Kristeva’s Post-Structuralism: Kristeva, while influenced by structuralism, is often associated with post-structuralism, which critiques and extends structuralist ideas. She argues that meaning is not fixed but is always in process, influenced by the interplay between the semiotic and symbolic. Her work challenges the stability of linguistic structures, emphasizing the fluidity and multiplicity of meaning. This post-structuralist approach marks a departure from Jakobson’s more rigid structuralist framework.
Intertextuality and Communication Jakobson’s Communication Model: Jakobson’s model of communication is highly influential in understanding how messages are transmitted and interpreted within a linguistic framework. His emphasis on the different functions of language has been foundational in semiotics and communication theory.
Kristeva’s Intertextuality: Kristeva introduced the concept of *intertextuality,* which posits that texts are not isolated entities but are always in dialogue with other texts. This idea resonates with Jakobson’s focus on the communicative functions of language, but Kristeva extends it by emphasizing the dynamic, intertextual nature of meaning-making. For Kristeva, meaning arises not just from the structure of a single text but from the interconnections between multiple texts and cultural contexts.
Influence of Psychoanalysis Jakobson’s Structural Approach: Jakobson’s approach to language and semiotics is primarily structural, focusing on the formal aspects of language and its communicative functions. He does not delve into the psychological dimensions of language in the way Kristeva does.
Kristeva’s Psychoanalytic Turn: Kristeva, influenced by psychoanalysis, particularly the work of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, integrates a psychoanalytic dimension into her theory of language. She explores how the unconscious influences language and how the semiotic dimension (associated with drives, rhythms, and pre-linguistic expressions) interacts with the symbolic. This psychoanalytic perspective adds depth to her critique of structuralism and expands the scope of Jakobson’s ideas.
Summary of the Relationship
The relationship between Julia Kristeva’s philosophy and that of Roman Jakobson is one of both influence and transformation. Kristeva builds on Jakobson’s insights into the structural and functional aspects of language but extends them into new territories by introducing psychoanalysis and the concept of the semiotic. While Jakobson provided a foundational model for understanding language’s structure and functions, Kristeva challenged the limitations of structuralism by exploring how language is also a site of unconscious drives, fluid identities, and constant transformation.
In summary, Kristeva’s work can be seen as both a continuation and a critique of Jakobson’s, pushing his ideas into the realm of post-structuralism and psychoanalysis to explore the complexities of language, meaning, and subjectivity.
APP Iconada：Semiotics：Julia Kristiva & Roman Jakobson
[A: Affects P: Percepts P: Powers]
Julia Kristeva and Roman Jakobson are both influential figures in the fields of linguistics, literary theory, and semiotics, and their philosophies intersect in several significant ways. Kristeva was influenced by Jakobson's work, particularly his theories of language and communication, but she extended and transformed his ideas within her own theoretical framework. Here’s a look at the relationship between their philosophies:
Shared Interest in Language and Semiotics Jakobson’s Linguistic Model: Roman Jakobson is known for his work in structural linguistics and his development of a model of communication that identifies six functions of language (referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual, and poetic). His work emphasizes the structural and functional aspects of language, focusing on how meaning is constructed and communicated within specific linguistic systems.
Kristeva’s Semiotic Theory:Julia Kristeva, influenced by semiotics, particularly that of Jakobson and Ferdinand de Saussure, developed her own theory of the semiotic and the symbolic. The semiotic refers to the pre-linguistic, bodily, and affective dimensions of language, while the symbolic refers to the structured, social aspects of language. Kristeva’s semiotic theory builds on Jakobson’s structural insights but introduces a psychoanalytic dimension, focusing on how meaning is generated through the interaction between the unconscious (semiotic) and the conscious, socially regulated (symbolic) aspects of language.
The Poetic Function and Kristeva’s Revolution in Poetic Language Jakobson’s Poetic Function: One of Jakobson’s key contributions to linguistics is his concept of the *poetic function* of language, which emphasizes the self-referential aspect of language where the focus is on the message for its own sake, rather than its referential meaning. This idea was central to his analysis of literary texts and the role of language in poetry.
Kristeva’s Extension of the Poetic: Kristeva extends Jakobson’s idea of the poetic function by arguing that poetic language disrupts the symbolic order and allows the semiotic to emerge. In Revolution in Poetic Language, Kristeva explores how avant-garde literary works, particularly those by poets like Stéphane Mallarmé and Lautréamont, break down the conventional structures of language (the symbolic) and allow for a revolutionary expression of the semiotic drives. While Jakobson focused on the formal properties of poetic language, Kristeva introduces a psychoanalytic perspective, considering how poetic language can be a site of transgression and transformation.
Structuralism vs. Post-Structuralism Jakobson’s Structuralism: Jakobson was a central figure in the development of structuralism, which emphasizes the underlying structures that govern language and culture. His work is grounded in the idea that language is a system of signs, and meaning is derived from the relationships between these signs within the structure.
Synergistic Effects: Conation and affects often interact synergistically to facilitate creative endeavors. For example, the motivation (conation) to pursue a challenging artistic project can be fueled by emotional passion (affect), creating a dynamic interplay that propels creative action.
Regulation of Affects Through Conation: Conative abilities, such as selfregulation and goalsetting, help manage emotional states during the creative process. For instance, when an artist experiences creative block or emotional distress, strong conative skills can help redirect focus, maintain effort, and persevere, transforming emotional turbulence into creative output.
Adaptive Flexibility: Creative individuals often exhibit adaptive flexibility in navigating between affective states and conative goals. They can harness positive emotions to enhance creativity while using motivational strategies to overcome negative emotions, thus maintaining creative momentum.
Theoretical Insights BroadenandBuild Theory: This theory suggests that positive emotions broaden cognitive and behavioral repertoires, enhancing creativity. When combined with conative factors like persistence, this broadening effect is amplified, enabling sustained creative engagement. Dual Pathway Model of Creativity: This model posits that creativity can emerge through both cognitive flexibility (enhanced by positive affects) and persistence (driven by conation). It highlights how affective states and motivational drives operate in tandem to influence creative outcomes.
Practical Implications in Creativity Studies Enhancing Creative Performance: Understanding the interplay between conation and affects can inform strategies to enhance creativity, such as fostering environments that boost intrinsic motivation and regulate emotional states.
Creative Education and Training: Educational programs can focus on developing conative skills (like perseverance and goalsetting) alongside emotional intelligence to better prepare individuals for creative challenges.
In the study of creativity, conation and affects are intertwined forces that shape the creative journey. Conation provides the motivational drive, while affects infuse the creative process with emotional depth and resonance. Together, they form a dynamic interplay that underpins the emergence of creative thought and action.
The Relations between "Conation" & "Affects" within the Creativity Study
The relationship between conation and affects is particularly significant in the study of creativity, as both dimensions play crucial roles in the creative process. Creativity is not solely a cognitive function; it is deeply influenced by motivation (conation) and emotional states (affects), which shape how individuals approach problemsolving, idea generation, and artistic expression.
Conation in Creativity Role of Motivation and Will: Conation drives the purposeful pursuit of creative activities. It involves the will to engage in creative work, persistence in the face of challenges, and the motivation to explore novel ideas. Conative factors such as intrinsic motivation, determination, and goal orientation are fundamental to sustaining creative efforts.
Impact on Creative Process: High conative drive enables individuals to move beyond mere idea generation to actively refine, develop, and implement creative concepts. This involves risktaking, exploring uncharted territories, and maintaining focus on creative goals despite setbacks.
Affects in Creativity Emotional States as Catalysts: Affective states significantly influence creativity. Positive affects, such as joy, excitement, and curiosity, can enhance divergent thinking, allowing for more expansive and original ideas. Conversely, negative affects like frustration or anxiety might either hinder creativity or, in some cases, serve as catalysts for problemsolving when managed constructively.
Emotional Resonance and Artistic Expression: In artistic creativity, affects are not just influences but also the substance of creative work. Emotions drive the thematic and expressive elements of art, music, and writing, directly shaping the content and form of creative outputs.
Interaction Between Conation and Affects in Creativity
跨時空的情感連接 例子：艾米莉·狄金森（Emily Dickinson）的詩歌中，諸如信件、花朵等日常物件常被用來表達深邃的情感和思想。例如，在她的《這就是我的信給世界》（This is my letter to the World）中，信件成為她與世人溝通的重要物件。 認知詩學角度：信件作為呼喚性物件，不僅傳遞了信息，更在認知上喚起讀者對孤獨、傳達和被理解的復雜情感思考。這種物件引發了讀者在時間和空間上的情感聯結，使得詩歌具有深遠的影響力。
激發情感與記憶的共鳴 例子：威廉·華茲華斯（William Wordsworth）的《水仙》（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud）中，水仙花成為了喚起詩人內心愉悅和平靜的重要物件。這些花不僅是自然景觀的描寫，更通過引發詩人和讀者對自然美景的情感共鳴，喚起記憶與內心世界的聯結。 認知詩學角度：呼喚性物件如水仙花，可以被視為一種觸發讀者內在體驗和情感的工具。通過這種物件，詩人激發讀者在閱讀過程中喚起個人記憶和情感體驗，從而深化對詩歌主題的理解。
象征意義的認知觸發 例子：羅伯特·弗羅斯特（Robert Frost）的《未選擇的路》（The Road Not Taken）中，岔路口象征著人生的選擇。雖然這條路只是一個物件，但它承載了關於選擇、後悔和人生路徑的復雜思考。 認知詩學角度：岔路口作為呼喚性物件，激發讀者對人生決策和選擇過程的認知反應。讀者通過聯想到自身的選擇經歷，對詩中表達的主題產生更深層次的共鳴與理解。
隱喻與象征的認知建構 例子：約翰·濟慈（John Keats）的《希臘古甕頌》（Ode on a Grecian Urn）中，古甕作為詩的核心物件，象征著永恆與美的追求。 認知詩學角度：古甕不僅是物質的存在，它在讀者的認知中激發對歷史、藝術、永恆等抽象概念的思考。通過這一呼喚性物件，詩歌引導讀者在認知層面上構建對永恆美和藝術價值的理解。
Definition: An "evocative object" refers to something that elicits specific memories, emotions, or thoughts in the observer. It doesn’t necessarily shape emotional states but instead acts as a catalyst, bringing forth feelings, images, or ideas from the observer’s past experiences or imagination.
Function: Evocative objects stimulate a response that is often personal and interpretative, rooted in memory or association. They don't directly alter mood or emotional states but rather provoke an inner journey, evoking what is already within the observer.
Examples
A faded photograph that brings back memories of a past event or person.
A seashell that evokes memories of a beach vacation.
A familiar scent that recalls a specific time or place, such as the smell of freshly baked cookies evoking childhood.
Key Differences Mode of Engagement
Affective Objects engage the observer by actively influencing or altering their emotional state in the present moment.
Evocative Objects engage by stimulating a reflective or associative process, calling forth something from within the observer.
Nature of Response
Affective Objects elicit direct emotional or mood responses, often visceral or immediate.
Evocative Objects elicit responses that are interpretative, imaginative, or memorybased, often requiring some degree of personal reflection or connection.
Emotional Impact
Affective Objects impact the observer’s current emotional state, influencing how they feel in the moment.
Evocative Objects often bring forward past emotions or thoughts, serving as a bridge between the present and the remembered or imagined.
Sensory vs. Cognitive Engagement
Affective Objects often engage sensory and emotional channels more directly, such as sight, sound, or touch influencing mood.
Evocative Objects typically engage cognitive and interpretative channels, prompting an internal narrative or emotional memory.
In essence, while both affective and evocative objects interact deeply with human emotions, affective objects do so by directly influencing and shaping current affective states, whereas evocative objects serve as prompts that draw out emotions, memories, and associations from within the observer.
The terms "affective object" and "evocative object" are closely related but differ in how they interact with the observer, specifically in their modes of engagement and the responses they elicit. Here's a detailed comparison of the two concepts:
Affective Object Definition: An "affective object" is something that directly influences or engages the emotions, moods, or affective states of the observer. The term "affective" is derived from "affect," which refers to the experience of feeling or emotion. These objects are not just passive triggers; they actively shape or alter the emotional landscape of the observer.
Function: Affective objects work through direct emotional impact, often tied to sensory experiences, moods, or visceral reactions. They are central in discussions of affect theory, where the focus is on how objects, environments, or images can directly affect our emotional states. Examples:
A comforting blanket that provides a sense of security and warmth.
Music that can alter your mood, such as a melancholic tune that induces sadness or nostalgia. An artwork that instills a sense of tranquility or unrest simply through its colors or composition.
（摘自：《追憶似水年華》[法語：À la recherche du temps perdu，英语：In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive]，[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ，1871年—1922年] 的作品，出版時間：1913–1927，共7卷）
（評論：Michel De Certeau L'invention Du Quotidien 1.arts De Faire，英文：The Practice of Everyday Life，中文：《日常生活實踐：1.實踐的藝術》；作者：米歇爾·德·塞托；譯者：方琳琳/ 黃春柳；出版社：南京大學出版社有限公司；出版日期：2015/01/01）
德塞托的書裡有對日常生活的親近，普通人如何吃、如何行走、如何住、如何說話、如何閱讀，分分鐘都有著自己的算計，都有對既有事物秩序（order of things）的詭計。他認為日常生活是無法被化約為「科學」的，因為日常生活本身就好像是無數個體的布朗運動，當你想看到規律時，個體卻總是在使用詭計。因此，當專家試圖用科學語言將其知識轉化為權威而介入日常生活的領域時，也就成為日常生活的一部分，其知識也就不再純粹是科學的，而進入一種社會屬性的權力關係中，因而吊詭地失去了其權威的根基。這也就是公知往往不得人心的根本原因，基本上可以說，他們怎麼做都是錯。
（評論：Michel De Certeau L'invention Du Quotidien 1.arts De Faire，英文：The Practice of Everyday Life，中文：《日常生活實踐：1.實踐的藝術》；作者：米歇爾·德·塞托；譯者：方琳琳/ 黃春柳；出版社：南京大學出版社有限公司；出版日期：2015/01/01）
(Aristotle, De Anima: "While the intellect is doubtless a thing more divine and is impassive.")
This essay proposes to halt at the frontier of metaphysics or mysticism, and confine itself to such practical conclusions as can be applied by the responsible person interested in poetry. To divert interest from the poet to the poetry is a laudable aim: for it would conduce to a juster estimation of actual poetry, good and bad. There are many people who appreciate the expression of sincere emotion in verse, and there is a smaller number of people who can appreciate technical excellence. But very few know when there is expression of significant emotion, emotion which has its life in the poem and not in the history of the poet. The emotion of art is impersonal. And the poet cannot reach this impersonality without surrendering himself wholly to the work to be done. And he is not likely to know what is to be done unless he lives in what is not merely the present, but the present moment of the past, unless he is conscious, not of what is dead, but of what is already living.
（T. S. Eliot, “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” in The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism（London: Methuen, 1920），第29–34页。；T.S.艾略特：傳統與個人才能）
I will quote a passage which is unfamiliar enough to be regarded with fresh attention in the light—or darkness—of these observations:
And now methinks I could e'en chide myself For doating on her beauty, though her death
Shall be revenged after no common action.
Does the silkworm expend her yellow labours
For thee? For thee does she undo herself?
Are lordships sold to maintain ladyships
For the poor benefit of a bewildering minute?
Why does yon fellow falsify highways,
And put his life between the judge's lips,
To refine such a thing—keeps horse and men
To beat their valours for her?...
(Cyril Tourneur, The Revenger's Tragedy, 1606-7)
In this passage (as is evident if it is taken in its context) there is a combination of positive and negative emotions: an intensely strong attraction toward beauty and an equally intense fascination by the ugliness which is contrasted with it and which destroys it. This balance of contrasted emotion is in the dramatic situation to which the speech is pertinent, but that situation alone is inadequate to it. This is, so to speak, the structural emotion, provided by the drama. But the whole effect, the dominant tone, is due to the fact that a number of floating feelings, having an affinity to this emotion by no means superficially evident, have combined with it to give us a new art emotion.
It is not in his personal emotions, the emotions provoked by particular events in his life, that the poet is in any way remarkable or interesting. His particular emotions may be simple, or crude, or flat. The emotion in his poetry will be a very complex thing, but not with the complexity of the emotions of people who have very complex or unusual emotions in life. One error, in fact, of eccentricity in poetry is to seek for new human emotions to express; and in this search for novelty in the wrong place it discovers the perverse.
The business of the poet is not to find new emotions, but to use the ordinary ones and, in working them up into poetry, to express feelings which are not in actual emotions at all. And emotions which he has never experienced will serve his turn as well as those familiar to him. Consequently, we must believe that "emotion recollected in tranquillity" is an inexact formula. For it is neither emotion, nor recollection, nor, without distortion of meaning, tranquillity. It is a concentration, and a new thing resulting from the concentration, of a very great number of experiences which to the practical and active person would not seem to be experiences at all; it is a concentration which does not happen consciously or of deliberation. These experiences are not"recollected," and they finally unite in an atmosphere which is "tranquil" only in that it is a passive attending upon the event. Of course this is not quite the whole story. There is a great deal, in the writing of poetry,which must be conscious and deliberate. In fact, the bad poet is usually unconscious where he ought to be conscious, and conscious where he ought to be unconscious. Both errors tend to make him "personal."
Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.
The experience, you will notice, the elements which enter the presence of the transforming catalyst, are of two kinds: emotions and feelings. The effect of a work of art upon the person who enjoys it is an experience different in kind from any experience not of art. It may be formed out of one emotion, or may be a combination of several; and various feelings, inhering for the writer in particular words or phrases or images,may be added to compose the final result. Or great poetry may be made without the direct use of any emotion whatever: composed out of feelings solely. Canto XV of the Inferno (Brunetto Latini) is a working up of the emotion evident in the situation; but the effect, though single as that of any work of art, is obtained by considerable complexity of detail. The last quatrain gives an image, a feeling attaching to an image, which "came," which did not develop simply out of what precedes, but which was probably in suspension in the poet's mind until the proper combination arrived for it to add itself to. The poet's mind is in fact a receptacle for seizing and storing up numberless feelings, phrases, images, which remain there until all the particles which can unite to form a new compound are present together.
If you compare several representative passages of the greatest poetry you see how great is the variety of types of combination, and also how completely any semiethical criterion of "sublimity" misses the mark. For it is not the "greatness," the intensity, of the emotions, the components, but the intensity of the artistic process, the pressure, so to speak, under which the fusion takes place, that counts. The episode of Paolo and Francesca employs a definite emotion, but the intensity of the poetry is something quite different from whatever intensity in the supposed experience it may give the impression of. It is no more intense, furthermore, than Canto XXVI, the voyage of Ulysses, which has not the direct dependence upon an emotion. Great variety is possible in the process of transmution of emotion: the murder of Agamemnon, or the agony of Othello, gives an artistic effect apparently closer to a possible original than the scenes from Dante. In the Agamemnon, the artistic emotion approximates to the emotion of an actual spectator; in Othello to the emotion of the protagonist himself. But the difference between art and the event is always absolute; the combination which is the murder of Agamemnon is probably as complex as that which is the voyage of Ulysses. In either case there has been a fusion of elements. The ode of Keats contains a number of feelings which have nothing particular to do with the nightingale, but which the nightingale, partly, perhaps,because of its attractive name, and partly because of its reputation, served to bring together.
The point of view which I am struggling to attack is perhaps related to the metaphysical theory of the substantial unity of the soul: for my meaning is, that the poet has, not a "personality" to express, but a particular medium, which is only a medium and not a personality, in which impressions and experiences combine in peculiar and unexpected ways.
Impressions and experiences which are important for the man may take no place in the poetry, and those which become important in the poetry may play quite a negligible part in the man, the personality.
I am alive to a usual objection to what is clearly part of my programme for the métier of poetry. The objection is that the doctrine requires a ridiculous amount of erudition (pedantry), a claim which can be rejected by appeal to the lives of poets in any pantheon. It will even be affirmed that much learning deadens or perverts poetic sensibility. While, however, we persist in believing that a poet ought to know as much as will not encroach upon his necessary receptivity and necessary laziness, it is not desirable to confine knowledge to whatever can be put into a useful shape for examinations, drawing-rooms, or the still more pretentious modes of publicity. Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweat for it. Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British Museum. What is to be insisted upon is that the poet must develop or procure the consciousness of the past and that he should continue to develop this consciousness throughout his career.
What happens is a continual surrender of himself as he is at the moment to something which is more valuable. The progress of an artist is a continual self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality.
There remains to define this process of depersonalization and its relation to the sense of tradition. It is in this depersonalization that art may be said to approach the condition of science. I shall, therefore, invite you to consider, as a suggestive analogy, the action which takes place when a bit of finely filiated platinum is introduced into a chamber containing oxygen and sulphur dioxide.
II
Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry. If we attend to the confused cries of the newspaper critics and the susurrus of popular repetition that follows, we shall hear the names of poets in great numbers; if we seek not Blue-book knowledge but the enjoyment of poetry, and ask for a poem, we shall seldom find it. In the last article I tried to point out the importance of the relation of the poem to other poems by other authors, and suggested the conception of poetry as a living whole of all the poetry that has ever been written.
The other aspect of this Impersonal theory of poetry is the relation of the poem to its author. And I hinted, by an analogy, that the mind of the mature poet differs from that of the immature one not precisely in any valuation of "personality," not being necessarily more interesting, or having "more to say," but rather by being a more finely perfected medium in which special, or very varied, feelings are at liberty to enter into new combinations.
The analogy was that of the catalyst. When the two gases previously mentioned are mixed in the presence of a filament of platinum, they form sulphurous acid. This combination takes place only if the platinum is present; nevertheless the newly formed acid contains no trace of platinum, and the platinum itself is apparently unaffected; has remained inert, neutral, and unchanged. The mind of the poet is the shred of platinum. It may partly or exclusively operate upon the experience of the man himself; but, the more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates; the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmute the passions which are its material.
In a peculiar sense he will be aware also that he must inevitably be judged by the standards of the past. I say judged, not amputated, by them; not judged to be as good as, or worse or better than, the dead; and certainly not judged by the canons of dead critics. It is a judgment, a comparison, in which two things are measured by each other.
To conform merely would be for the new work not really to conform at all; it would not be new, and would therefore not be a work of art. And we do not quite say that the new is more valuable because it fits in; but its fitting in is a test of its value—a test, it is true, which can only be slowly and cautiously applied, for we are none of us infallible judges of conformity. We say: it appears to conform, and is perhaps individual, or it appears individual, and may conform; but we are hardly likely to find that it is one and not the other.
To proceed to a more intelligible exposition of the relation of the poet to the past: he can neither take the past as a lump, an indiscriminate bolus, nor can he form himself wholly on one or two private admirations, nor can he form himself wholly upon one preferred period. The first course is inadmissible, the second is an important experience of youth, and the third is a pleasant and highly desirable supplement. The poet must be very conscious of the main current, which does not at all flow invariably through the most distinguished reputations. He must be quite aware of the obvious fact that art never improves, but that the material of art is never quite the same. He must be aware that the mind of Europe—the mind of his own country—a mind which he learns in time to be much more important than his own private mind—is a mind which changes, and that this change is a development which abandons nothing en route, which does not superannuate either Shakespeare, or Homer, or the rock drawing of the Magdalenian draughtsmen. That this development,refinement perhaps, complication certainly, is not, from the point of view of the artist, any improvement.
Perhaps not even an improvement from the point of view of the psychologist or not to the extent which we imagine; perhaps only in the end based upon a complication in economics and machinery. But the difference between the present and the past is that the conscious present is an awareness of the past in a way and to an extent which the past's awareness of itself cannot show.
Some one said: "The dead writers are remote from us because we know so much more than they did."
It cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. It involves, in the first place, the historical sense, which we may call nearly indispensable to anyone who would continue to be a poet beyond his twenty-fifth year; and the historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence; the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, but with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order. This historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional. And it is at the same time what makes a writer most acutely conscious of his place in time, of his contemporaneity.
No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists.
You cannot value him alone; you must set him, for contrast and comparison, among the dead. I mean this as a principle of æsthetic, not merely historical,criticism. The necessity that he shall conform, that he shall cohere, is not one-sided; what happens when a new work of art is created is something that happens simultaneously to all the works of art which preceded it.
The existing monuments form an ideal order among themselves, which is modified by the introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them. The existing order is complete before the new work arrives; for order to persist after the supervention of novelty, the whole existing order must be, if ever so slightly, altered; and so the relations, proportions, values of each work of art toward the whole are readjusted; and this is conformity between the old and the new. Whoever has approved this idea of order, of the form of European, of English literature, will not find it preposterous that the past should be altered by the present as much as the present is directed by the past. And the poet who is aware of this will be aware of great difficulties and responsibilities.
Tradition and the Individual Talent (1919) by T. S. Eliot
I
IN English writing we seldom speak of tradition, though we occasionally apply its name in deploring its absence. We cannot refer to "the tradition" or to "a tradition"; at most, we employ the adjective in saying that the poetry of So-and-so is "traditional" or even "too traditional." seldom, perhaps, does the word appear except in a phrase of censure. If otherwise, it is vaguely approbative, with the implication, as to the work approved, of some pleasing archæological reconstruction. You can hardly make the word agreeable to English ears without this comfortable reference to the reassuring science of archæology.
Certainly the word is not likely to appear in our appreciations of living or dead writers. Every nation, every race, has not only its own creative, but its own critical turn of mind; and is even more oblivious of the shortcomings and limitations of its critical habits than of those of its creative genius. We know, or think we know, from the enormous mass of critical writing that has appeared in the French language the critical method or habit of the French; we only conclude (we are such unconscious people) that the French are "more critical" than we, and sometimes even plume ourselves a little with the fact, as if the French were the less spontaneous. Perhaps they are; but we might remind ourselves that criticism is as inevitable as breathing, and that we should be none the worse for articulating what passes in our minds when we read a book and feel an emotion about it, for criticizing our own minds in their work of criticism. One of the facts that might come to light in this process is our tendency to insist, when we praise a poet, upon those aspects of his work in which he least resembles anyone else. In these aspects or parts of his work we pretend to find what is individual, what is the peculiar essence of the man. We dwell with satisfaction upon the poet's difference from his predecessors, especially his immediate predecessors; we endeavour to find something that can be isolated in order to be enjoyed. Whereas if we approach a poet without this prejudice we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual parts of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously. And I do not mean the impressionable period of adolescence, but the period of full maturity.
Yet if the only form of tradition, of handing down, consisted in following the ways of the immediate generation before us in a blind or timid adherence to its successes, "tradition" should positively be discouraged. We have seen many such simple currents soon lost in the sand; and novelty is better than repetition. Tradition is a matter of much wider significance.
敘事者強調「有心就該去爭取資源」「申請經費買書是學術的基本」，展現了明顯的內控傾向（internal locus of control）：相信成功來自於個人努力。然而，這樣的觀點也可能隱藏一種對失控的恐懼：當退休後失去話語權與制度資源掌控時，轉而貶低仍在場者的貢獻，或許正是他對失去學術掌控感的心理回應。
超人偶爾飛
爱垦網·高阶创造力挑战机械人系列：德勒兹经营地方感
德勒兹关于感觉者（sentant）与被感觉物（senti）之间的不可逆性及其生成性概念，为经营“地方感”和“感性地理学”的文创体验提供者带来新生命。这些概念适合地方文化的发掘和传承，因为它们能够激发一种更加深层次的感知体验，并且强调时间、空间和情感的独特性；为文创提供者带来了全新的视角，帮助他们在地方文化与感性体验的结合中发掘出新的创作可能性，激发地方文化的持续活力。
地方感的动态构建：德勒兹的生成性思想提醒文创提供者，地方感并非静态的、固定的传统，而是随着时间、空间和体验不断生成的。在经营地方文化时，不应仅仅将其当作“遗产”进行展示，而要将其看作是一个活生生的体验场域，通过多感官的体验（视觉、听觉、嗅觉等）让参与者感受到地方的多重层次。
地方感的构建应当结合具体的历史、地理、文化元素，同时关注到个体的情感体验，使参与者能够通过与地方的互动，生成自己独特的地方记忆。德勒兹的不可逆性观点意味着每一次体验都是独一无二的，因此文创提供者可以通过设计多样的互动活动，鼓励参与者每次都有不同的感知。
感性地理学中的时间和不可逆性：感性地理学涉及将人们的情感与地方联系在一起，德勒兹的不可逆性理论为这一领域提供了强大的支持。地方不仅仅是一个地理位置，它也是感知体验的时间性与空间性的交织。文创体验提供者可以利用这一点，通过设计体验活动来呈现地方的历史变迁、当下的情境以及未来的可能性，创造一种具有时间感和延续性的感性地理学体验。
不可逆性意味着参与者每次的体验都是不同的，文创提供者可以设计活动，使得每个体验者在不同的时间和空间背景下，感受到不同的情感与文化联系。这种体验不仅让人感受到地方的深度，还让他们在与地方互动中产生独特的情感连接。
从“观察者”到“生成者”：德勒兹的理论强调感知者与被感知物之间的交互作用，文创体验提供者可以借此推动参与者从单纯的“观察者”角色，转变为“生成者”。在地方感和感性地理学的文创体验中，参与者不仅是观看和接收地方文化的内容，还可以通过参与活动创造新的感知与体验。
例如，通过互动式的文化工作坊、社区活动、艺术创作，参与者成为地方文化的一部分，在与地方的互动中生成新的感知和记忆。这种生成性的体验过程能够使地方文化不断焕发新的活力，同时也使得参与者对地方感有更深的情感连接，成为地方文化的传播者和创新者。
感知的深度体验与多感官互动：德勒兹的感性理论启示文创提供者，可以设计出更多层次的、多感官的互动体验。地方感不仅仅是视觉上的感受，它还涉及到听觉、嗅觉、触觉等感官的多重参与。通过这种多感官的互动体验，参与者能够深刻地感受到地方的丰富性和独特性。
例如，一个关于地方传统手工艺的文创体验项目，不仅可以展示手工艺品，还可以通过触摸材料、聆听制作声音、闻到工艺品的气味等方式，让体验者感受到完整的制作过程。这种多感官的体验不仅能够带来更深层的感知，还能够帮助参与者更好地记住和理解地方文化。
Sep 18, 2024
超人偶爾飛
爱垦網·高阶创造力挑战机械人系列：“差异”的局限性
在一个多元种族、宗教信仰和文化背景交织的区域，如东南亚，单纯强调“差异”而忽略“生成”有可能成为冲突的根源。这是因为差异本身并不必然导致和谐或共存，而是可能激化矛盾，特别是在差异被用来区分“自我”和“他者”、强化族群或文化界限的情况下。相反，加入“生成”的视角可以引导人们认识到差异是动态的、可变的，并且通过不断的互动、对话和融合可以实现共同的成长与繁荣。生成提供了一种开放的路径，帮助不同的文化和信仰群体在彼此差异的基础上找到共存的可能性，从而避免因差异固化而产生的冲突。
“差异”本身的局限性
差异强调的是个体、群体或文化之间的不同之处，但这种强调如果缺乏动态的生成视角，可能会导致以下几种问题：
固化身份：当差异被视为固定的、不变的，这种对身份的僵化认同可能加剧分裂和对抗。例如，在东南亚的多元社会中，若某个民族或宗教群体固守自身的文化或宗教差异，而不愿意开放接纳其他群体的特质，差异就可能变成划分界线的工具，强化彼此的排斥感。
“自我”和“他者”的二元对立：差异如果被过度强调，容易导致将世界简化为“自我”和“他者”的对立。在这种情况下，不同文化、信仰和族群的互动可能成为冲突的导火索，特别是当某些群体试图捍卫自己的身份认同，而将他者视为威胁或竞争者时。
权力不平衡和差异的政治化：当差异与历史上的权力不平衡结合在一起，差异很容易被政治化或工具化，成为某些群体谋取利益或控制他者的手段。在东南亚一些国家，族群差异或宗教差异被利用来制造紧张局势，造成族群冲突或宗教冲突，并非鲜事。
“生成”带来的动态解决方案
德勒兹的“生成”（becoming）强调的是变化、过程和转化，意味着差异并不是固定不变的，而是处于不断生成、互动和重塑之中。这一概念在多元社会中具有重要意义，因为它提供了一种开放的视角，帮助人们理解差异不仅仅是分裂的来源，还是创造新关系、融合和共同成长的机会。
差异中的生成：强调生成意味着承认差异的流动性和变动性。文化、宗教和民族身份并非不可改变，而是通过历史、互动和体验在不断演变。东南亚的多元文化背景正是这种“生成”的典型范例，不同文化、宗教信仰和语言在相互交融中，形成了丰富多样的社会形态。
共生成与共存：生成的视角为多元社会中的差异提供了一个动态的、开放的解决方式。通过生成，差异不再被看作是冲突的根源，而是一种不断发展的过程。不同的文化和信仰群体可以在相互影响中共同成长，并创造出新的混合形式。东南亚的许多国家历史上便是这种差异共存、文化交汇的产物。
对话与协商的过程：生成强调过程和变化，也意味着通过对话和协商来处理差异。在东南亚的多元社会中，如果各群体能够通过持续的对话来认识差异，并在此基础上相互理解与合作，生成的过程将带来更和谐的共存。
以“生成”缓解冲突的可能性
强调“生成”可以有效避免因固守差异而导致的对立。通过生成的视角，不同的文化、宗教或族群能够在差异的基础上发现共通点，建立合作与融合的可能性：
文化混合性：东南亚有丰富的文化混合历史，如马来文化与印度教、佛教、伊斯兰教的长期互动，产生了新的文化形式和宗教实践。这种文化混合体现了生成的力量，表明即便在差异的背景下，通过互动可以创造新的、多元的社会形态。
包容性民族认同：通过生成的视角，可以重新构建包容性的民族认同，而非基于差异的排他性认同。东南亚国家中，成功处理多元族群和文化关系的往往是那些能在生成中找到共同点的国家，如马来西亚和新加坡，它们通过包容性的国家意识形态来缓和不同族群间的差异。
相关
德勒兹时间观
弗洛姆 To Have or To Be
德勒兹经营地方感
感觉建构非肉身公式
Sep 18, 2024
超人偶爾飛
“平面”vs文创
情动转折
日日新，又日新
新文创
德勒兹的“平面”
文创造物身体
德勒兹的“身体”概念 II
“感觉-被感觉”的影响
感觉者和被感觉物
情动地方志
情感素：非人稱力量
德勒兹时间观
弗洛姆 To Have or To Be
德勒兹经营地方感
感觉建构非肉身公式
感性转折 vs 混融哲学
不可逆性及其生成性
Sep 19, 2024
超人偶爾飛
爱垦網评注·身體的感覺能力 (affective capacity)
"身體的感覺能力 (affective capacity) 是時快時慢、如輕如重…等感覺關係下的作用 (acted)。"
此话强调了德勒兹概念中的“身体”（Body）在感知过程中表现出的动态性和变化性。"感觉能力"指的是身体对外界刺激、情感或情境的反应能力，也可以理解为身体如何感受、吸收并回应外在的影响。德勒兹和瓜塔里在讨论“感知”、“情感”或“情动”（Affect）概念时，强调身体的这种能力是多样的、流动的，并且会根据不同的环境、情境或刺激产生不同的反应。
时快时慢、如轻如重
这部分描述了身体感知过程中的变化与流动。感知并不是恒定的，而是会随着外界刺激的强弱或不同类型的影响，表现出不同的速度和强度：
时快时慢：身体在不同情境下的反应速度不同。有时候，某些外界的刺激可能引发快速的反应（如痛苦、突然的惊吓），而有时候，身体的反应则会更慢、更细腻（如沉思、缓慢感受某种情绪）。
如轻如重：感知能力不仅仅体现在速度上，还体现在感知的强度上。某些刺激可能很轻微（如轻风拂面），而某些刺激可能非常强烈（如震耳欲聋的声音或强烈的情绪冲击）。身体对这些轻重不一的感知信息作出相应的反应。
作用（acted）
“作用”指的是身体在感知这些变化时的表现或反应。也就是说，身体在面对不同的速度和强度的感知时，会作出不同的反应。这种反应是动态的，体现了身体的能动性和对环境的适应性。
整句话的含义
这句话强调了身体感知能力的变化性和能动性。身体的感知不是固定的，它会根据外界刺激的不同，表现出时快时慢、时轻时重的变化。这种变化表明了身体如何在不断变化的环境中进行调整，并作出相应的反应。身体并非被动接受外界的影响，而是主动参与到感知和反应的过程中，展现出它的活力与能动性。
因此，这句话可以被理解为：身体的感知能力是一种动态的、不断变化的过程，随着感知对象的速度与强度不同，身体会作出相应的反应，展现出其灵活而多样的能动性。
Sep 19, 2024
超人偶爾飛
Kristeva’s Post-Structuralism: Kristeva, while influenced by structuralism, is often associated with post-structuralism, which critiques and extends structuralist ideas. She argues that meaning is not fixed but is always in process, influenced by the interplay between the semiotic and symbolic. Her work challenges the stability of linguistic structures, emphasizing the fluidity and multiplicity of meaning. This post-structuralist approach marks a departure from Jakobson’s more rigid structuralist framework.
Intertextuality and Communication
Jakobson’s Communication Model: Jakobson’s model of communication is highly influential in understanding how messages are transmitted and interpreted within a linguistic framework. His emphasis on the different functions of language has been foundational in semiotics and communication theory.
Kristeva’s Intertextuality: Kristeva introduced the concept of *intertextuality,* which posits that texts are not isolated entities but are always in dialogue with other texts. This idea resonates with Jakobson’s focus on the communicative functions of language, but Kristeva extends it by emphasizing the dynamic, intertextual nature of meaning-making. For Kristeva, meaning arises not just from the structure of a single text but from the interconnections between multiple texts and cultural contexts.
Influence of Psychoanalysis
Jakobson’s Structural Approach: Jakobson’s approach to language and semiotics is primarily structural, focusing on the formal aspects of language and its communicative functions. He does not delve into the psychological dimensions of language in the way Kristeva does.
Kristeva’s Psychoanalytic Turn: Kristeva, influenced by psychoanalysis, particularly the work of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, integrates a psychoanalytic dimension into her theory of language. She explores how the unconscious influences language and how the semiotic dimension (associated with drives, rhythms, and pre-linguistic expressions) interacts with the symbolic. This psychoanalytic perspective adds depth to her critique of structuralism and expands the scope of Jakobson’s ideas.
Summary of the Relationship
The relationship between Julia Kristeva’s philosophy and that of Roman Jakobson is one of both influence and transformation. Kristeva builds on Jakobson’s insights into the structural and functional aspects of language but extends them into new territories by introducing psychoanalysis and the concept of the semiotic. While Jakobson provided a foundational model for understanding language’s structure and functions, Kristeva challenged the limitations of structuralism by exploring how language is also a site of unconscious drives, fluid identities, and constant transformation.
In summary, Kristeva’s work can be seen as both a continuation and a critique of Jakobson’s, pushing his ideas into the realm of post-structuralism and psychoanalysis to explore the complexities of language, meaning, and subjectivity.
Sep 20, 2024
超人偶爾飛
APP Iconada：Semiotics：Julia Kristiva & Roman Jakobson
[A: Affects P: Percepts P: Powers]
Julia Kristeva and Roman Jakobson are both influential figures in the fields of linguistics, literary theory, and semiotics, and their philosophies intersect in several significant ways. Kristeva was influenced by Jakobson's work, particularly his theories of language and communication, but she extended and transformed his ideas within her own theoretical framework. Here’s a look at the relationship between their philosophies:
Shared Interest in Language and Semiotics
Jakobson’s Linguistic Model: Roman Jakobson is known for his work in structural linguistics and his development of a model of communication that identifies six functions of language (referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual, and poetic). His work emphasizes the structural and functional aspects of language, focusing on how meaning is constructed and communicated within specific linguistic systems.
Kristeva’s Semiotic Theory: Julia Kristeva, influenced by semiotics, particularly that of Jakobson and Ferdinand de Saussure, developed her own theory of the semiotic and the symbolic. The semiotic refers to the pre-linguistic, bodily, and affective dimensions of language, while the symbolic refers to the structured, social aspects of language. Kristeva’s semiotic theory builds on Jakobson’s structural insights but introduces a psychoanalytic dimension, focusing on how meaning is generated through the interaction between the unconscious (semiotic) and the conscious, socially regulated (symbolic) aspects of language.
The Poetic Function and Kristeva’s Revolution in Poetic Language
Jakobson’s Poetic Function: One of Jakobson’s key contributions to linguistics is his concept of the *poetic function* of language, which emphasizes the self-referential aspect of language where the focus is on the message for its own sake, rather than its referential meaning. This idea was central to his analysis of literary texts and the role of language in poetry.
Kristeva’s Extension of the Poetic: Kristeva extends Jakobson’s idea of the poetic function by arguing that poetic language disrupts the symbolic order and allows the semiotic to emerge. In Revolution in Poetic Language, Kristeva explores how avant-garde literary works, particularly those by poets like Stéphane Mallarmé and Lautréamont, break down the conventional structures of language (the symbolic) and allow for a revolutionary expression of the semiotic drives. While Jakobson focused on the formal properties of poetic language, Kristeva introduces a psychoanalytic perspective, considering how poetic language can be a site of transgression and transformation.
Structuralism vs. Post-Structuralism
Jakobson’s Structuralism: Jakobson was a central figure in the development of structuralism, which emphasizes the underlying structures that govern language and culture. His work is grounded in the idea that language is a system of signs, and meaning is derived from the relationships between these signs within the structure.
Sep 20, 2024
超人偶爾飛
爱垦APP: 语言、体验与象征的统一
朱莉娅·克里斯蒂瓦（Julia Kristeva）的诗性语言革命，尤其是她关于“符号态”（the semiotic）和“象征态”（the symbolic）理论，确实提供了一种可能性，将雅各布森的语言结构学与狄尔泰的认知体验，统一在一个更广泛的理论框架内。
通过她的符号态与象征态理论，克里斯蒂瓦展示了语言如何既是形式上的，又是深层次体验的载体，进而在诗性语言中实现了形式与体验的结合。这种理论综合为我们提供了一个更为复杂和全面的理解诗歌语言的框架，将语言的结构美感和情感体验视为不可分割的整体。
克里斯蒂瓦的诗性语言革命
克里斯蒂瓦的诗性语言革命，主要集中在她对语言的多重功能以及语言如何超越传统结构分析的理解。她借鉴了雅各布森的语言功能理论，尤其是诗性功能，但她进一步扩展了这一理论，将其置于符号学和精神分析的背景下。
符号界与象征界: 克里斯蒂瓦引入了“符号态”和“象征态”两个概念。符号态代表了前语言的、感性的、与身体和无意识相关的元素，而象征态则是有序的、理性的、与社会语言规则和文化法则相关的领域。她认为诗歌语言既在象征态中运作，也部分地突破了象征态的限制，通过符号态来表达深层的情感和无意识体验。
诗性语言的革命性: 克里斯蒂瓦主张，诗性语言的革命在于它能够打破象征界的规则，允许符号界的力量进入表达。这意味着，诗歌不仅仅是一种形式上的语言游戏，更是深层次情感和体验的表达，是对语言秩序的挑战和变革。
把雅各布森与狄尔泰统一起来
克里斯蒂瓦的理论可能将雅各布森与狄尔泰的思想统一在以下几个方面：
语言结构与体验的结合: 雅各布森强调语言的形式和结构，狄尔泰则关注个人的认知体验。克里斯蒂瓦通过符号态和象征态的互动，展示了语言如何既是结构性的，又是深刻体验的载体。她认为诗歌语言能够将无意识的体验（符号态）通过有意识的语言形式（象征态）表达出来。这一过程将语言的形式和个体的体验紧密结合起来，回应了雅各布森和狄尔泰的核心关切。
诗性语言中的体验维度: 克里斯蒂瓦扩展了雅各布森的诗性功能，认为诗性语言不仅关注语言的形式美感，更是体验的表达和生成。这与狄尔泰的思想产生共鸣，因为狄尔泰关注的正是体验如何通过艺术形式来表达。克里斯蒂瓦的诗性语言理论为理解这种表达提供了新的视角，将语言的形式和内容统一起来。
超越象征界的诗性功能: 在克里斯蒂瓦的理论中，诗性语言可以突破象征态的限制，触及更深层次的符号态体验。这种突破体现了语言在表达个人深层体验时的无限可能性。通过这种方式，克里斯蒂瓦的理论不仅关注语言的形式结构，还关注如何通过语言触及更深层的认知和情感体验，这在某种程度上整合了雅各布森的形式主义和狄尔泰的体验主义。
[爱垦APP情动转折 Affects-Percepts-Powers] 2025，愛墾網創立16載；陳明發博士在从事人力资源開發16年的基础上，轉入文創研究與推廣至今也已28年。浮生44个春秋，雖不算焦頭爛額也沒啥獎項可領，但自告奮勇的事還幹得不少。實踐多了，面對自己原創的或經手發佈出去的6萬筆左右內容，多少有些领悟。自信還有點前瞻的價值。現陸續整理出來，答謝這麼多年來默默支持著我們的國內外友好。有些事恐怕不是一代人能完成的，更不是一個人可能完成。現留點檔案，有緣並有能力的人若及時看到，對鄉土轉型或有參考價值。
Sep 21, 2024
超人偶爾飛
Synergistic Effects: Conation and affects often interact synergistically to facilitate creative endeavors. For example, the motivation (conation) to pursue a challenging artistic project can be fueled by emotional passion (affect), creating a dynamic interplay that propels creative action.
Regulation of Affects Through Conation: Conative abilities, such as selfregulation and goalsetting, help manage emotional states during the creative process. For instance, when an artist experiences creative block or emotional distress, strong conative skills can help redirect focus, maintain effort, and persevere, transforming emotional turbulence into creative output.
Adaptive Flexibility: Creative individuals often exhibit adaptive flexibility in navigating between affective states and conative goals. They can harness positive emotions to enhance creativity while using motivational strategies to overcome negative emotions, thus maintaining creative momentum.
Theoretical Insights
BroadenandBuild Theory: This theory suggests that positive emotions broaden cognitive and behavioral repertoires, enhancing creativity. When combined with conative factors like persistence, this broadening effect is amplified, enabling sustained creative engagement.
Dual Pathway Model of Creativity: This model posits that creativity can emerge through both cognitive flexibility (enhanced by positive affects) and persistence (driven by conation). It highlights how affective states and motivational drives operate in tandem to influence creative outcomes.
Practical Implications in Creativity Studies
Enhancing Creative Performance: Understanding the interplay between conation and affects can inform strategies to enhance creativity, such as fostering environments that boost intrinsic motivation and regulate emotional states.
Creative Education and Training: Educational programs can focus on developing conative skills (like perseverance and goalsetting) alongside emotional intelligence to better prepare individuals for creative challenges.
In the study of creativity, conation and affects are intertwined forces that shape the creative journey. Conation provides the motivational drive, while affects infuse the creative process with emotional depth and resonance. Together, they form a dynamic interplay that underpins the emergence of creative thought and action.
相关：呼唤型造物 evocative object The Etymology of Vocative Linguistic Theory on Vocative Conation & Affects Vivo's aesthetics
Sep 23, 2024
超人偶爾飛
The Relations between "Conation" & "Affects" within the Creativity Study
The relationship between conation and affects is particularly significant in the study of creativity, as both dimensions play crucial roles in the creative process. Creativity is not solely a cognitive function; it is deeply influenced by motivation (conation) and emotional states (affects), which shape how individuals approach problemsolving, idea generation, and artistic expression.
Conation in Creativity
Role of Motivation and Will: Conation drives the purposeful pursuit of creative activities. It involves the will to engage in creative work, persistence in the face of challenges, and the motivation to explore novel ideas. Conative factors such as intrinsic motivation, determination, and goal orientation are fundamental to sustaining creative efforts.
Impact on Creative Process: High conative drive enables individuals to move beyond mere idea generation to actively refine, develop, and implement creative concepts. This involves risktaking, exploring uncharted territories, and maintaining focus on creative goals despite setbacks.
Affects in Creativity
Emotional States as Catalysts: Affective states significantly influence creativity. Positive affects, such as joy, excitement, and curiosity, can enhance divergent thinking, allowing for more expansive and original ideas. Conversely, negative affects like frustration or anxiety might either hinder creativity or, in some cases, serve as catalysts for problemsolving when managed constructively.
Emotional Resonance and Artistic Expression: In artistic creativity, affects are not just influences but also the substance of creative work. Emotions drive the thematic and expressive elements of art, music, and writing, directly shaping the content and form of creative outputs.
Interaction Between Conation and Affects in Creativity
Sep 23, 2024
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP: 情動地方文創
將地方文化創意與情動轉向（Affective Turn）或情感地理學（Affective Geography）結合起來，可藉以下策略實現，使地方文化/在地智慧不僅成為物理空間的一部分，還成為人們情感體驗和記憶的核心。同時，也促使地方創造力往新文創發展。
情感導向的文化創意
情感驅動的藝術創作: 鼓勵當地藝術家和社區成員創作反映個人和集體情感的藝術作品。這些作品可以是繪畫、雕塑、音樂或表演，通過表達地方文化中的情感元素，如鄉愁、喜悅、悲傷或希望，使地方文化創意成為情感地理學的一部分。
故事化情感表達: 將地方的歷史、傳說和個人故事轉化為情感驅動的創意內容，例如短片、紀錄片或詩歌集。通過這些創意作品，觀眾可以感受到地方文化中的情感深度，從而與地方產生更深的情感聯結。
情感空間的設計與體驗
情感景觀的設計: 在公共空間中融入具有情感象征意義的設計元素，如紀念碑、雕塑、壁畫等。這些景觀設計不僅代表地方文化，還可以喚起人們的情感記憶，如某個標志性建築物可能承載著一代人的回憶。
沉浸式情感體驗: 利用技術和創意，將地方的自然與文化元素轉化為沉浸式體驗，如虛擬現實（VR）或增強現實（AR）體驗，帶領參與者「回到過去」或「展望未來」，在情感層面深度體驗地方文化。
社區參與與情感共建
社區故事收集: 發起社區故事收集項目，鼓勵社區成員分享與地方相關的情感故事。將這些故事整合成一本情感地圖或情感地理文集，展示地方文化的情感維度，並通過出版或展覽的方式推廣。
跨代情感傳承: 通過創意項目，將老一輩的地方情感記憶傳遞給年輕一代，如組織跨代交流活動，或通過紀錄片和口述歷史項目記錄和傳承這些情感記憶。通過這種情感傳承，地方文化得以延續並在情感層面得到共鳴。
情感與經濟發展的聯動
情感驅動的地方品牌: 將地方文化與情感聯結打造為地方品牌，例如設計情感標簽或標志，賦予地方產品和服務以情感價值。通過品牌故事傳達地方的情感內涵，從而吸引消費者並推動地方經濟發展。
情感旅游體驗: 發展基於情感體驗的旅游項目，例如帶領游客參觀對當地人有重要情感意義的地點，並通過故事講述和互動活動，讓游客在情感上與地方文化產生共鳴。情感旅游不僅促進了地方經濟，也增強了游客對地方的情感認同。
文化創意中的情感轉向
情感驅動的活動策劃: 組織一系列以情感為主題的文化創意活動，如情感攝影展、詩歌朗誦會或情感主題音樂會。這些活動通過表達和探討與地方相關的情感議題，使地方文化創意更具有情感深度和共鳴。
地方情感記憶項目: 發起地方情感記憶保存項目，記錄和展示與地方相關的情感記憶，如紀念地方重要事件、慶祝地方節日或紀念個人情感故事。通過這些項目，地方文化在情感層面得以加強和傳播。
實現情感地理學的綜合策略
案例1: 在一個具有豐富歷史文化的城鎮，策劃「情感地圖」項目，收集並標注城鎮中居民認為情感重要的地點，如他們曾經的學校、家鄉的市場、或舉行重要事件的地方。然後通過設計創意地圖和互動數字應用，將這些地點與個人故事結合，讓外來者也能體驗到當地的情感共鳴。
案例2: 開展「鄉愁市集」活動，集中展示當地傳統工藝品、食物和音樂，結合故事講述和情感互動，讓居民和游客在活動中回憶和分享對地方的情感。
通過這些策略，地方文化創意不僅促進了地方經濟和教育的發展，還通過“情動轉向”（Affetvive Turn）和情感地理學的理念，使地方成為人們情感體驗的核心，從而增強地方的文化認同和情感歸屬感。
Sep 25, 2024
超人偶爾飛
跨時空的情感連接
例子：艾米莉·狄金森（Emily Dickinson）的詩歌中，諸如信件、花朵等日常物件常被用來表達深邃的情感和思想。例如，在她的《這就是我的信給世界》（This is my letter to the World）中，信件成為她與世人溝通的重要物件。
認知詩學角度：信件作為呼喚性物件，不僅傳遞了信息，更在認知上喚起讀者對孤獨、傳達和被理解的復雜情感思考。這種物件引發了讀者在時間和空間上的情感聯結，使得詩歌具有深遠的影響力。
情感轉向與認知重塑
例子：T·S·艾略特（T.S. Eliot）的《荒原》（The Waste Land）中，碎片化的物件如破碎的杯子、朽壞的土地等，象征著現代世界的破碎和迷失。
認知詩學角度：這些呼喚性物件通過其破碎性，喚起讀者對現代世界混亂、疏離感的認知反應。艾略特通過這些物件促使讀者在認知上重塑對世界的理解，形成對現代主義復雜主題的深刻感知。
Evocative Objects在西洋詩歌中不僅是感官描寫的工具，更是詩人用來喚起讀者情感、記憶和認知的媒介。這些物件通過其象征性、隱喻性以及與讀者生活經驗的關聯，成為引發讀者深層次思考和情感共鳴的關鍵。因此，在「認知詩學」的框架下，這些呼喚性物件通過激發讀者的認知過程，構建出豐富的詩歌體驗、情動與意義，成為理解詩歌深層內涵的重要切入點。
相关：呼唤型造物 evocative object The Etymology of Vocative Linguistic Theory on Vocative Conation & Affects Vivo's aesthetics 內容是Evocative Object 当符号呼唤象征
Sep 26, 2024
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP: 西洋詩中的Evocative Objects
在西洋詩歌中，Evocative Objects（呼喚性物件）扮演著「認知詩學」的重要角色。這些物件不僅是詩歌中的意象或象征，更是通過引發讀者的情感、記憶和認知反應，促使他們在理解和體驗詩歌時進入深層思考——
激發情感與記憶的共鳴
例子：威廉·華茲華斯（William Wordsworth）的《水仙》（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud）中，水仙花成為了喚起詩人內心愉悅和平靜的重要物件。這些花不僅是自然景觀的描寫，更通過引發詩人和讀者對自然美景的情感共鳴，喚起記憶與內心世界的聯結。
認知詩學角度：呼喚性物件如水仙花，可以被視為一種觸發讀者內在體驗和情感的工具。通過這種物件，詩人激發讀者在閱讀過程中喚起個人記憶和情感體驗，從而深化對詩歌主題的理解。
象征意義的認知觸發
例子：羅伯特·弗羅斯特（Robert Frost）的《未選擇的路》（The Road Not Taken）中，岔路口象征著人生的選擇。雖然這條路只是一個物件，但它承載了關於選擇、後悔和人生路徑的復雜思考。
認知詩學角度：岔路口作為呼喚性物件，激發讀者對人生決策和選擇過程的認知反應。讀者通過聯想到自身的選擇經歷，對詩中表達的主題產生更深層次的共鳴與理解。
隱喻與象征的認知建構
例子：約翰·濟慈（John Keats）的《希臘古甕頌》（Ode on a Grecian Urn）中，古甕作為詩的核心物件，象征著永恆與美的追求。
認知詩學角度：古甕不僅是物質的存在，它在讀者的認知中激發對歷史、藝術、永恆等抽象概念的思考。通過這一呼喚性物件，詩歌引導讀者在認知層面上構建對永恆美和藝術價值的理解。
Sep 26, 2024
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP: 拜雅特的《隱之書》
英國作者拜雅特A. S. Byatt 的著作《隱之書》（Possession）是一部複雜的文學作品，融合了敘事、詩歌、書信等多種形式，從認知詩學的角度分析該作品可以帶來以下新發現——
多層敘事的認知處理
《隱之書》通過多層次的敘事結構交織了現代和維多利亞時代的故事線。認知詩學可以探討讀者如何在閱讀過程中處理和整合這些交錯的時間線和敘事視角。研究顯示，讀者在處理多層次敘事時，常常需要通過心智模型（mental models）來整合和組織信息，從而保持連貫性。分析這些認知機制可以揭示讀者如何在複雜敘事中保持理解。
跨文本的認知連接
書中包含了大量的引用、影射和跨文本的互動。認知詩學可以分析讀者如何通過已有的文學知識和背景知識來理解這些文本間的聯系。這種跨文本的認知連接不僅考驗讀者的知識儲備，還激發了對不同文本間複雜關係的思考，從而創造更深層次的閱讀體驗。
情感與共鳴的構建
書中人物的情感發展，特別是對愛情和學術追求的描寫，如何引發讀者的情感共鳴，是認知詩學的重要研究領域。通過分析這些情感如何在讀者的心智中被感知和體驗，可以揭示作品在情感層面上的複雜性。尤其是通過對歷史人物的情感再現和現代人物的情感探索的對比，可以探討這種歷史感和情感交織的獨特體驗。
隱喻與象征的認知分析
《隱之書》中使用了豐富的隱喻和象征，如愛情、隱藏的手稿等。認知詩學可以探討這些隱喻如何在讀者的認知過程中被解碼和理解。通過隱喻映射理論（Conceptual Metaphor Theory），可以分析這些象征如何與讀者的日常認知經驗產生聯系，進而形成深層次的意義。
敘事詩歌的認知作用
書中包含了大量的詩歌，這些詩歌不僅是故事的一部分，還構成了人物之間的情感和思想交流。認知詩學可以探討這些詩歌在敘事中的認知作用，特別是它們如何影響讀者對人物和故事的理解。例如，詩歌的韻律、結構和語言的選擇如何在讀者的認知中塑造特定的情感和心理反應。
讀者的認知轉變與反思
《隱之書》通過敘事的複雜性和文本的豐富性，常常使讀者在閱讀過程中經歷認知上的轉變和反思。認知詩學可以研究這些轉變是如何發生的，特別是在讀者從關注情節轉向對文本意義的深層思考時，如何進行認知的調整和重新構建。
通過認知詩學的分析，《隱之書》不僅可以被視為一部文學作品，還可以被理解為一個複雜的認知過程，通過語言、情感、隱喻和敘事來深刻影響和形塑讀者的理解和體驗。
《隱之書》中的書信，是一種「呼喚性物件」Evocative Object
將《隱之書》（Possession）中的書信視為一種「呼喚性物件」（Evocative Object）是因為這些書信在故事中不僅作為傳遞信息的工具，還具有深層的情感、記憶和意義喚起功能。以下幾點可以解釋這一觀點：
情感與記憶的喚起
書信承載著維多利亞時代詩人之間的情感交流和內心世界。這些書信喚起了現代學者對過去的情感共鳴，促使他們重新審視歷史人物的內心世界。書信中的字句成為連接過去與現在的重要媒介，通過觸發讀者和角色的情感共鳴，揭示了隱藏的情感和動機。
物件的象征性
書信作為物件本身就帶有象征意義。它們不僅是文字信息的載體，更代表著某種私密、個性化的交流方式。書信的物質性和手寫的特點讓它們成為個人情感和思想的具體體現。因此，這些書信在被發現和閱讀時，喚起了讀者對人物和歷史背景的象征性理解。
故事推動與意義生成
這些書信在小說中起到推動情節發展的作用，同時也是意義生成的重要來源。它們引導現代角色一步步揭示隱藏的歷史故事，使得過去的秘密得以解開。這種功能使得書信成為觸發角色和讀者認知轉變的重要物件，從而激發對故事和角色關係的更深理解。
呼喚性與敘事互動
書信的內容往往帶有未解之謎或情感的懸而未決，促使讀者和角色不斷追尋背後的真相。這種開放性和未完成感使得書信具有呼喚性，吸引讀者和角色去進一步探究。它們不僅引發現代角色的行動，也在讀者心中激起對故事的興趣和思考，成為敘事互動的核心物件。
多層次意義的承載
書信不僅在表層上傳遞信息，它們還承載了多個層次的隱喻和意義。它們是過去與現在之間的橋梁，承載了時間、記憶、身份等多重主題。這些多層次的意義通過書信的「呼喚性」被讀者和角色一層層揭示，使得書信成為理解小說複雜結構和主題的關鍵。
因此，《隱之書》中的書信被視為「呼喚性物件」，是因為它們不僅作為簡單的交流工具，更深層次地喚起了情感、記憶和意義的生成，在故事和讀者的心靈中產生了強烈的影響。
Sep 26, 2024
超人偶爾飛
Evocative Object
Definition: An "evocative object" refers to something that elicits specific memories, emotions, or thoughts in the observer. It doesn’t necessarily shape emotional states but instead acts as a catalyst, bringing forth feelings, images, or ideas from the observer’s past experiences or imagination.
Function: Evocative objects stimulate a response that is often personal and interpretative, rooted in memory or association. They don't directly alter mood or emotional states but rather provoke an inner journey, evoking what is already within the observer.
Examples
A faded photograph that brings back memories of a past event or person.
A seashell that evokes memories of a beach vacation.
A familiar scent that recalls a specific time or place, such as the smell of freshly baked cookies evoking childhood.
Key Differences
Mode of Engagement
Affective Objects engage the observer by actively influencing or altering their emotional state in the present moment.
Evocative Objects engage by stimulating a reflective or associative process, calling forth something from within the observer.
Nature of Response
Affective Objects elicit direct emotional or mood responses, often visceral or immediate.
Evocative Objects elicit responses that are interpretative, imaginative, or memorybased, often requiring some degree of personal reflection or connection.
Emotional Impact
Affective Objects impact the observer’s current emotional state, influencing how they feel in the moment.
Evocative Objects often bring forward past emotions or thoughts, serving as a bridge between the present and the remembered or imagined.
Sensory vs. Cognitive Engagement
Affective Objects often engage sensory and emotional channels more directly, such as sight, sound, or touch influencing mood.
Evocative Objects typically engage cognitive and interpretative channels, prompting an internal narrative or emotional memory.
In essence, while both affective and evocative objects interact deeply with human emotions, affective objects do so by directly influencing and shaping current affective states, whereas evocative objects serve as prompts that draw out emotions, memories, and associations from within the observer.
Sep 26, 2024
超人偶爾飛
APP Iconada: Vocative Object vs Evocative Object
The terms "affective object" and "evocative object" are closely related but differ in how they interact with the observer, specifically in their modes of engagement and the responses they elicit. Here's a detailed comparison of the two concepts:
Affective Object
Definition: An "affective object" is something that directly influences or engages the emotions, moods, or affective states of the observer. The term "affective" is derived from "affect," which refers to the experience of feeling or emotion. These objects are not just passive triggers; they actively shape or alter the emotional landscape of the observer.
Function: Affective objects work through direct emotional impact, often tied to sensory experiences, moods, or visceral reactions. They are central in discussions of affect theory, where the focus is on how objects, environments, or images can directly affect our emotional states.
Examples:
A comforting blanket that provides a sense of security and warmth.
Music that can alter your mood, such as a melancholic tune that induces sadness or nostalgia.
An artwork that instills a sense of tranquility or unrest simply through its colors or composition.
Sep 26, 2024
超人偶爾飛
微妙的張力：社交媒體作為生成與控制的場域
盡管Z世代在社交媒體中體驗著去中心化、情感流動和身份生成，社交媒體也同時構建了一種新的控制機制，這在某種程度上與德勒茲的去疆域化過程產生了張力。
算法的控制
雖然社交媒體提供了去中心化的平台，但算法在其中發揮著控制與規訓的作用。社交媒體平台通過數據分析和算法推薦，使用戶的體驗變得更具導向性，而這種導向性可能限制了「無器官身體」的自由生成過程。Z世代雖然能夠在社交媒體上體驗自我表達的自由，但他們的行為、內容消費以及情感流動往往被算法所操縱和規訓，成為「欲望機器」中的一部分。
虛假生成與表演性
社交媒體鼓勵個體持續創造，但這種創造有時可能變成一種表演。Z世代在追求社交媒體上的身份認同時，可能陷入一種不斷追求外部認可（點贊、評論、關注等）的循環中。這種表演性生成在一定程度上削弱了「無器官身體」所追求的真正去疆域化，而是讓個體在某種新的「虛擬疆域」中再次被限定。
社交媒體的資本邏輯
雖然社交媒體表面上提供了自由表達的空間，但它本質上仍然受到資本邏輯的驅動。平台的商業模式是基於廣告和數據收集，這意味著Z世代的情感表達和生成過程常常被用於商業化目的。無器官身體的潛在自由生成因此被置於資本邏輯的框架內，個體和集體的生成被收編為消費的對象。
社交媒體生態中的BwO與Z世代
Z世代在社交媒體中的體驗可以看作是無器官身體的一個實際表現，尤其是在身份流動、情感生成、去中心化的創造力和集體行動方面。然而，社交媒體生態同時也暴露了BwO與資本邏輯、算法控制之間的緊張關係。Z世代的去中心化、自我生成與身份流動，雖然具有無器官身體的特質，但在一定程度上被社交媒體的控制機制和商業化需求所規訓。因此，這種關係既有創新的潛力，也存在生成過程被約束和重新規訓的危險。
最終，Z世代在社交媒體上的活動展現出了一種微妙的平衡：他們在生成新的身份和情感共同體時，也在不斷挑戰和應對算法和資本的隱性控制。正如「無器官身體」所表述的那樣，生成是一個持續的過程，但在社交媒體上，這種生成過程常常面臨著新的邊界和限制。
Sep 29, 2024
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP: 無器官身體の社交媒體
現階段的社交媒體生態確實反映出Z世代與德勒茲的「無器官身體」之間的一種微妙關係。這種關係表現在社交媒體平台如何運作、Z世代如何在其中參與、以及個體與集體身份如何生成、解構、再生等方面。
社交媒體與無器官身體的動態生成
去中心化與身份流動
Z世代是社交媒體原住民，他們在網絡世界中的表現通常是多重身份的流動與生成。他們通過社交媒體即時構建、修正和再生成身份，而非像傳統社會結構中那樣追求固定的、穩定的身份。與「無器官身體」的去中心化特性一致，Z世代在社交媒體上的表現往往是去疆域化的、靈活的。不同於傳統的科層式結構，社交媒體本質上是一個多點網絡，允許用戶在不同的興趣、身份和集體中自由流動，這與德勒茲所提倡的「生成」狀態非常契合。
平台作為欲望機器
德勒茲和瓜塔里在他們的理論中討論了「欲望機器」（desiring-machines），而社交媒體本質上可以被視為一種現代的欲望機器。平台通過無盡的內容生產與消費，使用戶在其中參與欲望的流動、轉化與再創造。Z世代通過社交媒體表現他們的情感、個性、興趣和社會參與，而平台不斷誘發他們的欲望，通過點贊、評論、分享等方式，使這種生成過程永不停息。社交媒體是一個沒有明確終點的欲望流動場域，正如無器官身體所呈現出的無限潛能和去邊界的特質。
即時性與情感流動
Z世代高度依賴社交媒體的即時互動性來表達和傳播他們的情感、觀念和經驗。這種即時性創造了情感的快速生成與流動，符合德勒茲對生成過程的強調。Z世代通過一系列動態的情感表現（如通過社交媒體分享心情、進行討論、參與社交運動等）不斷生成新的關係網絡和身份。這種情感流動和無器官身體的概念相呼應，Z世代在不斷轉變他們的情感疆域和社會邊界。
分散的創造力與集體表達
社交媒體的一個關鍵特征是它允許去中心化的創造力和集體表達。通過UGC（用戶生成內容）和在線社區，Z世代能夠參與集體性創作，並在其中體驗「無器官身體」的分散和開放性。無論是通過TikTok、Instagram還是Twitter，Z世代的創造力是分散的，且不依賴於某一個具體中心或權威，這種創造力反映了德勒茲提出的去疆域化的集體創造。
微觀政治與社交媒體運動
Z世代通過社交媒體參與微觀政治，從BLM（Black Lives Matter）運動到環保、性別平等等議題，社交媒體成為了他們表達社會關懷和價值觀的平台。與無器官身體的非階層化和多維流動相似，這些社交媒體運動往往是去中心化、跨國界的，並非由傳統的組織架構或領導體系主導。這種微觀政治的形式是流動的、網絡化的，通過個體和集體的情感共鳴而生成，而不是固定在某個單一的運動或地點。
Sep 29, 2024
超人偶爾飛
社區活動：通過文學增強文化認同
利用這些作家的作品作為社區教育的素材，組織文學朗讀、劇場表演等活動，增強學生和社區成員的文化認同感。舉辦文學讀書會，邀請社區成員共同閱讀或的作品，通過討論情感與文化問題，增強對自己身份的認知。舉辦夢境主題的創意活動或舞台劇，結合學生的生活經驗與文學作品中的夢境元素，將敘事技巧和情感表達融入戲劇表演，激發學生的創造力。
情感教育與心理輔導
將這些作家的情感書寫與心理教育相結合，幫助海外華人學生通過文學表達和夢境分析，探索自我與情感，培養心理健康和情感意識。利用文學中的情感敘述，開展心理健康教育，鼓勵學生通過寫作、閱讀和討論情感問題，處理海外生活中的文化沖突和情感困惑。結合文學作品中的夢境書寫，提供心理輔導，幫助學生探索潛意識中的情感需求和心理沖突，將文學與心理健康教育結合起來。
跨學科教育：結合文學與其他學科
通過文學與其他學科（如歷史、社會學、心理學）的結合，增強學生的綜合素質和跨學科思維。利用這些作家的作品，結合歷史背景和文化研究，教授學生如何通過文學理解社會變遷與歷史記憶，特別是東南亞華人歷史和文化遺產的傳承。在文學作品中分析情感、夢境與社會現實的互動，結合心理學或社會學課程，探討個人情感與集體文化的交織。
通過將情動叙事作家和作品與海外華團的民辦教育結合，能夠提供一種多元化、跨文化的文學和文化教育模式。這不僅有助於學生在文學創作和情感表達上獲得成長，還能夠幫助他們更好地理解和認同自己的文化背景，增強他們的語言表達能力和跨文化交流能力。這種結合能夠為海外華人社區的文化教育注入新的活力，同時促進華文文學和文化的傳承與創新。
Oct 1, 2024
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP:民辦情動叙事教育
將東西方各國情動叙事作家的創作與海外華團的民辦教育工作結合，可以通過多種方式進行，包括課程設計、文化傳承、社區活動以及跨文化交流。這種結合可以豐富海外華人社群—社區的文化教育，增強文化認同感，同時也為學生提供多元的文學和情感表達視角。
文學課程設計：整合夢境與情動的書寫
海外華團的民辦教育機構可以根據這些作家的作品設計專門的文學課程，特別是圍繞夢境書寫、情感表達和敘事技巧的學習。將作品納入華文文學課程，教授學生如何通過夢境和敘事表達情感和身份認同問題。結合不同國家和地區的文學作品，提供比較文學的視角，幫助學生理解東南亞華人、台灣、香港等地的文化差異與相似點。
文化傳承與詩性表達
在華團的教育框架下，重視通過文學和藝術教育傳承文化，鼓勵學生以詩性語言表達自己的情感和文化認同，培養文學素養。將作品引入課堂，幫助學生理解個人情感與文化之間的複雜關係，鼓勵他們寫作和分享自己的文化體驗與情感世界。開設寫作工作坊，鼓勵學生用詩性語言表達自己的文化根源和海外生活的情感體驗，通過寫作和討論提升語言表達能力。
跨文化交流與敘事技巧
通過跨文化交流活動，將這些文學創作中的敘事技巧融入教育項目，鼓勵學生通過故事敘述與跨文化對話，增強對自己和他者的理解。組織以夢境、情感表達和身份認同為主題的講座或交流活動，邀請這些作家或相關學者參與，在線或線下分享他們的寫作經驗和文化背景。學生可以通過小組討論和項目合作，學習敘事技巧，制作短篇故事或視頻，以文學的方式探討個人與社會、現實與夢想的交織。
Oct 1, 2024
超人偶爾飛
文學男失去蹤跡值得所有人擔憂◎David J. Morris
在過去的二十年裡，文學小說已成為女性的主要追求。小說越來越多地由女性撰寫並由女性閱讀。 2004年，《紐約時報》小說暢銷書排行榜上大約一半的作者是女性，大約一半是男性；今年，名單中女性的比例似乎超過四分之三。根據多份報告，女性讀者目前約佔小說銷售量的 80%。
我在我教了八年的創意寫作課程中看到了同樣的模式。我們大約 60% 的申請來自女性，而且我們計畫中的一些群體完全是女性。大約 20 年前，當我還是一個類似計畫的研究生時，這些群體按性別劃分得相當均勻。正如Simon & Schuster公司副總裁兼執行編輯Eamon Dolan最近告訴我的那樣，「年輕的男性小說家是一種罕見的物種。」
在文學界，男性代表性不足是個令人不安的話題，否則文學界就會高度適應這種不平衡。 2022 年，小說家Joyce Carol Oates 在Twitter 上寫道，「一位文學經紀人朋友告訴我，他甚至無法找到編輯閱讀年輕白人男性作家的第一部小說，無論多好。」大眾對Oates女士的評論的反應迅速而尖刻——這並非完全沒有道理，因為圖書界確實仍然以白人為主。但對男性作家命運的缺乏關注卻令人震驚。
需要明確指出的是，我歡迎男性在文學領域的統治地位的終結。男性統治世界太久了，常常以犧牲本應被閱讀的偉大女作家為代價。我也不認為男性應該在文學小說中得到更好的體現；他們不像婦女那樣長期遭受偏見。此外，年輕人應該閱讀Sally Rooney和Elena Ferrante的書。男性讀者不需要與男性作家配對。
但如果你關心我們社會的健康——尤其是在唐納德·川普時代和他幫助培育的扭曲的男性觀念——文學家的衰落和沒落應該讓你擔心。
近幾十年來，年輕人在教育、情感和文化上都出現了倒退。在四年制公立大學就讀的女性中，約有一半將在四年後畢業；男性的比例低於 40%。這種差異肯定會導致年輕人閱讀的小說數量下降，因為他們更深入地沉迷於電子遊戲和色情作品。仍然對世界表現出好奇心的年輕人常常透過Andrew Tate與Joe Rogan等「馬諾圈」人物尋求智力刺激。
年輕人的邊緣化似乎是今年總統大選的重要因素。沒有哪個選民比年輕的白人男性更支持川普——他在拉丁裔男性中也表現出色，並繼續在黑人男性中取得進展。我將2024 年視為「鬥陣俱樂部」選舉，心懷不滿的人們透過一名鬥毆者發洩他們的挫敗感和焦慮，有一天，這名鬥毆者將證明自己不是他們的英雄，而是他們想像中的虛構人物。
這些年輕人需要更好的故事——他們需要將自己視為屬於說故事的世界。小說有很多作用。它們娛樂、啟發、解惑、催眠。但閱讀小說也是提高情緒智商的絕佳方法。和許多其他書氣十足的 X 世代一樣，我無法想像自己的成長歲月中沒有Douglas Coupland的小說，正是它為我們這一代命名。這就是為什麼我們需要一個更包容的文學文化，一種能讓年輕人擺脫寒冷的文化。
我並不是說我們應該宣布女性作家的進步已經完成，而現在只專注於男性作家。對我來說，問題是：如果人們不再參與閱讀和寫作，文學──甚至社會──會變成什麼樣子？男人和女人的命運是交織在一起的。例如，這就是為什麼我確保我的男學生閱讀《使女的故事》。重要的不僅是他們的薰陶；女性也受益於更好男性的存在。
這裡我想起了女權主義學者bell hooks曾經寫過的一句話：「女性主義思想家中，依然存在一小部分堅信他們已經為男性付出所有，並且只關注於提升女性集體福祉的學者。然而，我的生活經驗告訴我，每當一個男性勇於突破父權制度的界限時 — 這是我相信文學能夠促成的 — 女性、男性和兒童的生活都將在根本上得到改善。」（16.12.2024 印卡臉書）
Dec 17, 2024
超人偶爾飛
詩性X軸：呼唤隐喻
Educe：to obtain information～（從數據、論據等中）推斷出，演繹出
The government is not relying on any evidence educed from this process.
政府並沒有采納從這個過程中得到的任何證據。
Educe：to develop something or make it appear
使顯現出，引出
Experience empowers students by educing the power that they already possess.
體驗可以引導出學生已經擁有的能力，並賦予他們力量。
Dec 31, 2024
超人偶爾飛
藝術的起源[神話]～興觀羣怨～呼唤[漩渦]
神話本身是一個起點，因為神話裏面包含了幻想跟科學，這兩個看起來極度矛盾的人類創造力——科學是一種創造力，幻想也是一種創造力，並都以神話為起點，就像一顆種子，很適合放在低年齡層的教科書裏面，讓孩子能保有這兩種可能性，將來他可能會走到比較理性的科學，也可能是比較幻想的藝術。重點是，我們必須準備好這顆種子，並在他很小的時候就栽種。
不知道一般人會不會同意，在某一個意義上，我覺得老子和莊子的東西，啟蒙性是比儒家的東西還要大的，因為孔子已經定位在人了，可是老子和莊子是定位在天，天本身是比較接近神話的。我很喜歡莊子講的“渾沌”，渾沌是一個不清楚的東西，當渾沌從不清楚到清楚，其實就是創世記的過程。如果我們的孩子讀到渾沌這個寓言，想象一團龐然大物，像微生物，也像生命基因那種胞胎的存在，或者是草履蟲、變形蟲的形狀，因為渾沌是沒有定形的，我們的生命都從渾沌來，後來有人說要感謝渾沌，要給它七竅，每天給它一竅，七天以後，渾沌就死了。這和《創世記》的七日創造天地剛好相反，耶和華是七日之後越來越清楚，莊子的創世記則是七天以後，渾沌死了。
莊子的意思是，只相信科學，人最後就會死亡，應該要有一個對渾沌更大的理想，就是現在說的不可測的理論，或者黑洞理論，或者“測不準原理”。在臺灣學理工的人會講“測不準原理”，卻不知道這個西方理論根本就是在講“渾沌”。西方科學已經發現科學的極限，發現科學不夠用，反而是老子、莊子有很多思想是非常近於尖端科技的觀念，而像作曲家約翰·凱吉（John Cage）這些在西方受高科技影響的藝術家，也都在講老子跟莊子，他們受到非常大的影響，因為他們發現裏面有最了不起的觀念，如莊子說“至大無外，至小無內”，其實就是更符合於今日科學的態度跟方法。（蔣勳《生活十談》の新官學）
Jan 3
超人偶爾飛
陳明發〈藝術創作的CPU-GPU〉～～你的挑戰，允許我做一個這樣的類比：你的創作是GPU的維度，而目前人們接觸藝術的方式，是CPU。不是跟不跟得上的事，而是創作人的平行創作思維與欣赏者串行思維的分別，這裡便產生了彼此共鳴所需要的互相理解。文創的學習體驗價值。
我從你的帖文與畫作，大致理解你的努力方向與成果。單看成品，人們一時可能抓不到你的真髓；你的創作價值，照我想是體驗過程的成分更高。你若能把它當成「行為藝術」，把你創作的過程拍下來，過後再加上旁白說明那狀態與故事，你所迎來的，就不是「告別的年代」，而是一份重生。懷舊的情懷固然可貴，但人們從今刻起所面對的，畢竟是每一分每一秒新的人生。
你在沉淀中，已經不需要旁人的肯定與看法；藝術家都需要獨自面對自己的技法與創想，一再的修煉。我在巴黎的畢加索紀念館，看見他同一個意念在舊報紙上一再的嘗試、探索、變化的情景。我不懂繪畫或書法，但感覺得到所有的藝術創作過程都是這樣折磨過來的。（14.01.2025 回覆一網友）
Jan 14
超人偶爾飛
阿萊杭德娜·皮扎尼克的詩：符號
一切都在向寂靜表達愛意。
他們已向我許諾一種火一般的寂靜——寂靜之屋。
突然，廟宇變成馬戲團，而光是鼓。
淡紫色的賦格曲
你必須寫作，沒有理由，也不為誰。
身體記得愛，就像點燃一盞燈。
如果寂靜是誘惑和允諾。
Jan 27
超人偶爾飛
Animacy（活力、生機） → Belonging（尊嚴） & Origin（價值）文化活力如何賦予社群尊嚴感與價值感
Animacy（活力、生機）強調文化的生命力，它不僅是傳統的承繼，更是不斷自我更新的動態過程。這與Belonging（尊嚴）和Origin（價值）相關，文化只有保持生機，才能確保社群的認同感、尊嚴感，並成為其價值來源。
非物質文化遺產的創新轉化：例如日本能劇、琉璃工藝在當代藝術中的新應用，保持傳統文化的生命力。地方生態文化：婆羅洲原住民的「森林文化」，通過生態保護行動維持社群與自然的動態關係，使文化不會成為死記硬背的傳統，而是活生生的實踐。
整體關係：從文化意識到社會行動
這五個"A"字母概念共同構成了推動地方文化運動的核心力量
| A 關鍵 | OENROB 對應概念 | 文化行動層面 |
| Agency（能動性） | Obligation（誓約） | 文化行動的道德責任 |
| Autonomy（自主性）| Entirety（總體） | 地方文化的完整性與自主權 |
| Activation（激活） | Nurture（情動） | 文化情感動員 |
| Advocacy（倡導） | Renewal（再生產） | 文化倡導、政策影響 |
| Animacy（生機） | Belonging（尊嚴） | 文化的持續活力 |
& Origin（價值）
這五個行動向度可以構成文化運動的策略框架：
從意識到行動（Agency & Activation）：通過喚起社群能動性，使其主動參與文化保護。
從保護到自主（Autonomy）：強調地方文化的獨立性，避免被全球化或中央集權政策吞噬。
從行動到影響（Advocacy）：借助倡導策略，使文化運動獲得法律或政策支持，形成制度化保障。
從傳統到未來（Animacy）：確保文化不會停滯於傳統，而能在現代社會持續發展。
結論：地方文化運動的政治與社會影響
這五個概念不僅幫助我們理解地方文化如何被實踐，還展示了文化如何在社會運動中發揮作用。它們賦予地方社群：
政治權利（如文化自治）
經濟模式（如文化產業）
社群認同（如文化教育）
全球影響（如文化外交）
透過這種框架，地方文化意識可以被有效動員，並在全球化時代找到自身的位置。
Feb 6
超人偶爾飛
Agency（能動性）；Autonomy（自主性）；Activation（激活）；Advocacy（倡導）;Animacy（活力、生機）——
這五個「A」字母的關鍵詞（Agency, Autonomy, Activation, Advocacy, Animacy）可以與前述五大-六大概念形成深層關聯，構成推動地方文化意識的行動架構；體現推動地方文化意識的社會運動角色。以下是它們的對應關係及在地方文化運動中的作用：
Agency（能動性） → Obligation（誓約）地方文化運動的責任意識與主動實踐
Agency（能動性）意味著個體或社群擁有行動能力，能夠選擇並推動文化變革。
這與Obligation（誓約）緊密相關，地方文化意識往往建立在集體責任感之上，例如長者傳承文化的使命感，或社群為了保護文化遺產而采取行動。
應用情境：地方語言復興運動：許多瀕危語言的保護工作依賴於社群的能動性（Agency），例如台灣的客語復興運動；原住民土地權運動：社區基於祖先誓約，主動要求政府歸還土地，如婆羅洲達雅族的土地抗爭。
Autonomy（自主性） → Entirety（總體）文化的整體性與地方自主權
Autonomy（自主性）意味著社群擁有獨立決定自身文化發展的權利，這與Entirety（總體）密切相關，地方文化的完整性（語言、習俗、經濟模式）需要自主權來維持；當地方文化被全球化或國家中心化政策侵蝕時，社群往往訴求更多的文化、經濟與政治自主權。
沙巴與 砂拉越的文化自治權運動：這兩個州強調其獨特的文化與歷史，要求中央政府尊重地方治理權。主張分别在20條款與18條款保障下，維持政治、宗教、文化、語言與法律體系的自主性。
Activation（激活） → Nurture（情動）透過情感動員激活社群文化意識
Activation（激活）代表喚醒社群對文化的感知，使之產生認同，並願意投入行動。
這與Nurture（情動）相關，地方文化運動通常依賴情感共鳴（如鄉愁、歸屬感、文化自豪）來激活社群的文化意識。
傳統節慶與文化記憶重建：透過地方節慶（如豐收節、土著慶典），讓年輕一代重新接觸文化，從而激活認同；地方文創產業：運用地方神話、民俗故事設計文創商品，使文化意識深入日常生活。
Advocacy（倡導） → Renewal（再生產）文化倡導與政策影響力
Advocacy（倡導）代表文化運動的公共影響力，通過游說、傳播、政策倡議等手段，促成文化保護與再生。這與Renewal（再生產）相關，文化的再生產往往需要公共倡導推動政策支持，使其在現代社會持續發展。
文化遺產立法保護：例如聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）認定的文化遺產，往往是文化倡導者推動政府立法保護的成果。地方文化經濟模式：例如推動非物質文化遺產（如傳統工藝、手作技藝）進入市場，以確保文化的可持續發展。
Feb 6
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP:Affect（情動）文化體驗與共鳴~~
Affect（情動）—— 文化意識的情感驅動，影響地方認同。
情感（affect）在地方文化意識中扮演核心角色，因為文化並不僅僅是知識或規範，更是一種「感覺」與「體驗」。情動的意義在於：
在地民眾透過情感共鳴建立文化歸屬感，而非僅靠理性認知文化的存在。
通過儀式、故事、藝術等方式，讓文化「被感受到」，而不僅僅「被知曉」。
激發對家園的深層依戀，使文化成為生活的一部分，而非僅在節慶或展演中被動再現。
Autonomy（自主性）—— 文化自主權與在地決策
自主性（autonomy）不僅是政治上的自決權，更是文化認同上的主體意識。在地民眾若缺乏文化自主性，地方文化將受到外部力量主導，失去原生意義。文化自主性的關鍵在於：
在地群體能夠決定文化發展的方向，而非由市場或外來政策強行塑造。
賦權給社區，讓文化的創造、傳播與管理權回到民眾手中。
避免「被消費化」或「被博物館化」，而是讓文化真實地存在於日常生活之中。
Agency （能動性）—— 促進地方群體對自身文化的主動參與與塑造
Autonomy（自主性）—— 強調地方群體在文化再生產中的自決能力
Activation（激活）—— 側重於文化意識的喚醒和實踐行動
Advocacy（倡導）—— 體現推動地方文化意識的社會運動角色
Animacy（活力、生機）—— 源自「animate」，隱喻文化的活化與傳承（下續）
Feb 6
超人偶爾飛
[情緒]
在極大多數情況下，愛情只有在融進一種唯恐失去它或是擔心不能得到它的情緒時，才會以形體為對象。而這種憂慮又與形體有著不解之緣。它給形體添上了一層甚至比美貌更為吸引人的光彩，我們平時看見有的男子置美貌的女人於不顧，發瘋似地去愛那些在我們看來很醜的女人，其中的一個原因就在於此。
這些女人，這些逃逸的女人，她們自己的品性以及我們的憂慮不安都給她們安上了翅膀。即使她們在我們身邊，她們的目光似乎也在告訴我們，她們是要飛走的。……由於憂慮的情緒和確信的感覺，是可以每隔一個星期就交替一次的，所以一個女人這星期可以讓我們為她不惜犧牲一切，下星期卻可能會自己成為犧牲品，而且循環往復，長此以往。
要能理解這一點，就要懂得（以每個男人在他一生之中至少有過一次的不再去愛一個女人、忘記這個女人的體驗中去懂得）一個女人在她已不能再撥動我們心弦的時候，就如她還不曾撥動我們心弦的那會一樣，幾乎是不值什麼的。……總之，從我們的不論哪一種不安情緒中分離了開來之後，她們就僅僅是她們自己，也就是說，幾乎什麼也不是了。
（摘自：《追憶似水年華》[法語：À la recherche du temps perdu，英语：In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive]，[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ，1871年—1922年] 的作品，出版時間：1913–1927，共7卷）
Mar 24
超人偶爾飛
[情緒]隨著時間的過去，笨蛋創造的歷史的陰影甚至破壞了日晷的精確性，我們更加焦躁不安地在歐洲搬來搬去，似乎不是我們，而是那些花園和公園在旅行。勒諾特爾的輻射式的大道和復雜的花壇被留在了身後，就像岔道上的火車。我們在一九三七年春天去布拉格，讓我母親看看我們的孩子，那里有斯特洛莫夫卡公園，自由的波動起伏的僻靜氛圍越過人工修整的藤蘿架。你也會回憶起那些種著高山植物——景天屬和虎耳草——的假山庭院，可以說是它們把我們帶進了薩瓦的阿爾卑斯山，和我們一起度假（費用由賣出了我某個作品的翻譯們提供），然後跟著我們回到平原上的城鎮中。療養勝地的古老的公園里，釘在樹幹上的帶袖口的木手指著傳來樂隊演奏的音樂的低沉的嘭嘭聲的方向。一條聰明的步道伴隨著主車道；不是在所有的地方都和它平行，而是自由地認清它的引導，從鴨塘或睡蓮池蹦跳著回過頭來，在這兒或那兒公園發展起了對城市元老的反常依戀後憑空修建起一座紀念碑的地方，加入到梧桐樹的行列之中。根，記得的綠色植物的根，記憶和有刺鼻氣味的植物的根，總之，根能夠越過一些障礙、穿透另一些障礙，巧妙地爬進狹窄的縫隙，從而橫跨漫長的距離。就這樣，那些花園和公園和我們一起橫跨了中歐。碎石小路匯集並終止在一個rond-point，看著你或我彎下身皺著眉，在水蠟樹樹籬下尋找一個球，在那里，在潮濕的黑土上，除了能夠發現一張打過洞的紫色的電車票或者一小塊髒紗布和棉花之外，什麼別的東西也沒有。圍著一棵粗大的櫟樹會有一圈座位，能夠看到誰正坐在對面，結果發現那里有一個情緒低落的老頭在讀一張外語報紙和挖鼻孔。葉子有光澤的常青植物圍著一塊草坪，我們的孩子在那里發現了他一生中的第一隻活青蛙闖進修剪成形的樹木的迷宮，你說你覺得要下雨了。在更為往後的某個階段，在不這麼陰沉鉛灰的天空下，有一片美妙的景象：玫瑰谷和交織的小徑，花格涼亭上的匍匐植物擺動著，如果得到機會就會變成有圓柱的棚架上的藤蔓，或者，如果沒有機會，就會暴露出古怪有趣的公廁中最為古怪有趣的一座，一個拙劣的瑞士農舍式的東西，不太乾淨，在門廊上守著一個穿著黑黑的針織衣服的女服務員。（弗拉基米爾·納博科夫《說吧，記憶：自傳追述》）
May 9
超人偶爾飛
利奧塔：～～利奧塔指出，在紐曼（美國畫家Barnett Newman，1905-1970）的作品中，時間就是畫面本身，它是一個事件。事件是瞬間的發生，它超出意料地到來，但一旦它在那里，就在已經發生的事物的脈絡中 20。事件超越了意識可以理解和預測的范圍，而且是一直到來著，對主體施加影響。被動性是利奧塔所闡發的這種「後現代崇高」主要的特點。和薩特對現在感到噁心的態度不同，利奧塔讓現在享有特權，他強調此時此地正在進行的、超出主體意識的發生。
一旦將崇高與時間、事件聯系起來之後，利奧塔將崇高經驗的問題提出為：它在發生嗎？對於紐曼，繪畫不是由某個人創造的表象，它是在不確定性中的發生。正是由於這種不確定性、無規定性和未知的到來性，人不能徹底理解一個事件，它超出了人們可以理解的范圍。一方面，人們不能知道事件為什麼發生，什麼時候發生和怎樣發生，它總是在主體意識之外；另外一方面，相對於事件，人們總是在事件之前和事件之後，不是來得太遲就是太早，人們無法與事件面對面，而且語言、陳述、意義都在事件之後。這是為什麼抽象表現主義繪畫這個事件拒絕任何語言的穿透：事件總是在闡釋中逃逸，它拒絕闡釋。利奧塔認為，紐曼的繪畫一直徘徊在偉大的「太早和太遲的交接處。」
利奧塔寫道：事件總是在貧困中到來，主體之於事件只能等待和懸隔。在這種等待中，真正的恐懼是不發生，是什麼都沒有發生。紐曼的作品在欣賞的方式上取消了信息發送者、接收者和參照物的交流形式。它呈現時間而不是空間，是向耳朵打開，而不是向眼睛。對時間與聲音的強調，使得利奧塔更側重於紐曼作品的猶太性質。
繪畫的首要主題對於紐曼來說等於時間的瞬間性，而在畫面上紐曼為什麼選擇「非具象」的繪畫，甚至不是一個象征意義上的形象呢？這同樣是一個時間問題。對於博克（Burke），超現實主義並不是真正的崇高，因為它仍舊屬於表象的范圍。博克認為詩歌比圖像更能表現崇高。相反，紐曼讀過博克，覺得博克有點「超現實主義」。因為超現實主義過於依賴前浪漫主義的方式。紐曼在繪畫上找到一種表現崇高的方式：這就是「它正在發生著」，就是繪畫本身，這是浪漫主義和現代先鋒的區別。博克的崇高美學直接打開了抽象表現主義和極簡主義的可能性，它們都逃離了形象/具象的牢籠。
紐曼區分的兩種表現崇高的方式，讓利奧塔區分出兩種崇高，這種區分貫穿著整個利奧塔中後期的藝術評論。受紐曼的啟發，利奧塔認為有兩種崇高，一種是懷舊的崇高。它是求助於失落的鄉愁的共通感，這是浪漫主義的傳統。在繪畫上，它的時間是歷史人物的時間。紐曼拒絕這種崇高，他認為他的作品的圖像不控制空間或者形象，而是控制時間。它不是時間的意識，時間意識是傳統繪畫的根本的主題，它總是牽涉鄉愁或高雅戲劇的感覺；它總是與歷史有關係。而這種傳統的歷史性時間是紐曼和利奧塔所反對的。他們推崇另外一種崇高，這是實驗的崇高，是表象不可表象的崇高。它的時間就是瞬時，在繪畫上的表現是色彩材料本身，或者材料和佈置本身（比例，模板和成分）。這種在崇高之中超出了主體意識的材料，也是利奧塔從技術與材料上重新思考藝術的起點。
(摘自：孔銳才：巴尼特·紐曼，利奧塔與後現代崇高感；2011-11-22；來源: 中國藝術批評 來源: 中國藝術批評）
20 Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Inhuman: Reflections on Time, Trans. by Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby, Polity Press, P.90
May 16
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP:Cinema short-circuits, if you like, the sensory-motor schema that governs our perception.中文翻譯「可以說，電影短路了支配我們感知的感覺－運動模式。」
或，更自然一點的翻譯是：
「可以說，電影打斷了支配我們感知的感覺－運動結構。」
這裡的「short-circuits」是比喻用法，意指中斷、跳脫或干擾某種正常流程；「sensory-motor schema」則是心理學和哲學中常用來指引導我們如何感知世界並對其做出反應的基本模式。整句的意思是在說電影讓我們暫時跳脫日常感知與反應的模式。
在德勒茲哲學的背景下，這句話可這樣詮釋——
這是一個非常精彩且深刻的問題。
在德勒茲（Gilles Deleuze）哲學，特別是他在《電影1：運動－影像》（Cinéma 1: L’image-mouvement）和《電影2：時間－影像》（Cinéma 2: L’image-temps）中的論述背景下，這句話：
> "Cinema short-circuits, if you like, the sensory-motor schema that governs our perception."
可以詮釋為：
德勒茲背景下的詮釋
1.感覺－運動圖式（sensory-motor schema）是什麼？
在德勒茲早期的電影哲學中，感覺－運動圖式是「運動－影像」（movement-image）的核心。這是一種以行動為導向的感知方式：我們感知一個情況（situation）→ 對其做出反應（行動）。這是傳統敘事電影（如經典好萊塢）的典型模式。
這種圖式預設了一個主體與世界之間的穩定關係：我看到某件事 → 我做某件事 → 事情改變。
2.短路（short-circuit）意味著什麼？
當德勒茲說電影「short-circuits」這個圖式，他是指：
電影不再只是再現這種感知－行動的連鎖。
相反，它打斷這條線路，使觀者無法立即從感知跳到反應。
這使觀者必須停留在純粹的可感經驗中，形成一種「時間－影像」（image-temps）的模式。
在時間－影像中，角色可能處於癱瘓、遲疑、困惑、無法行動的狀態；觀眾也無法預測或理解事物的線性進展。這種情況下，電影不再只是講故事，而是讓時間、感知、思維本身成為影像的內容。
舉例來說——
在《運動－影像》中，卓別林、基頓的電影仍屬於感覺－運動圖式。但到了《時間－影像》中，例如安東尼奧尼、侯麥、塔可夫斯基的電影中，主角經常陷入無法行動、無法選擇的情境。這時，我們看到的是「純粹時間的顯現」。
因此，這句話在德勒茲的哲學脈絡中可以理解為：
> 電影打破了傳統感知與行動的連鎖反應，使觀者不再只是透過影像來感知與理解世界，而是被引導進入一種停頓、遲疑、沉思的狀態，在這裡，時間本身、思維本身成為可見的。
這不僅是一種形式上的轉變，更是一種感知與思維方式的革命。
Jun 2
超人偶爾飛
sirius_flower·日常生活操行的抵抗形式及其悖論
首先，De Certeau所討論的對象，就是我們平時在一席講壇上經常看到的，建築師們在日常居民使用空間中發現的，大眾對空間創造性的使用（或曰民間智慧）。比如，垃圾桶的蓋子被下棋打牌的拿來當凳子，公園健身器械被用作曬被子曬衣服的晾衣桿，民間私建廟宇（河北易縣奶奶廟）裡模仿佛像所造的車神、官神、學神等等。也是曝光率越來越高的深圳三，和大神對血汗工廠剝削的消極抵抗。對於工薪族而言，這也是上班時偷偷上豆瓣，或者偷偷把公司電腦、打印機作私人用途（這種行為在法國被叫做la perruque）。這裡的對象也可以是類似前蘇聯政治笑話的話語反抗。而最重要的，也是De Certeau最關心的是更加日常的生活中的衣食住行。譬如是飲食和烹飪，個人認為最能體現De Certeau的理論精神。比如一個家庭主婦會根據每天超市的促銷產品，跟自己冰箱裡現成儲備，來創造性發明每天的三餐菜單，而不是單純地依照菜譜和計劃做飯。
（評論：Michel De Certeau L'invention Du Quotidien 1.arts De Faire，英文：The Practice of Everyday Life，中文：《日常生活實踐：1.實踐的藝術》；作者：米歇爾·德·塞托；譯者：方琳琳/ 黃春柳；出版社：南京大學出版社有限公司；出版日期：2015/01/01）
Jun 6
超人偶爾飛
陳明發（亦筆）的詩〈傘〉
一張張的傘
張著
八角的容顏
抗拒 後羿沒射下的
那座燒燙
讓自己沸騰
報撑傘人
以一片
陰涼
外面是一團火球的溶液
裡面是一種忘我的匆忙
當傘折起的時候
誰還記得
傘上的
烙痕
Jun 10
超人偶爾飛
Fateface·弱者的抵抗～～這本米歇爾·德·塞托的著作《日常生活實踐：1.實踐的藝術》，最關鍵的是strategies和tactics的區別。前者是有固定區域的體系，有著明確的遊戲規則，裡面強勢者（規則制定者）和弱勢者（規則服從者）的關係是明確的。但後者則沒有固定的場所和體系，只能在體制內寄生，是個體對於體制和規則的抵抗，借用規則做各種有利於自己的操作。
德塞托批判的其實是福柯在《規訓與懲誡》裡提出的現代社會的一整套無所不在、無處不看的規訓機制，他認為，在表面上的全方面規訓後面，作為個體的人，是有自由的，他的自由就在於tactics，不需要面對面的直接對抗，而是用各種小詭計去消解精英制定的規則。
在現代社會，當數字化的統計把人抽象為可計算、可化約的同質化單子時，其實並沒有能夠真正把握住日常生活的豐富性。在日常生活中，個人實踐的軌跡，是無法被化約為數字的，而這些軌跡往往反映了個體的tactics。
德塞托的書裡有對日常生活的親近，普通人如何吃、如何行走、如何住、如何說話、如何閱讀，分分鐘都有著自己的算計，都有對既有事物秩序（order of things）的詭計。他認為日常生活是無法被化約為「科學」的，因為日常生活本身就好像是無數個體的布朗運動，當你想看到規律時，個體卻總是在使用詭計。因此，當專家試圖用科學語言將其知識轉化為權威而介入日常生活的領域時，也就成為日常生活的一部分，其知識也就不再純粹是科學的，而進入一種社會屬性的權力關係中，因而吊詭地失去了其權威的根基。這也就是公知往往不得人心的根本原因，基本上可以說，他們怎麼做都是錯。
德塞托告誡精英，不要把任何人當傻瓜，當精英覺得可以用大數據、媒體技術、輿論宣傳、乃至洗腦去影響塑造普通人（ordinary man）時，普通人其實在其日常生活中各自的詭計，消解著精英意圖達到的目的。就好像春晚，即使它是收視率最高的節目，仍然不說明任何問題，每家人都抱著不同的心情在看它，因為不同的理由在看它。
這本書獻給「普通人」，他們作為大多數，卻是弱勢的、邊緣的，但這並不代表他們沒有力量，因為他們會用時間去改變空間，腐蝕既有的社會體系。而他們的詭計指向哪裡，沒有人知道，就連精英也不會知道。
（評論：Michel De Certeau L'invention Du Quotidien 1.arts De Faire，英文：The Practice of Everyday Life，中文：《日常生活實踐：1.實踐的藝術》；作者：米歇爾·德·塞托；譯者：方琳琳/ 黃春柳；出版社：南京大學出版社有限公司；出版日期：2015/01/01）
Jun 17
超人偶爾飛
顧彬的詩《新離騷》
不要再提
什麼戰爭和驅逐。
我們夠傷感了。
沒有緣由我們都會流淚，
更別提什麼剝皮抽筋
讓一萬個人
分食自己的肉。
不要再提什麼跳樓，
什麼末日和憂郁症。
我們寧願虛無
在生前死後
在懷疑前失望後。
不要再提
什麼意義和邏輯。
更幸福的是一塊石頭，
一片雲和一陣微風。
若不是生前死後，
我們但願無舌
無耳無目。
（顧彬[Wolfgang Kubin，17.12.1945]，漢學家；原詩德文，本詩由顧彬和北島合譯。見：王家新等：2007，「世界文學」視野下的中國文學與詩；根據網聊記錄整理；網聊時間：2007年4月14日晚7：00-9：00 網聊地點：中國學術論壇聊天室）
註：根據亞思明在2009年3月4日《德國之聲中文頻道》的報導〈中德詩人朗誦會：詩人與二鍋頭〉所透露的，顧彬曾借《新離騷》此詩，“批判90年代德國知識分子的新悲觀主義思潮”。
愛墾評註：對照〈張子選的詩·偶爾〉及陳明發對于中國“未来詩學”的評論，探討十年災難前後的大叙事（...剝皮抽筋，讓一萬個人，分食自己的肉。之類。）及日常生活的小叙事（有人自雨中返回，據說繞經湖畔葦叢時/曾遇到相向而行的另外一人...之類）之間的張力。
陳明發·未来詩學
中國未来詩學
未來才是哲思的凖星
Jun 19
超人偶爾飛
III
(Aristotle, De Anima: "While the intellect is doubtless a thing more divine and is impassive.")
This essay proposes to halt at the frontier of metaphysics or mysticism, and confine itself to such practical conclusions as can be applied by the responsible person interested in poetry. To divert interest from the poet to the poetry is a laudable aim: for it would conduce to a juster estimation of actual poetry, good and bad. There are many people who appreciate the expression of sincere emotion in verse, and there is a smaller number of people who can appreciate technical excellence. But very few know when there is expression of significant emotion, emotion which has its life in the poem and not in the history of the poet. The emotion of art is impersonal. And the poet cannot reach this impersonality without surrendering himself wholly to the work to be done. And he is not likely to know what is to be done unless he lives in what is not merely the present, but the present moment of the past, unless he is conscious, not of what is dead, but of what is already living.
靈感天賜，聖潔不動凡情。（另譯：理智無疑更為神聖，且本質上不受外物所動。）——亞里斯多德：論靈魂
這篇論文就打算停止在玄學和神秘體驗論的邊界上，僅限於這些實用的結論，以期能被那些對詩有興趣、有責任感的人來應用。將人們的興趣從詩人身上轉移到詩歌本身，是一個值得稱贊的抱負：因為這有助於人們對一首或好或壞的、真正的詩歌做出公正的評價。很多人能在韻文裡鑑賞出真摯感情的表述，較少的人才能鑑賞出卓越的技巧。但卻很少有人知道何時才會有重大感情的表達，這種感情的生命在詩歌裡，而非在詩人的歷史裡。藝術情感是非個人的。除非詩人在他所從事的詩歌面前全然放棄自我，否則詩人就不能達到這種「非個人」的境界；除非他不只活在當下，而且活在過去，除非他所注意的不是已死的，而是早就活著的，否則他就不可能知道他該做什麼。
（T. S. Eliot, “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” in The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism（London: Methuen, 1920），第29–34页。；T.S.艾略特：傳統與個人才能）
Jul 4
超人偶爾飛
I will quote a passage which is unfamiliar enough to be regarded with fresh attention in the light—or darkness—of these observations:
And now methinks I could e'en chide myself
For doating on her beauty, though her death
Shall be revenged after no common action.
Does the silkworm expend her yellow labours
For thee? For thee does she undo herself?
Are lordships sold to maintain ladyships
For the poor benefit of a bewildering minute?
Why does yon fellow falsify highways,
And put his life between the judge's lips,
To refine such a thing—keeps horse and men
To beat their valours for her?...
(Cyril Tourneur, The Revenger's Tragedy, 1606-7)
In this passage (as is evident if it is taken in its context) there is a combination of positive and negative emotions: an intensely strong attraction toward beauty and an equally intense fascination by the ugliness which is contrasted with it and which destroys it. This balance of contrasted emotion is in the dramatic situation to which the speech is pertinent, but that situation alone is inadequate to it. This is, so to speak, the structural emotion, provided by the drama. But the whole effect, the dominant tone, is due to the fact that a number of floating feelings, having an affinity to this emotion by no means superficially evident, have combined with it to give us a new art emotion.
It is not in his personal emotions, the emotions provoked by particular events in his life, that the poet is in any way remarkable or interesting. His particular emotions may be simple, or crude, or flat. The emotion in his poetry will be a very complex thing, but not with the complexity of the emotions of people who have very complex or unusual emotions in life. One error, in fact, of eccentricity in poetry is to seek for new human emotions to express; and in this search for novelty in the wrong place it discovers the perverse.
The business of the poet is not to find new emotions, but to use the ordinary ones and, in working them up into poetry, to express feelings which are not in actual emotions at all. And emotions which he has never experienced will serve his turn as well as those familiar to him. Consequently, we must believe that "emotion recollected in tranquillity" is an inexact formula. For it is neither emotion, nor recollection, nor, without distortion of meaning, tranquillity. It is a concentration, and a new thing resulting from the concentration, of a very great number of experiences which to the practical and active person would not seem to be experiences at all; it is a concentration which does not happen consciously or of deliberation. These experiences are not"recollected," and they finally unite in an atmosphere which is "tranquil" only in that it is a passive attending upon the event. Of course this is not quite the whole story. There is a great deal, in the writing of poetry,which must be conscious and deliberate. In fact, the bad poet is usually unconscious where he ought to be
conscious, and conscious where he ought to be unconscious. Both errors tend to make him "personal."
Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.
Jul 7
超人偶爾飛
我要引用一節詩歌，它不為人們熟知，因此我們可以以一種全新的注意力來閱讀，以闡述上述見解的光亮——或陰影：
我想如今甚至該責怪自己
在她的美貌中老去，雖然她的死
應該以不尋常之舉報復。
難道蠶食她的憂郁之痛
為的是你？為了你，難道她該自毀？
難道老爺們熱衷豢養小姐
為的是那令人迷惑的短暫時刻裡的些許利益？
為什麼那家伙要謊稱有女劫匪，
並置他的生命於法官的雙唇裡，
來文飾這件事——為了她
打發人馬擊敗他們的勇毅。
在這節詩歌裡（如果從上下文來看是很明顯地），有正反兩種情感的交織：一種指向美貌的極度強烈的吸引力，以及同樣強烈的出自丑惡的魅惑，後者與前者相反並且毀滅了前者。這種截然相反的情感的平衡，是在那段擁有中肯表述的戲劇化情境中實現的，但僅僅劇情還不足以勝任。不妨說是由戲劇文體提供的那種結構情感。但整體效果，主基調，則應歸功於大量懸浮其中的感覺，它們毫不淺顯地指向這種感情，並和這種感情結合，帶給了我們一種全新的藝術感情。
詩人之所以被尊重或被注意，並非因為他個人的情感，或者他個人生活中的特殊事件所引發的感情。他特有的情感可以是單純的、粗魯的或者沉悶的。但他詩歌中的情感必須是一種複雜的東西，但這種複雜性並非是那種生活中感情稀奇古怪的人所擁有的。事實上，詩歌界有種反常的錯誤，即試圖尋找和表達全新的人類感情，這樣在錯誤的地方尋找新穎，最終只能遭遇荒謬。詩人的本分不是去尋找新的人類情感，而是運用尋常的感情，並在這些尋常的感情中提煉詩歌，來表達實際感情中根本沒有的感受。而那些詩人從未經受過的情感和他已經熟悉的情感一樣，都是合用的。因此，我們必須相信「在心神寧靜中回憶起的感情」是個不準確的公式。因為詩歌不是情感，也不是回憶，如果不曲解詞義的話，也不是心神寧靜。詩歌是一種大量經驗的集結，以及這種集結中產生的新事物，這些經驗在重實踐、有活力的人看來好像未必全是什麼經驗；這種經驗的集中，既非自覺，亦非深思熟慮的產物。這些經驗不是「回憶」的，它們最終在一種「寧靜」的氛圍中結合，這種「寧靜」僅指在其中經驗被動地服侍著特定的事件。當然，這些也並非詩歌的全部始末。在詩歌寫作中，有許多時候是需要自覺和沉思的。實際上，拙劣的詩人往往在該自覺的時候不自覺，在不該自覺的時候自覺。這兩種錯誤讓他漸趨「個人的」。詩歌不是情感放縱，而是從感情中逃逸；詩歌不是表現個性，而是從個性中逃逸。但是，當然，只有那些擁有個性和感情的人才明白，要從其中逃逸究竟有什麼意義。
Jul 8
超人偶爾飛
The experience, you will notice, the elements which enter the presence of the transforming catalyst, are of two kinds: emotions and feelings. The effect of a work of art upon the person who enjoys it is an experience different in kind from any experience not of art. It may be formed out of one emotion, or may be a combination of several; and various feelings, inhering for the writer in particular words or phrases or images,may be added to compose the final result. Or great poetry may be made without the direct use of any
emotion whatever: composed out of feelings solely. Canto XV of the Inferno (Brunetto Latini) is a working up of the emotion evident in the situation; but the effect, though single as that of any work of art, is obtained by considerable complexity of detail. The last quatrain gives an image, a feeling attaching to an image, which "came," which did not develop simply out of what precedes, but which was probably in suspension in the poet's mind until the proper combination arrived for it to add itself to. The poet's mind is in fact a receptacle for seizing and storing up numberless feelings, phrases, images, which remain there until all the particles which can unite to form a new compound are present together.
If you compare several representative passages of the greatest poetry you see how great is the variety of types of combination, and also how completely any semiethical criterion of "sublimity" misses the mark. For it is not the "greatness," the intensity, of the emotions, the components, but the intensity of the artistic process, the pressure, so to speak, under which the fusion takes place, that counts. The episode of Paolo and Francesca employs a definite emotion, but the intensity of the poetry is something quite different from whatever intensity in the supposed experience it may give the impression of. It is no more intense, furthermore, than Canto XXVI, the voyage of Ulysses, which has not the direct dependence upon an emotion. Great variety is possible in the process of transmution of emotion: the murder of Agamemnon, or the agony of Othello, gives an artistic effect apparently closer to a possible original than the scenes from Dante. In the Agamemnon, the artistic emotion approximates to the emotion of an actual spectator; in Othello to the emotion of the protagonist himself. But the difference between art and the event is always absolute; the combination which is the murder of Agamemnon is probably as complex as that which is the voyage of Ulysses. In either case there has been a fusion of elements. The ode of Keats contains a number of feelings which have nothing particular to do with the nightingale, but which the nightingale, partly, perhaps,because of its attractive name, and partly because of its reputation, served to bring together.
The point of view which I am struggling to attack is perhaps related to the metaphysical theory of the substantial unity of the soul: for my meaning is, that the poet has, not a "personality" to express, but a particular medium, which is only a medium and not a personality, in which impressions and experiences combine in peculiar and unexpected ways.
Impressions and experiences which are important for the man may take no place in the poetry, and those which become important in the poetry may play quite a negligible part in the man, the personality.
Jul 10
超人偶爾飛
（續上）這種經驗，你將注意到，那些接觸催化劑而改變的元素有兩種：情緒和感覺。一件藝術作品對於欣賞者們的影響是一種特殊的經驗，與任何非藝術的經驗不同。
它可以由一種情緒單獨組成，也可以是多種感情的混合；因作者運用的特別的詞語、短句或者意象而產生並存在的各種感覺，會綜合起來產生最終的效果。也有偉大的詩歌可以不用情感來指引，而是從容地單獨依賴感官。
《地獄》第15章（布魯托·拉蒂尼）中的感情，就是明顯地通過環境不斷地激起的；其效果雖然那和任何其他藝術作品一樣單純，但確是從大量細節錯綜交織中獲得的。最後的四行詩給出了一個意象，一種附著在意象上的感覺，它是「自臨」的，不是簡單地從前章發展而來的，大概是懸浮在詩人的思維中，直到適當的組合來臨才加入其中的。但丁的思維的確是一種容器，收藏著無數感覺、短語和意象，能夠到時結合在一起形成一個新的化合物。
如果你比較一下這部最偉大的詩歌中的一些代表性章節，你將明白這種組合種類的多種多樣是多麼卓越，任何關於「崇高」的半倫理的批評凖則是怎樣地全然難中肯綮。因為重要的不是感情和或者組成部分的「偉大」與強烈；而可以說是藝術加工的強度，也可以說是壓強，在這種壓強下，聚變發生了，這才是有意義的。在帕奧羅和弗朗西斯卡那一章節中，作者驅使了一種明確的感情，但是，詩歌中的強烈感和任何我們設想中的經驗帶來的印象都截然不同。而且，它也不會比第二十六章中描寫尤利西斯在海上漂流時更強烈，在二十六章中，同樣沒有依賴任何一種情感來引導。在煉化感情的過程中種種變化都是有可能的：阿伽門農被刺、奧賽羅的痛苦，帶來的藝術效果明顯比但丁作品裡的情景更接近真實。在《阿伽門農》裡，藝術感情仿佛是一種真是旁觀者的感情；在《奧賽羅》裡，藝術感情似乎就是劇中主角自身的感情。但是藝術和時間之間的差別總是絕對的；阿伽門農被刺的藝術組合和尤利西斯漂流的藝術組合也許一樣複雜。兩者中任何一個都有各種元素的結合。濟慈的《頌歌》中包含了許多和夜鶯沒有特別關系的感覺，但是這些感覺，一定程度上是因為夜鶯美妙的名字，一定程度上是因為夜鶯的名聲，就都在夜鶯身上組合了起來。
一種我竭力想擊破的觀點，就是關於靈魂實體形而上學的說法：在我看來，詩人沒有可以表現的「個性」，只有特別的手法，這僅僅是一種手法而非一種個性，在這種手法裡，種種經驗和印象以意想不到的方式互相結合。這些對詩人具有重要意義的印象和經驗，可能在詩歌中並未顯現，但這些對於詩歌來說非常重要的經驗和印象對於詩人本身，對於詩人的個性，卻幾乎沒有什麼作用。
Jul 11
超人偶爾飛
I am alive to a usual objection to what is clearly part of my programme for the métier of poetry. The objection is that the doctrine requires a ridiculous amount of erudition (pedantry), a claim which can be rejected by appeal to the lives of poets in any pantheon. It will even be affirmed that much learning deadens or perverts poetic sensibility. While, however, we persist in believing that a poet ought to know as much as will not encroach upon his necessary receptivity and necessary laziness, it is not desirable to confine knowledge to whatever can be put into a useful shape for examinations, drawing-rooms, or the still more pretentious modes of publicity. Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweat for it. Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British Museum. What is to be insisted upon is that the poet must develop or procure the consciousness of the past and that he should continue to develop this consciousness throughout his career.
What happens is a continual surrender of himself as he is at the moment to something which is more valuable. The progress of an artist is a continual self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality.
There remains to define this process of depersonalization and its relation to the sense of tradition. It is in this depersonalization that art may be said to approach the condition of science. I shall, therefore, invite you to consider, as a suggestive analogy, the action which takes place when a bit of finely filiated platinum is introduced into a chamber containing oxygen and sulphur dioxide.
II
Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry. If we attend to the confused cries of the newspaper critics and the susurrus of popular repetition that follows, we shall hear the names of poets in great numbers; if we seek not Blue-book knowledge but the enjoyment of poetry, and ask for a poem, we shall seldom find it. In the last article I tried to point out the importance of the relation of the poem to other poems by other authors, and suggested the conception of poetry as a living whole of all the poetry that has ever been written.
The other aspect of this Impersonal theory of poetry is the relation of the poem to its author. And I hinted, by an analogy, that the mind of the mature poet differs from that of the immature one not precisely in any valuation of "personality," not being necessarily more interesting, or having "more to say," but rather by being a more finely perfected medium in which special, or very varied, feelings are at liberty to enter into new combinations.
The analogy was that of the catalyst. When the two gases previously mentioned are mixed in the presence of a filament of platinum, they form sulphurous acid. This combination takes place only if the platinum is present; nevertheless the newly formed acid contains no trace of platinum, and the platinum itself is apparently unaffected; has remained inert, neutral, and unchanged. The mind of the poet is the shred of platinum. It may partly or exclusively operate upon the experience of the man himself; but, the more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates; the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmute the passions which are its material.
Jul 12
超人偶爾飛
讓我們轉而更明白曉暢地闡述詩人和過去的關係：他不能對過去不加區分、鬍子眉毛一把抓；也不能完全熱衷一兩位自己私好的人物；也不能完全撲在自己感興趣的一個時期。第一條路是不會有效的；第二條是青年人的一次重要經歷；第三條是愉悅且高度可取的增補。詩人必須對主流有深刻認識，主流未必會都經過那些最負盛名的人來體現。他必須對這一點有相當的認識：藝術從未進化，但藝術的素材從未完全一樣過。他必須相當了解歐洲的思維、本國的思維——他遲早會知道這比他自己的思維更重要——是一種變化的思維，而且這種變化是一種發展，這發展不會在中途丟棄任何事物，它沒有把莎士比亞、荷馬或者馬格林達時期繪畫者們的作品，當做落後時代的累贅。這種發展，或許是精細化，當然是複雜化，從藝術家的角度來看，並非進步。也許在心理學家看來也不是進步或者並未達到我們想象的程度；或許最後看來不過是出自經濟和機械影響下的並發症候而已。但是過去和當下的差別在於，自覺的當下是對過去某種程度的了解，達到了過去對自身的認識所不能展示的尺幅。
有人說：「那些逝去的作家離我們很遠，因為我們知道的遠比他們多。」的確如此，他們本身就是我們知道的內容。
對於我為詩歌這個行當所擬訂部分綱領，我清楚地知道有一種慣常的異議。這種異議認為：我的教條依賴於一種近乎荒謬的博學（炫學），是一種即使訴諸任何眾神殿或者先賢祠去了解詩人們的生平也會橫遭拒絕的主張。他們甚至斷言，學識淵博會壓抑詩感或者使其墮落。但不論如何，我們堅持相信，一個詩人應該知道的越多越好，只要不妨害他必需的感受力和必需的懶散，而那種將知識的作用僅僅局限於應付考試、客廳閒談或者當眾炫耀自誇的觀點是不足取的。有人能吸收知識，但較遲鈍的則必須下苦功夫。莎士比亞從普魯塔克那裡獲得的重要史實，比大多數人從整個大英博物館獲得的還多。我們應該堅持的是，詩人必須設法取得或發展一種對過去的意識，而且應該在他的事業生涯中不斷發展這種意識。
為此，一個詩人就需要不斷地拋棄「舊我」，同時不斷趨向更有價值的事物。一個藝術家的成長之旅，就是一段持續地犧牲自我，持續地消解自己個性的旅途。我們來繼續說明這個消解個性的過程及其與傳統意識的關係。在這種消解個性的過程中，藝術可能會達到一種科學的狀態。因此，我要邀請你們將之當做一種啟發性的類比，來考慮一下：當一根細細的鉑金被放入充滿氧氣和二氧化硫的容器中後發生的反應。
II
誠實的批評和細致的鑑賞，其導向是詩歌而非詩人。如果我們留心報端批評家雜亂的喊叫和眾人隨之而起的人云亦云的私語，我們將能聽到大量詩人的姓名；如果我們探尋的並非藍皮書般的知識，而是詩歌的愉悅；我們尋找一首詩歌，卻極難找到。上文中我已經嘗試指出了一首詩和其他詩人的其他詩歌之間關係的重要性，表明詩歌是自古以來創作的一切詩歌組成的活生生的整體這樣一個概念。這種詩歌的非個人理論的另外一面，即詩歌和他的作者之間的關係。我曾用一個類比來暗示，成熟詩人的思維相比未成熟詩人的思維的差異，並非是具有更精確的「個性」價值上，也並非更具必需的趣味或者擁有「更多內涵」；而是擁有更完美、獨特的介質，或者非常豐富多樣，各種感情可以自由地進入並組成新作品。
我用化學催化劑來類比。前面提到的兩種氣體和那根細細的鉑金絲混合，它們就會化合成亞硫酸。這個化學反應只有在鉑金絲出場時才會發生；然而產生的新化合物中卻不含有一點點兒的鉑金元素，鉑金本身也紋絲未動，依舊保持中立、毫無變化。詩人的思維就是這樣一條鉑金絲。它可以部分或者全然地在詩人自己的經驗上起作用；但是，藝術家越想完美，就越要徹底地在他身上分離出感受者和創造者的角色；就越要完美地消化和煉化激情這個材料。
Jul 18
超人偶爾飛
In a peculiar sense he will be aware also that he must inevitably be judged by the standards of the past. I say
judged, not amputated, by them; not judged to be as good as, or worse or better than, the dead; and certainly not judged by the canons of dead critics. It is a judgment, a comparison, in which two things are measured by each other.
To conform merely would be for the new work not really to conform at all; it would not be new, and would therefore not be a work of art. And we do not quite say that the new is more valuable because it fits in; but its fitting in is a test of its value—a test, it is true, which can only be slowly and cautiously applied, for we are none of us infallible judges of conformity. We say: it appears to conform, and is perhaps individual, or it appears individual, and may conform; but we are hardly likely to find that it is one and not the other.
To proceed to a more intelligible exposition of the relation of the poet to the past: he can neither take the past as a lump, an indiscriminate bolus, nor can he form himself wholly on one or two private admirations, nor can he form himself wholly upon one preferred period. The first course is inadmissible, the second is an important experience of youth, and the third is a pleasant and highly desirable supplement. The poet must be very conscious of the main current, which does not at all flow invariably through the most distinguished reputations. He must be quite aware of the obvious fact that art never improves, but that the material of art is never quite the same. He must be aware that the mind of Europe—the mind of his own country—a mind which he learns in time to be much more important than his own private mind—is a mind which changes, and that this change is a development which abandons nothing en route, which does not superannuate either Shakespeare, or Homer, or the rock drawing of the Magdalenian draughtsmen. That this development,refinement perhaps, complication certainly, is not, from the point of view of the artist, any improvement.
Perhaps not even an improvement from the point of view of the psychologist or not to the extent which we imagine; perhaps only in the end based upon a complication in economics and machinery. But the difference between the present and the past is that the conscious present is an awareness of the past in a way and to an extent which the past's awareness of itself cannot show.
Some one said: "The dead writers are remote from us because we know so much more than they did."
Precisely, and they are that which we know.
Jul 20
超人偶爾飛
厄土·譯:T.S.艾略特：傳統與個人才能
I
在英國文學寫作中，我們很少會談到傳統，盡管偶爾我們在悲嘆傳統的缺席時也會用到這個名字。但我們無法指出「這種傳統」或「一種傳統」，頂多，是在討論某某人的詩歌時，用形容詞來說它是「傳統的」，或者甚至「太傳統」了。這個詞匯的確罕見，除了可能在一些貶義的短語中出現。要不然，就是一種含混的贊許，帶著這種暗示：被贊許的作品是件令人喜愛的考古復制品。如果不是輕鬆地提及考古這門讓人放心的學問的話，你很難讓英國人對「傳統」這個詞聽著順耳。
當然了，這個名詞不會出現在我們對以往或者健在作家的賞析裡。每個國家、每個種族不僅在創作上，而且在批評上都有自己的氣質；不過，相比自己創作天賦上的缺陷和局限，更容易忘記自己批評習慣上的缺陷和局限。從浩瀚的、法文的、呈現法國人批評理論和習慣的批評著作中，我們明白了，或者以為自己明白了；我們就斷定（我們是如此不自覺的民族）法國人比我們「更挑剔」，有時甚至因為這樣的事實而有些沾沾自喜，好像法國人沒有我們率真。他們或許如此，不過我們也應該提醒自己批評和呼吸一樣不可或缺，當我們讀到一本好書並且因此感動時，我們仍然應該清楚地表達我們心裡的想法，批評我們在批評工作中的思維想法。在這個過程中一個漸趨明朗的事實即是我們堅持的傾向，當我們贊揚一個詩人，我們關注的是他作品中與別人最不相似的部分。在他作品的這些方面或部分中，我們自稱找到了什麼是個體的，什麼是這個人獨有的本質。我們在詩人與前輩、尤其是他的直接前輩的不同中滿意地棲居，我們竭力挑選出那些可以與世隔絕的部分來欣賞。但是，如果我們在接近一位詩人時擯棄這種偏見，我們會經常發現，不僅在他作品最好的部分、而且最個人最獨特的部分裡，那些死去的詩人、他的先輩們，也在強有力地宣示著他們的不朽。我所指的不是詩人易受影響的青春期，而是他們完全成熟的時期。
但是，如果傳統的、流傳的唯一形式，存在於盲目的追隨前代的步伐或者懦弱地忠誠於前代的成功方法裡，「傳統」就絕對是阻礙。我們看到過許多如此遲鈍的水流很快就消失在了沙灘裡；新穎勝過反覆。傳統是一個擁有更廣泛意義的事物。它不可能通過繼承權而得到，如果你想得到它，就必須付出巨大的努力。這就牽涉到：首先，歷史意識，對於那些想在二十五歲以後還繼續做詩人的人而言是必不可少的；而且歷史意識也牽涉到一種感知力，不僅是要領悟過去事物的過去性，而且要領悟過去事物的此在性；歷史意識迫使人們寫作時不僅要與他自己的時代一起，而且還要意識到從荷馬以來整個歐洲文學史以及整個本國文學是一個同在的實體，構成了一個同在的秩序。這種歷史意識，既是一種永恆的意識，也是一種現世的意識，同時也是關於永恆與現世相結合的意識，正是這種歷史意識，使得一個作家成為傳統的。也正是這種歷史意識，使一個作家敏銳地意識到自己在時間中的位置，在當代的位置。
沒有詩人或者任何藝術形式的藝術家，可以獨自具有他全部的意義。他的重要性、對他進行鑑賞就是對他和以往詩人及藝術家之間關係的鑑賞。你不能對他單獨進行評估，你必須把他放置在前輩藝術家和詩人之間來對照、比較。我的意思是，這是一條美學批評准則，不僅是歷史的。他必須遵守、必須協同，這種必要性並非單方面的；當一件新的藝術作品被創作時發生的情況，正是同時發生於它之前存在的藝術作品的情況。現存的傑作自身就構成了一個完滿的秩序，這個秩序在新的（真正新的）藝術作品引入其中時被修正和改良了。現存的秩序在新作品的來臨前是完滿的，為了在新事物加入之後繼續保持完滿，整個現存秩序就必須改變，哪怕是微小的變化；因此每件藝術作品相對於整體之間的關係、均衡和價值就會重新調整；這就是新和舊之間的協同。無論誰贊同這個關於秩序、英國文學、歐洲文學的看法，就不會認為過去被現在所更改、現在受過去指引是荒謬的了。明了這一點的詩人就會認識到巨大的困難和責任感。
在一種特殊意義上，他也會知道他不可避免地要經受過去標凖的裁判。我說裁判，不是說被他們裁剪；不是被裁判得相比逝者一樣好、更好或者更糟糕。當然也不是用已逝的批評家的橫尺來裁判。這是一種裁判、對照，其中，兩者之間彼此斟酌、橫度。如果說協同僅僅只是對新作品而言，那麼從根本上說，就不是真正的協同，新作品也就不會被稱之為「新」，而且因此就不是一件藝術作品。而且，我們也沒有說，新作品之所以更有價值是因為其與（過去的標凖）更相符。但是，它是否與之相符確屬對其價值的一種測試——這種測試，是真實的，只能緩慢且審慎地運用，因為在對是否協同進行審判上，我們沒有人是不會犯錯的。我們宣稱：它顯得協同，而且可能是獨特的，或者顯得獨特，而且可能協同；但是，我們不可能知道它是此非彼。
Jul 23
超人偶爾飛
It cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. It involves, in the first place, the historical sense, which we may call nearly indispensable to anyone who would continue to be a poet beyond his twenty-fifth year; and the historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence; the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, but with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order. This historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional. And it is at the same time what makes a writer most acutely conscious of his place in time, of his contemporaneity.
No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the
appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists.
You cannot value him alone; you must set him, for contrast and comparison, among the dead. I mean this as a principle of æsthetic, not merely historical,criticism. The necessity that he shall conform, that he shall cohere, is not one-sided; what happens when a new work of art is created is something that happens simultaneously to all the works of art which preceded it.
The existing monuments form an ideal order among themselves, which is modified by the introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them. The existing order is complete before the new work arrives; for order to persist after the supervention of novelty, the whole existing order must be, if ever so slightly, altered; and so the relations, proportions, values of each work of art toward the whole are readjusted; and this is conformity between the old and the new. Whoever has approved this idea of order, of the form of European, of English literature, will not find it preposterous that the past should be altered by the present as much as the present is directed by the past. And the poet who is aware of this will be aware of great difficulties and responsibilities.
Jul 24
超人偶爾飛
Tradition and the Individual Talent (1919) by T. S. Eliot
I
IN English writing we seldom speak of tradition, though we occasionally apply its name in deploring its absence. We cannot refer to "the tradition" or to "a tradition"; at most, we employ the adjective in saying that the poetry of So-and-so is "traditional" or even "too traditional." seldom, perhaps, does the word appear except in a phrase of censure. If otherwise, it is vaguely approbative, with the implication, as to the work approved, of some pleasing archæological reconstruction. You can hardly make the word agreeable to English ears without this comfortable reference to the reassuring science of archæology.
Certainly the word is not likely to appear in our appreciations of living or dead writers. Every nation, every
race, has not only its own creative, but its own critical turn of mind; and is even more oblivious of the shortcomings and limitations of its critical habits than of those of its creative genius. We know, or think we know, from the enormous mass of critical writing that has appeared in the French language the critical method or habit of the French; we only conclude (we are such unconscious people) that the French are "more critical" than we, and sometimes even plume ourselves a little with the fact, as if the French were the less spontaneous. Perhaps they are; but we might remind ourselves that criticism is as inevitable as breathing, and that we should be none the worse for articulating what passes in our minds when we read a book and feel an emotion about it, for criticizing our own minds in their work of criticism. One of the facts that might come to light in this process is our tendency to insist, when we praise a poet, upon those aspects of his work in which he least resembles anyone else. In these aspects or parts of his work we pretend to find what is individual, what is the peculiar essence of the man. We dwell with satisfaction upon the poet's difference from his predecessors, especially his immediate predecessors; we endeavour to find something that can be isolated in order to be enjoyed. Whereas if we approach a poet without this prejudice we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual parts of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously. And I do not mean the impressionable period of adolescence, but the period of full maturity.
Yet if the only form of tradition, of handing down, consisted in following the ways of the immediate generation before us in a blind or timid adherence to its successes, "tradition" should positively be discouraged. We have seen many such simple currents soon lost in the sand; and novelty is better than repetition. Tradition is a matter of much wider significance.
Jul 25
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP:退休學者的心理學與學術倫理——以〈學術殿堂叙事〉個案為省思
一、前言
在〈學術殿堂叙事〉中，作者以極具批判性的語調評論部分退休學者「退而不休」的行徑，強調「學術需與時俱進」、「過去的榮耀不足以為當下學術背書」，甚至認為「不讀新書」等於「學術淘汰」。這段敘事表面上是對學術品質的堅持，實則蘊含了複雜的心理動機與倫理價值判斷，值得深入探討。
本文將從心理學與學術倫理兩大面向剖析此案例，進一步探問：退休學者在學術場域中，應扮演何種角色？學術貢獻與參與的標準，是否真能以「更新速度」與「產出新知」為唯一指標？
二、心理學角度分析
根據Erikson的心理社會發展理論，老年期的心理任務在於「自我整合」──即整合一生經歷，達成內在的和諧與意義感。〈學術殿堂叙事〉中的敘事者，看似已接受自己「不再研究、不再發聲」的退休狀態，並視「自知之明」為晚年學者的最高品德。
但言語中不乏對仍活躍者的貶低，可能顯示其實未完全放下學術認同，反而透過貶低他人選擇來強化自己的道德優勢與自尊。這種心態可解釋為一種自我防衛機制──例如合理化（rationalization）或投射（projection）：將個人的學術退出視為唯一正當、道德的抉擇，以抵銷潛在的失落感與懷疑。
此虚構案例中對「退休學者」的描述，帶有明顯的年齡偏見（ageism）：他們「重複觀點」、「無研究能力」、「靠名氣混飯吃」等說法，忽略了許多年長學者在理論整合、跨領域對話或歷史回顧上的深厚貢獻。
心理學研究指出，創造力與年齡的關係並非單向下降，而是呈現不同型態的轉換（如從創新性轉向深度與整合性）。貶抑他人可能反映出敘事者內在的焦慮：若他人仍有貢獻，是否意味自己退出得太早？
敘事者強調「有心就該去爭取資源」「申請經費買書是學術的基本」，展現了明顯的內控傾向（internal locus of control）：相信成功來自於個人努力。然而，這樣的觀點也可能隱藏一種對失控的恐懼：當退休後失去話語權與制度資源掌控時，轉而貶低仍在場者的貢獻，或許正是他對失去學術掌控感的心理回應。
三、學術倫理角度評議
此案敘事者主張，學者若無法掌握新知，便應退出學界。這看似高標準，實則忽視了學術貢獻的多元形式。許多退休學者在其生命歷程的後期轉向理論統整、歷史回顧、教學指導、跨世代合作等，這些同樣構成寶貴的知識資產，與「學術退場」之命題不能畫上等號。
「不買新書就落伍」「新資料可推翻你所有論文」等言論反映了學界常見的新穎性偏誤（novelty bias）。這種過度重視新知產出的價值觀，容易忽略知識的累積性、持續性與反思性。許多經典理論與研究之所以歷久彌新，恰恰因其具備深刻的結構與意義，而非取決於出版年份。
學術倫理應保障多元參與而非設限。將「退休等於退出學術」當作道德準則，事實上限制了學術自由與知識傳承的可能。一個健康的學術社群應容納不同生命階段與角色貢獻者──有些人擅長開疆闢土，有些人擅長回顧整合，有些人擅長教學與提攜後進──這些都是不可或缺的知識生態元素。
敘事者強調「申請經費→買書→做研究」的行動邏輯，卻忽略制度分配的不對等。私校教師、兼任教師、非正職學者常面臨資源匱乏，非出於「不努力」，而是「無從努力」。當資源集中於少數頂尖機構與現職人員手中，是否能憑一己之力「爭取到一切」，本身就是倫理上的模糊點。
四、結論與展望
〈學術殿堂叙事〉呈現了一位已退學者的「憤世嫉俗」式自述，蘊含豐富的心理掙扎與倫理判斷。其對學術「純度」的捍衛固然值得敬重，但若因此排拒他人的存在價值，則可能反映出一種轉型焦慮與控制慾的投射。
學術倫理不應只看「新」與「快」，而應更重視知識的多樣性、參與的正義性與世代間的尊重與協作。學術不是競爭場，更應是共創場——唯有這樣，才能真正體現「殿堂」二字所承載的開放與包容。
Aug 6
超人偶爾飛
童年中期（6-10歲）
社會心理危機：勤奮對自卑
正式進入學校的時期。此時適時的鼓勵很重要，若父母期望過於高不可攀，可能造成兒童的自卑心理。
中心任務： 教育
正面成果： 獲得學習能力，成就感
自我品質： 能力
重要關係： 學校
青春期（11-18歲）
社會心理危機： 自我認同和角色混淆
此階段要解決認定與認定混淆的衝突。在這個時期，需要弄清楚「我是一個怎麼樣的人？」，以這個「自我認定的形象」為基準來探索未來。反之，將會不知道自己該怎麼做、將使自己成為怎樣的一個人。許多青少年的不良適應行為，就常是角色混淆的結果。
中心任務： 同輩群體
正面後果： 強烈的團體歸屬感，為將來準備計畫
自我品質： 忠誠
重要關係： 同輩群體
成人早期（18-34歲）
社會心理危機： 親密對孤獨
親密關係包含著犧牲與妥協，要達到此種關係，必須靠青年期所獲得的認定感。若不能確立自我認定的形象，對本身缺乏正確的認識，無法做適切的定位，也就不能對他人做永久性的承諾，而形成一種與人疏離的情況。
中心任務： 關心
正面後果： 組成密切關係，和他人分享
自我品質： 愛
重要關係： 配偶、朋友
成人中期（35-60歲）
社會心理危機： 繁殖對停滯
涵蓋了整個成年的歲月。在此階段主要的動機，是求得對家庭和社會有所貢獻，若不能達成這個心願，會意志消沉，變得消極。
中心任務： 創造力
正面後果： 養育兒童或幫助下一代
自我品質： 關心
重要關係： 工作場所 - 社區 & 家庭....
成人晚期（60歲-去世）
社會心理危機：自我完善對失望
即對自己一生的經歷做檢視與統整。如果細數一生都能感到滿意，還值得回味，便能平心靜氣地歡度餘年，反之則會滿懷失望和空虛的心情，平添悔恨。
中心任務： 反省
正面後果： 對一生感到滿意
自我品質： 智慧
重要關係： 人類
參考資料
張春興（1989）。張氏心理學辭典。臺北市：臺灣東華。
張春興（1991）。現代心理學。台北市：臺灣東華。
黃堅厚（1999）。人格心理學。台北市：心理出版社。
黛安娜‧巴巴利亞、莎莉‧歐茨（1994）。發展心理學（黃惠真譯）。台北市：桂冠。
（原見：教育百科）
Aug 7
超人偶爾飛
教育学詞條名稱：心理社會理論_艾里克森(E._Erikson)
緣起
艾里克森的父母親為丹麥人，父母離異後，隨父母遷居至德國，母親也改嫁於一位猶太醫生，但也因為如此，使他在身分上引起了困擾。而後因為歐洲不安定，在1939年時歸化美國，也才更名為Erik Erikson。他根據自身人生經驗及多年從事心理治療觀察所見，發展出心理社會發展理論。
艾里克森社會心理發展階段是根據艾里克‧艾里克森描述，將正常人的一生，從嬰兒期到成人晚期，分為8個發展階段 。在每個階段，個人都面臨、並克服新的挑戰。每個階段都建築在成功完成較早的階段任務的基礎之上。如果未能成功完成本階段的挑戰，則會在將來再次造成問題。
1950年代，艾里克‧艾里克森創立這個理論，作為對西格蒙德·佛洛伊德性心理發展階段的改進。艾里克森接受佛洛伊德理論的觀念（包括本我、自我和超我，以及佛洛伊德性心理發展中的幼兒性欲），但是反對佛洛伊德試圖單純以性欲為基礎來描述人格。此外，艾里克森批評佛洛伊德originology的觀念。就是說所有心理疾病都可以追溯到童年早期經驗。根據艾里克森，童年早期的經驗很重要，但是個體仍能在社會環境內得到發展。艾里克森相信童年對於人格發展非常重要，與佛洛伊德不同，認為人格在5歲以後繼續發展。在他最有影響的著作《兒童與社會》1950年中，他將人的一生分為8個社會心理發展階段。
階段
嬰兒期（出生-18個月）
社會心理危機：信任對不信任
這個階段母親扮演了重要的角色，是否有密切地關心嬰兒的需要並迅速的回應？信任使嬰兒願意讓母親離開視線，而不信任則會使嬰兒甚至終身懷有不安全感。
主要問題： 我的環境可信嗎？
中心任務： 接受照料
正面結果： 信任人與環境
自我品質： 希望
重要關係： 父母
幼年（18個月-3歲）
社會心理危機：自主對羞怯、懷疑
排泄訓練可能影響兒童社會關係發展，若父母親能有耐心、態度溫和的對待兒童的行為結果，使其嘗試自我控制，對行動也更有信心，反之，若要求過於嚴厲，可能使兒童因闖禍而感到羞愧，進而對自己產生懷疑，變得畏首畏尾。
主要問題： 我是否需要得到其他人的幫助？
中心任務：模仿
正面後果：自豪
自我品質： 意志
重要關係：父母
童年早期（3-5歲)
社會心理危機：創造進取對內疚
此時兒童在語言、動作、思考各方面都有增進，若能給予兒童適時表達自己的主張，並給予適當的保護與指引，有助於兒童去實現自己所訂定的目標，反之，若不給予支持，則可能因此變得內疚或壓抑，覺得自己一無是處。
中心任務： 認同
正面後果： 能發起活動並喜愛學習
自我品質： 目的
重要關係： 家庭
Aug 8
超人偶爾飛
愛墾APP:微小說《退場》
黎教授退休了。終於習慣了午飯後不再打開信箱查收審稿通知，也習慣了書房裡的沉默不再被學生的提問打破。
享受人生的方式變得純樸起来，如果不在社媒上發幾張早餐或午餐的食物照片，便随手抽幾本書，拍些照片，上載去提醒世界，他曾經讀過多麽深刻的書。
這天午後，陽光從書架間斜斜灑落，落在他攤開的筆記本上。他在臉書上回應了一位舊學生的留言，對方問他近況，也問他是否還有新的研究計畫。他本想簡單帶過，卻不知怎地，思緒愈發清晰，手也不自覺地敲下了幾行字。
他寫：「前陣子和你談了買書的事，今天想再補充幾句。」
說這話的時候，他正從書架上抽出一本書——《東方式情感教育轉型》。十多年前出版，封面仍然筆挺，只是書脊處有了幾道時間刻下的微紋。他記得那年在做田野，濕熱的雨林與教室裡微涼的空調交錯出一種奇特的節奏，他靠著手上的研究經費，訂了當年幾乎所有相關的出版品。他一直相信：研究不是記憶，而是追上變動的速度，甚至比它更快一步。
「現在還有人能這麼買書嗎？」他心裡一閃念。
既有幾分似乎理由充足的驕傲，也有一點點的學術體認。買書從不是浪漫，而是一種投資，一種姿態。但姿態需要代價，而代價往往不是退休金能涵蓋的。他知道，許多老學者沒有放下講台，繼續受聘於私立大專、接行政職位，有些甚至名氣更勝往昔。
他也知道，有學校用他們的名號來裝飾招生簡章——名字印得比校訓還大。他不是不敬，只是看見了一種悲涼的實用主義。那些名字曾代表知識的重量，現在成了招牌的亮光。他參加過幾次研討會，會上見到熟悉的老面孔，說的仍是多年前的資料與觀點，換湯不換藥，只是投影片改了設計。
「他們不是不努力，而是努力已經沒了力氣的回報。」他心中有這樣一句話，但從未說出口。
研究這回事，說穿了，是孤獨地與世界同步。那需要新書、新方法，也需要眼光與體力。他曾經擁有過，也親手放下過。有一年，某研究機構邀請他演講。他回信婉拒，理由簡單：他已退休，未再持續追蹤，無以為言。
「學者要有自知之明，不是自信的那種明，而是知道自己什麼時候該停下來，不再用過去的聲音講未來的故事。」
他在鍵盤上打下這一句，停頓了一下，然後按下「發布」。
傍晚的光線已偏黃，書桌一角那疊舊稿紙被風輕輕掀起，一頁飄落在地毯上。他沒有彎腰去撿。坐回椅子時，他看見書桌對面的空椅子——曾是學生來訪時的座位，如今只剩寂靜。
他笑了笑，不是無奈的笑，只是一種知曉。
有些人選擇留下舞台，有些人選擇讓位。
他從不覺得後者比較高尚，但他知道，真正退場的人，不該再走回台前。（純属虚構）
Aug 9