋肉所變的動作恰能把意象畫在紙上或是刻在石上。
這種筋肉活動不是天生自在的,它須費一番功夫才學得來。我想到一隻虎不能畫出一隻虎來,但是我想到「虎」字卻能信手寫一個「虎」字出來。我寫「虎」字毫不費事,但是不識字的農夫看我寫「虎」字,正猶如我看畫家畫虎一樣可驚羨。一隻虎和一個「虎」字在心中時都不過是一種意象,何以「虎」字的意象能供我的手腕作寫「虎」字的活動,而虎的意象卻不能使我的手腕作畫虎的活動呢?這個分別全在有練習與沒有練習。我練習過寫字,卻沒有練習過作畫。我的手腕筋肉只有寫「虎」字的習慣,沒有畫虎的習慣。筋肉活動成了習慣以後就非常純熟,可以從心所欲,意到筆隨;但是在最初養成這種習慣時,好比小孩子學走路,大人初學游水,都要跌幾跤或是喝幾次水,才可以學會。
各種藝術都各有它的特殊的筋肉的技巧。例如寫字、作畫、彈琴等要有手腕筋肉的技巧,唱歌、吹簫要有喉舌唇齒諸筋肉的技巧,跳舞要有全身筋肉的技巧(嚴格地說,各種藝術都要有全身筋肉的技巧)。要想學一門藝術,就要先學它的特殊的筋肉的技巧。
學一門藝術的特殊的筋肉技巧,要用什麼方法呢?起初都要模仿。「模仿」和「學習」本來不是兩件事。姑且拿寫字做例來說。小兒學寫字,最初是描紅,其次是寫印本,再其次是臨帖。這些方法都是借旁人所寫的字做榜樣,逐漸養成手腕筋肉的習慣。但是就我自己的經驗來說,學寫字最得益的方法是站在書家的身旁,看他如何提筆,如何運用手腕,如何使全身筋肉力量貫注在手腕上。他的筋肉習慣已養成了,在實地觀察他的筋肉如何動作時,我可以討一點訣竅來,免得自己去暗中摸索,尤其重要的是免得自己養成不良的筋肉習慣。
推廣一點說,一切藝術上的模仿都可以作如是觀。比如說作詩作文,似乎沒有什麼筋肉的技巧,其實也是一理。詩文都要有情感和思想。情感都見於筋肉的活動,我們在前面已經說過。思想離不開語言,語言離不開喉舌的動作。比如想到「虎」字時,喉舌間都不免起若干說出「虎」字的筋肉動作。這是行為派心理學的創見,現在已逐漸為一般心理學家所公認。詩人和文人常喜歡說「思路」,所謂「思路」並無若何玄妙,也不過是筋肉活動所走的特殊方向而已。
詩文上的筋肉活動是否可以模仿呢?它也並不是例外。中國詩人和文人向來著重「氣」字,我們現在來把這個「氣」字研究一番,就可以知道模仿筋肉活動的道理。曾國藩在《家訓》裡說過一段話,很可以值得我們注意。(下續)
Dec 26, 2024
陳老頭
泰德·庫瑟〈多年以後〉
今天,我在遠處看著你
走開,毫無聲息,
閃光的臉,如冰川
沒入海洋。一棵古老的櫟樹
倒在坎伯蘭郡的土地上,只剩
一把樹葉,一位老婦人
在撒谷粒餵雞,她抬頭
看了一會兒。銀河的
另一邊,一顆有我們的太陽
三十五倍大的星星爆炸了,
消失了,在天文學家的視網膜上
留下了一個綠點,那天文學家
站在我的心靈那巨大而空曠的
圓屋頂上,無處傾訴。
(2007-06-09 01:54:45)
(張文武/譯)
Jan 18
陳老頭
泰德·庫瑟:老墓地
今天早上有人來這裡
割過草,來來去去都未見人影
從留下的車轍來看,可能開著一輛皮卡
拖著低低的牽引式割草機
壓彎了公路旁邊小道上的雜草,
受僱者因報酬不夠多
於是滿含怒氣,暴躁,過於匆匆忙忙
都沒能把金銀絲裝飾的鐵十字架上
那些編織進去的纏繞旋花
給拖拽出來
也沒去修剪那離墓碑太近,不冒刀鋒之險
就無法割到的
高大的紅色雀麥草。
他也粗心魯莽,將割草機底盤的綠油漆
颳擦到墓碑殘破的混凝土基座上。
死去的人一定喜出望外,
世界又回到自己身邊,
聽到了在正熄火的割草機重壓下
拖車彈簧嘎吱作響
聽到了皮卡一趟趟地轉圈
終於啟動,開走了,
接下來聽到了雜草在頑強回彈時
輕柔的窸窸窣窣,那條小路
通往死者想去的烏有之鄉。
Jan 26
陳老頭
愛墾APP:尊嚴·歸属感·再生產~~
Belonging(尊嚴,歸屬感)—— 歸屬感與尊嚴
社群認同與政治包容性,與文化認同息息相關,簡單易懂。
Benevolence(仁愛/尊嚴)——體現對人類尊嚴的維護
強調關懷、倫理責任及社會正義。
Bioreproduction(再生產)—— 文化生命的延續機制
文化的可持續性取決於它如何被不斷實踐、轉化與再生產,這一點至關重要,因為文化若失去再生產的能力,就會變成靜態的遺產,而非活態的生命體。
文化再生產的重要性在於:讓在地民眾成為文化創造的主體,而不僅僅是被動的繼承者。
結合在地經濟模式(如手工藝、農業、社區旅游)促進文化可持續發展,而非依賴外部資源支撐。通過教育與傳承機制(如語言復振、手藝教學)確保文化基因能自然地延續,而非依靠博物館式的保護模式。
政治關係
社群歸屬(Communal Belonging):文化認同不僅關乎價值觀,也涉及政治包容性。尊嚴意味著一個社群是否被主流政治體系承認,以及文化權利是否得到保障。
多元文化政策(Multicultural Policies):一些國家通過立法確保少數族群的尊嚴,例如加拿大的多元文化政策,而另一些國家則因政治偏見排斥地方文化。
現實案例
澳大利亞原住民憲法承認運動(Voice to Parliament):要求政府承認原住民作為「第一民族」,確保其文化權利和政治代表性。
新加坡的「種族和諧」政策:雖然鼓勵不同族群共存,但也存在國家塑造的主流文化框架,導致部分社群感到邊緣化。
[B] Belonging(尊嚴/歸屬感)
[A] Affect (情動空間)
[A] Autonomy(自主性)
[H] Hegemonic Reflexivity(霸權反思性)
Feb 6
陳老頭
• 情動的時間性(affective temporality): 情感不僅存在於當下,其影響往往是跨時間的。例如,某種氣味能喚起兒時的溫暖感受,這類現象體現了情感記憶在時間中的「殘響」(resonance)。這與亞里士多德認為記憶是「過去」的印記,但能夠在「現在」被激活的觀點相呼應。
• 即時與滯後的情動效應: 亞里士多德指出,身體對經驗的反應會留下印象,這些印象在未來可能無意識地影響我們的行為和情感。這與現代情動研究所討論的「情動滯後」(affective latency)概念相似,即過去的情感經驗會以潛在的形式持續存在,並在特定情境下突然浮現。
3. 從個體記憶到集體情動
在情動研究中,mnesis 的概念不僅適用於個體層面,還可擴展至文化與社會領域。亞里士多德強調記憶的身體性,這為理解群體如何通過儀式、傳統和物質文化來「記住」過去提供了基礎。
• 集體情感與身體共鳴: 集體儀式如音樂、舞蹈和戲劇,通過喚起共同的情感記憶,使個體感受到與群體的情感連結。這與亞里士多德在《詩學》中描述悲劇的「淨化」(catharsis)作用一致,即通過觀看戲劇,觀眾能夠重新體驗和釋放內在的情感。
• 地方感性與記憶空間: 在情感地理學(affective geography)中,特定場所能夠喚起人們過去的情感記憶,這與亞里士多德所說的記憶「在時間與空間中具有位置」的觀點相契合。這種「場所的情動記憶」對於地方文化的維繫與再生具有重要意義,特別是在用語言、藝術或儀式重現傳統時,身體作為「記憶載體」的角色尤為突出。
總結:亞里士多德的 mnesis 概念與情動研究之間的關係,體現了身體如何作為經驗與情感的「存檔庫」,其記憶能夠通過感官觸發,跨越時間和空間被重新激活。這一觀點不僅對現代情動研究具有啟發意義,也為理解語言、藝術和地方文化如何喚起人們的情感提供了哲學基礎。特別是在討論「呼喚性物件」(evocative objects)和「在地智慧」(native wisdom)時,mnesis 的身體性視角能夠揭示文化如何通過感官體驗與集體記憶得以傳承與再生。
Feb 21
陳老頭
愛墾APP:亞里士多德的 mnesis(記憶)概念與情動研究(affective studies)之間的關聯,主要體現在身體如何記憶並再現經驗的過程,這涉及感官、情感與認知的交織。以下從三個關鍵層面來分析這一關係:
1. 身體作為經驗與情感的儲存器
在《論記憶與回憶》(De Memoria et Reminiscentia)中,亞里士多德將 mnesis 定義為對「過去所經歷之事」(pathēma, πάθημα)的記憶。此處的 pathēma 不僅是理智層面的認知,更涉及身體經歷的感受與情動(passchein, πάσχειν,即「受動」或「感受」)。他認為記憶並非純粹的精神活動,而是與身體的感官印記密切相關,這與現代情動研究對身體作為「情感檔案」(affective archive)的理解高度契合。
• 身體化記憶(embodied memory): 情動研究強調情感是通過身體感官與環境互動所形成的。亞里士多德的觀點預示了這一想法,認為記憶在靈魂(psyche)與身體的交匯中運作,這意味著情感經驗被「刻印」在身體之中,隨後可通過特定觸發再次浮現。
• 感官與情感的重疊: Mnesis 涉及感官印象(phantasia)在心靈中的持續存在,而情動研究則探討情感如何通過視覺、聲音、氣味等感官線索被激發。這兩者都揭示了情感與感知之間的密切關聯。
2. 記憶、情動與時間性的交互
亞里士多德區分了「記憶」(mnesis)與「回憶」(anamnesis),前者是對過去經驗的被動保存,後者則是主動尋找與再現。然而,這種區分在情動研究中顯得模糊,因為情感記憶常常是自發的、身體化的。
Mar 8
陳老頭
(續上)人發現自己被丟置的景況,海德格主張人經由一種先於反省、先於「認知」與意念的自我詮釋,詮釋出自己原形存有的處境。
本文主張,這樣的自我詮釋之先於認知的那個「認知」,其實是指有意進行、有意識的、先於反省、先於思考等典型的認知。海德格這樣的看法與心靈哲學裡所討論認知的複雜性、成體性、以及脈絡的隱含不明示,有某種程度的相互應和。
海德格認為產生心情的存有根源,如前段所提到,可以作為意向性產生 的基礎。人的處境體會產生心情,呈現自己在乎事物的種種態度(例如可怕、有趣等等),在這樣的態度裏自己被導向到事物。在這樣的論述角度之下,意向性是人面臨自己的處境並於情緒裏產生體會。
值得注意的是,意向性起於處境體會的豐富性,對其被丟置的處境有著緊密豐富的掌握。其中一個豐富面見於人在情境裏,人與脈絡之間緊密結合的關係,這是一種落於脈絡的關係,是先於科學抽象或哲學反省,不必經由這些就可以取得的;這也是一種依據目標来工作的緊密關係,像游泳的人與水流的所處關係、工具使用者與其工具之間 的所處關係;此外,在關心的引導之下,我們能夠呈顯注意力的焦點,在脈絡裏關心的事情突顯出來,不關心的事物讓我們視而不見。
就這樣,我們的手段與目的在緊密順暢運作工具的關係裡,緊密結合成為一個導向到其目的之存有,是一個整體,意義得自於一個在世存有在存有與世界之間緊密無縫的接合整體。這是一個超越主客對分的整體,本文主張:在此整體裡,一個人所見到的事物面相很有限,受限於一個人如何越出抽象思考之外、如何地處於處境?受限於他的體會方式具有什麼樣的偏側性?
海德格認為在處境裡的體會活動並不一定要預設主客對分,本文補充分析說明,這主張可以從三方面獲得支持,
一、脈絡(例如,社會脈絡、語言的脈絡)是作用者所預設的;
二、情境本身有複雜性,都放在隱含的知識裏,是在作用者動作的時候所依憑關於「身體動作與環境之間」的關係,屬於互動過程的知識,既不屬於主體也不屬於客體;
三、情緒裏能夠體會到的事物經常很有限,體會是某種意義的內在知覺,由於覺察的範圍經常有限,因此,體會具有偏側性。個人對其處境有著呈現其某些面的呈現方式,海德格稱此為對自己處境 的定調,由此產生個人的心情。
海德格說定調有社區性、以及文化的公共性; 本文則補充論述說,情緒對自己處境的定調也有個人性,具有人與人之間的個 別差異性,只要在具有個別差異性的同時,個人在某個程度仍然與他人可以溝通,就讓個人的個別差異性取得可能性。
事實上,情緒在人與人之間儘管具有 很大的差異性,但是仍然具有某個程度的可溝通性,這可以透過本文所主張的,對處境定調的個別差異性,就得到解釋。那麼,由本文討論海德格論心情的情境性,與心靈哲學、認知科學裡討論「情境認知」相比較,本文有得到什麼新的看法?分兩方面來看,第一方面, 對於情境性本身,從海德格到心靈哲學談情境性基本立場方面是維持一致的,尤其是在先於反省、先於「認知」、主張意義得自於一個在世存有在存有與世界之間緊密無縫的接合整體、以此來反主客對分的主體性等立場,此方面立場 一致。
海德格所談的情境性特色在於存有(ontological)層次與存在(ontic)層次的劃分,處境體會在存有層次對自我被丟置的自我詮釋,產生體會的自我詮釋具有各個脈絡的豐富性,在存在層次呈現出來。
第二方面,對情緒裏的情境性,以產生心情(/情緒)的存有根源,來解釋意向性產生的基礎──意向 性起於處境體會的豐富性,對其被丟置的處境、落於各種脈絡,有著緊密豐富的掌握──人的處境體會產生心情(/情緒),呈現自己在乎事物的種種態度,──心情的樣式是如何地發展為了調適到環境需求──這或許是因為 學術發展的年代脈絡所致,儘管如此,海德格對情境性的探討的確是一個先驅者。
參考文獻
Bechtel, W. (1998). Representations and cognitive explanations: assessing the dynamicist’s challenge in cognitive science. Cognitive Science, 22, 295-318.
Ben-Ze’ev, A. (2000). The Subtlety of Emotions, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books. Dreyfus, H. L. (1991). Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger’s Being and Time, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Guignon, C.(2003)Moods in Heidegger’s Being and Time, in Solomon (ed.) What is an Emotion?--Classic and Contemporary Readings, Oxford University Press.
Haselager, P., De Groot, A., & van Rappard, H. (2003). Representationalism vs. anti-representationalism: a debate for the sake of appearance. Philosophical Psychology, 16, 5-23.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time, English translation by J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. O’Connor, K., & Glenberg, A. M. , ‘Situated cognition’, in Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Wiley, pp. 19-25.
Solomon, R.(1988). On Emotions as Judgments, Ameircan Philosophical Quarterly, 25. Also appear in Solomon (2003) Not Passion’s Slave: Emotions and Choice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 7.
──(2001). Thoughts and Feelings: What is a Cognitive Theory of Emotions. In A. Hatzimoysis (2003), ed., Philosophy and the Emotions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chapter I. Also appear in Solomon (2003a), Chapter 11.
──(2003). Not Passion’s Slave: Emotions and Choice, Oxford University Press.
──(2004a). Thinking about Feeling, Oxford University Press.
──(2004b). Emotions, thoughts, and Feelings: Emotions and Engagements with the World, in Solomon (2004a).
(原題:透過海德格論心情來看情緒的情境性;作者:劉希文;單位:靜宜大學人文教育中心。原鏈接)
Mar 17
陳老頭
陳明發〈濾思場〉254
ChatGPT's reply~
AI能回答所有問題。叫它〈分析林青霞的演技和牛頓定律的關係〉,寫個三五千字,也是一分鐘内的事。可是,我們首先得知道,林青霞跟演技有關係,而牛頓定律又是怎麼回事,才可能判斷其分析可不可接受。最重要的,本身得清楚,這項分析是不是有意義。(23.4.2025)
這是一個腦洞大開又富有創意的問題!林青霞的演技和牛頓定律,本來是兩個風馬牛不相及的領域:一個屬於藝術與情感的表達,一個則是自然科學的理性定律。但如果我們從抽象的角度來思考,可以找到一些有趣的對應關係:
第一運動定律(慣性定律)
牛頓說:若無外力作用,物體將保持靜止或勻速直線運動。
林青霞的對應:她在電影中的角色常常帶著一種「被命運牽引的慣性」,像是《東方不敗》中的不敗東方,她原本不是壞人,但因權力與愛情的「外力」,才轉變成了後來那樣複雜又矛盾的角色。她的表演就像角色的慣性——初始設定清楚,然後根據劇情中的「外力」慢慢轉變,極具層次。
第二運動定律(F = ma)
牛頓說:力量 = 質量 × 加速度。
林青霞的對應:這可以看作是演技的「爆發力」。林青霞的「質量」是她深厚的演技基礎與角色的內在張力,「加速度」是情感爆發的速度與強度。當她在戲中突然情緒轉折(像《窗外》那種情緒崩潰場面),就是一個 F 值超大的瞬間,觀眾會被那股力量擊中,久久不能平復。
第三運動定律(作用力與反作用力)
牛頓說:每個作用力都會有一個大小相等方向相反的反作用力。
林青霞的對應:她在對戲時的「互動力」非常強。她不是獨角戲的那種演員,而是能夠激發對手戲的演技,像她與張國榮、梁家輝合作時,你可以感受到一種表演上的「張力回饋」——她給對手戲壓力,對手戲再反饋給她,兩者互相激盪,就像第三定律裡的動作與反動。
小結:牛頓用三條定律解釋了物理世界的運動,而林青霞用她的演技詮釋了人性中的複雜情感。看似科學與藝術無法連結,但若從「動態」、「張力」、「情感的力學」來理解,她的表演也是一場感情世界中的物理實驗。
如果把這個比喻寫成一篇論文,標題可以叫做: 「從牛頓力學看林青霞的情感動力學 —— 論演技中的力與反力」
Apr 24
陳老頭
Possibilities by Wislawa Szymborska
Translated by Stanisław Barańczak & Clare Cavanagh
I prefer movies.
I prefer cats.
I prefer the oaks along the Warta.
I prefer Dickens to Dostoyevsky.
I prefer myself liking people
to myself loving mankind.
I prefer keeping a needle and thread on hand, just in case.
I prefer the color green.
I prefer not to maintain
that reason is to blame for everything.
I prefer exceptions.
I prefer to leave early.
I prefer talking to doctors about something else.
I prefer the old fine-lined illustrations.
I prefer the absurdity of writing poems
to the absurdity of not writing poems.
I prefer, where love’s concerned, nonspecific anniversaries
that can be celebrated every day.
I prefer moralists
who promise me nothing.
I prefer cunning kindness to the over-trustful kind.
I prefer the earth in civvies.
I prefer conquered to conquering countries.
I prefer having some reservations.
I prefer the hell of chaos to the hell of order.
I prefer Grimms’ fairy tales to the newspapers’ front pages.
I prefer leaves without flowers to flowers without leaves.
I prefer dogs with uncropped tails.
I prefer light eyes, since mine are dark.
I prefer desk drawers.
I prefer many things that I haven’t mentioned here
to many things I’ve also left unsaid.
I prefer zeroes on the loose
to those lined up behind a cipher.
I prefer the time of insects to the time of stars.
I prefer to knock on wood.
I prefer not to ask how much longer and when.
I prefer keeping in mind even the possibility
that existence has its own reason for being.
這首詩收錄於辛波絲卡的詩集《Nothing Twice: Selected Poems》中,您可以在波蘭維斯瓦娃·辛波絲卡基金會的官方網站上找到該詩的官方英文譯本:(The Wisława Szymborska Foundation)。(poetry-chaikhana.com)
May 22
陳老頭
萊布尼茨單子論與建設性後現代主義~~基於以上可見,萊布尼茨的有機論思想與後現代整體有機論的諸多基本觀點非常吻合。由於人類文明是繼承與發展的辯證統一的過程,盡管單子有機論與後現代整體有機論之間有諸多體現「繼承」的一致之處,但也有一些體現「發展」的差別。
萊布尼茨的單子之間不存在直接的相互作用,單子之間聯系與相互影響是靠神聖的前定和諧來完成的,而後現代有機論則認為,個體之間存在複雜的直接或間接的相互作用,而且是靠整體的內在聯系來實現的;萊布尼茨的哲學是建立在十七世紀科學基礎上的,而後現代有機論則是以現代科學諸多新進展為基礎的,二者在理解自然深度和細膩程度上都有很大的差別;萊布尼茨以單子為終極的實在,而後現代有機論一般不承認有構成萬物的終極實體;等等。
「萊布尼茨描繪的世界圖景在當時幾乎沒有贏得什麼人支持,甚至被人們看作純粹玄想。」\[16]
(朱新春〈萊布尼茨單子論與建設性後現代主義〉,平頂山學院學報,2019年8月,第34卷第4期,作者單位貴州財經大學)
而今天卻對後現代主義哲學產生了巨大影響,除了建設性後現代主義以外,法國著名後現代主義哲學家德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze,1925—1995)也明顯是受單子論的影響,而提出其「褶子論」。「在試圖對一個哲學家做評價時,人們所依據的一個重要標准,就是這個哲學家對後世尤其是對當代哲學的巨大影響力。萊布尼茨正是這樣的哲學家,他的哲學始終充滿活力和創新精神。」\[17]
Jun 27
陳老頭
興觀羣怨—藝術(創作/作品/文本)—市場實踐
文創産業定義 政策
個人創意才能 [英國政策]
神思[ 班雅明靈光] [形象思維][詩性思維]
感知/覺知 [興觀羣怨][體驗]
藝術三元素 [時空人][天地人]個人才智與文化傳統的交集 鄉 地理
歆湧
唤
Jul 4
陳老頭
陳明發《文創轉折》工作詞彙:象
文史:從具象到抽象
文創:從抽象到具象
文化:心象總體歆湧
陳明發:“興札記”1
陳明發:“歆札記”1
陳明發:“歆札記”2
陳明發:“歆札記”3
陳明發:“歆札記”
Sep 21
陳老頭
陳明發〈唤:聲音的哲學〉
1.日常聲音與「脈搏」比喻
早起,聽洗衣機的聲音,以及路上一二趁路上順暢而快駛而過的車輛……AI可能分析出,整個現實世界在某個時段的脈搏。
學理核實:環境聲音確實能被感測器(IoT 裝置、聲學監測)收集並數位化。AI 在聲音分析上已能做到模式辨識:如城市噪音監控、野生動物監測、交通流量檢測等。「城市的聲音脈搏」這個比喻,已有部分研究使用過(例如「acoustic ecology 聲態生態學」)。
這裡將環境聲音等同於「城市的心跳」是一種詩性化詮釋,符合你所關注的「情藝歆喚」框架——聲音不只是物理信號,更是人與世界之間的共鳴。
若擴展到文創層面,AI 的聲音捕捉與混音,可以生成一種「數位聲景藝術」(digital soundscape art)。
2 行為預測
而這個脈搏數據,也可幫助我們預測其他人類的行為。
學理核實:
AI 確實可以藉由聲音數據,推斷人流量、活動模式、甚至情緒氛圍(如人群喧嘩與焦躁可與社會事件相關)。但精準預測個人行為仍有侷限,多數是「趨勢」而非「個體」。
這段揭示了「AI 作為社會感知器」的可能性。但同時也涉及倫理問題:若被過度利用,可能導致「行為操控」或「監控社會」。
3.一致化趨向
你發現到嗎,大家在社媒上拍照片的趨向越來越一致……很難說有一天會不會就像軍演操步那樣地一致。
影像學與社會學研究確實發現「審美同質化」:自拍姿勢、食物打卡、美顏濾鏡,都趨於一致。AI 分析社交媒體影像,也證實了這種趨勢。
這裡點出了 「算法美學規訓」(algorithmic aesthetic discipline)的問題:平台推薦機制、社會模仿效應,推動了「審美標準的收斂」。
這與「情藝歆喚」的哲學相衝突:原本應該是多元的「喚醒」,卻被算法收編成單一的「操步」。
4.照片數據與 AI 分析
網友每天單單上載到FB本身的照片,數量就已經達到3億5千萬張……AI有能力憑這大數量的照片分析出各種有用的數據……
Meta(FB)官方數據顯示,每天上傳的照片數以億計(不同年份有略微浮動,但數字級別正確)。AI 在影像數據挖掘的應用:商業行為(消費習慣、廣告投放)、地緣研究(城市熱點)、健康監測(表情與身體狀況識別)。
你提醒到「人越來越好預測」這點很重要,這涉及「可計算的人類」(the computable human)的倫理隱憂。但同時也可作為「文化脈絡的挖掘」:AI 不僅能看見一致性,也能發現微小的差異,若導向正確,就能幫助文化創意延展,而不是扁平化。
5.聲音的未來
目前最普及的數據,當然還是圖像、文字。聲音,則已經可以作曲;仿效某某人的語氣聲調說各種語言。
聲音合成(voice synthesis)、AI 作曲(AI music composition)、voice cloning(聲紋複製)都已成熟。應用正在多元化:藝術、輔助科技、教育、娛樂。
聲音仍是一片相對未被壟斷的「文創新前沿」,它不像照片那樣被過度消費,而仍保有「喚醒新可能」的潛力。
我在這裏嘗試揭示三個文創與 AI 的核心張力:
AI 聽見的世界:聲音與影像的數位化,讓世界的「隱脈搏」被捕捉。
一致化的危險:社媒與演算法正把多樣化的創作收斂成單調的「軍演操步」。
倫理的臨界點:AI 的強大分析力可以預測人類行為,但也可能壓縮自由與創造性。
從「情藝歆喚」的視角看,AI 不應只是模仿與複製,而應成為「共鳴者」:幫助人類喚起更多未被聽見、未被看見的聲音與創意。
Oct 5
陳老頭
三、核心問題:創意的二元對立
靈感 vs 技術:真正的創意被視為「靈光一閃」的啟示,與日常技藝區隔。
原創 vs 模仿:創意常與「原創性」掛鉤,而非單純的新奇。
精英 vs 大眾:浪漫主義強調少數天才;當代流行文化則強調「人人皆可創意」。
自由 vs 約束:文化產業的制度、資本與規則,被視為限制創意,但也可能激發新形式。
四、文化產業與創意
法蘭克福學派批判(Adorno & Horkheimer):「文化工業」像流水線,生產標準化、重複性的大眾產品;藝術自主性消失,受制於商業利益;大眾文化導致被動消費與社會馴化。
後續批評與轉向:班雅明(Walter Benjamin)看到新媒體帶來的民主化可能(攝影、電影);John Fiske強調「觀眾的生產力」,認為大眾能重新詮釋文化產品,創造次文化;文化研究強調「消費亦具創意」,但有流於過度樂觀之虞。
當代文化產業的矛盾:生產高度社會化與分工化,任何文化產品都涉及多人協作;然而市場與評論仍偏好將作品歸功於「個人作者」(如電影導演、小說家);商業機構善用「創意環境」的話語,吸引人才與投資。
五、集體與個體的張力
音樂產業:搖滾常被描繪為「集體創作」,但實際仍受唱片公司與市場操縱。
電影產業:導演常被神化為「作者」,但實際製作涉及龐大團隊與資本。
文學出版:即使小說看似最具「個人性」,也受編輯、出版市場影響;如Raymond Carver作品與編輯Lish的合作爭議。
六、創意與限制(Creativity vs Constraint)
傳統觀點:組織與市場是「限制」;創意是「對抗」。
新觀點:限制也可能成為「激發創意的能量」。
問題在於:如何評價不同情境下的創意?何種創意值得肯定?
七、價值問題的再思考
Raymond Williams主張:創意並非僅屬於天才,而存在於日常溝通與表達中;需要關注「創意如何被社會接受並轉化為共享經驗」;不能只談「生產」,還要考慮「接受與交流」。
文化創意需兼顧:具體社會脈絡;生產與消費的互動;評價的多元標準。
八、結論
創意是一個歷史性、多層次、充滿矛盾的概念。
從神聖創造到日常技藝,從藝術靈感到文化工業,創意始終是價值爭奪的場域。
當代的挑戰在於:如何在 商業化、集體化、全球化 的條件下,仍能辨識、培養並評價真正具有社會意義與文化價值的創意。
主要脈絡:歷史演變;二元對立;文化產業批判與回應;個體與集體的矛盾;創意與限制的張力;價值判斷的重要性。
(CREATIVITY AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION by Keith Negus & Michael Pickering. To cite this article: Keith Negus & Michael Pickering (2000) Creativity and cultural production, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 6:2, 259-282, DOI: 10.1080/10286630009358124; To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286630009358124)
Oct 27
陳老頭
《創意與文化生產》重點筆記
一、導論:創意一詞的多重語境
創意(creativity)是當代最常被使用與濫用的詞之一,涵蓋範疇極廣:藝術、娛樂、教育、科學、企業管理等。
此詞往往帶有價值判斷,並非中性。被標記為「創意」即隱含「值得」或「優越」的評價。
問題:過度使用使其意涵模糊,甚至流於陳腔濫調,但它仍作為「文化競爭的關鍵詞」持續存在。
二、創意概念的歷史演變
宗教起源:最初「創造」專指上帝創世的神聖行為,人類只能模仿;「creature」即由「創造」而來,顯示神學背景。
文藝復興至啟蒙運動:人文主義興起後,逐漸將「創造」延伸至人的藝術製作;人類開始被視為具有「次級創造力」,但仍常被與神性比較。
浪漫主義時代:詩人與藝術家被視為具「靈感」或「啟示」的天才;創意與「靈感、真實、超越」緊密相連。
現代:19世紀後,創意逐漸世俗化,成為描述文學、藝術甚至科學創新的核心詞彙;同時保留了浪漫主義「靈感」的殘餘,造成「創意=靈感/神秘」與「創意=技藝/產出」的張力。
Oct 27