薛巍·互聯網:數字坎普 英國時尚記者查理·波特說:“在數字時代之前,坎普主要存在於劇院、芭蕾舞、歌劇、電視節目中。今天坎普主要的舞臺是互聯網,因為我們在網上看到的很多東西都有多重含義。有著滾動的眼睛和活潑的目光的表情包是坎普。推特不是坎普,因為它本質上很絕望。照片分享網站的中年用戶往往很坎普,尤其是在他們自拍的時候。實際上,中年本身就很坎普,因為中年是一種失敗的嚴肅。《權力的遊戲》是坎普的巔峰,尤其是那些男子穿著皮外套站在冰墻上作終生貞潔誓言的場景。”(薛巍·當代文化中的“坎普” / Photo Credit:7 Pearls Of Writing Wisdom From Susan Sontag)
We seldom realize, for example that our most private thoughts and emotions are not actually our own. For we think in terms of languages and images which we did not invent, but which were given to us by our society
“We seldom realize, for example that our most private thoughts and emotions are not actually our own.
For we think in terms of languages and images which we did not invent,
but which were given to us by our society” by Alam W. Watts.
When we become the transcreation partner of a brand, we ensure that all our services have deep roots in the culture of each target market. Our project managers connect with a network of in-house language specialists who become their trusted knowledge-base to ensure all assets are produced with a true understanding of the market’s consumer mindset.
“Without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future” by Albert Camus.
“Keep your language. Love its sounds, its modulation, its rhythm. But try to march together with men of different languages, remote from your own, who wish like you for a more just and human world.” by Hélder Câmara.
Every country, every community are strongly tied together by an intricate tapestry of individual values, norms and a specific history, so to understand their culture is to understand them. Speaking to a person in a way which is sensitive to their own distinct, unique culture enables a brand to not only elicit the intended emotional response through branded communications, but also shows that the brand can be trusted to understand their consumer.
Culture and its impact on the communities it was born of is a beautiful, multifaceted entity which gives strength, identity and purpose to its people, and these culture quotes explore the reasons why we emphasise obtaining a true insight into the cultures we help brands to speak to.
Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear, their table-talk, gossip, controversies, historical sense and scientific training, the values they appreciate, the quality of life they admire. All communities have a culture. It is the climate of their civilization. (Source: 19 Insightful Quotes About Culture by Textappeal)
“Illusory universality is the universality of the art of the culture industry, it is the universality of the homogeneous same, an art which no longer even promises happiness but only provides easy amusement as relief from labour.” (Theodor Adorno)
Adorno argues against the Culture Industry due to its mass manipulation which in turn renders art less artistic. In that, the injection of mass consumerism and capitalism into art has led to the loss of authentic art. He argues that the culture industry is interested in creating art that is meant to give momentary enjoyment to the mass rather than cater to the aesthetic. The saturation of mediocre entertainment in the market contains less and less art as it aims to capture as much as possible. The prioritization of monetary profit in the commodification of art molds the culture industry.
“The culture industry is not the art of the consumer but rather the projection of the will of those in control onto their victims. The automatic self-reproduction of the status quo in its established forms is itself an expression of domination.” Theodor Adorno
Adorno further explains the mass manipulation that goes into making the culture industry viable in the eyes of the consumers. He expounds that knack of the culture industry is not in concealing that they manipulating the masses but to get the consumers to not care either way. Therefore, he compares this type of manipulation to the fascist ideologies that are embraced by the masses despite deteriorating their well-being. The assertion expresses this dynamic and how it also brings forth a class divide that sees the domination of the consumers in the market.
“You don’t have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them.” by Ray Bradbury.
“A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people” by Mahatma Gandhi.
“Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear” by Walter Lippmann.
“Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity” by Robert Alan.
“Traditions are the guideposts driven deep in our subconscious minds. The most powerful ones are those we can’t even describe, aren’t even aware of” by Ellen Goodman.
“Culture is the arts elevated to a set of beliefs” by Thomas Wolfe
“We may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin, but we all belong to one human race” by Kofi Annan.
“The beauty of the world lies in the diversity of its people.”
“You don’t have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them.” by Ray Bradbury.
If we are to preserve culture we must continue to create it
“If we are to preserve culture we must continue to create it” by Johan Huizinga.
“Never judge someone by the way he looks or a book by the way it’s covered; For inside those tattered pages, there’s a lot to be discovered” by Stephen Cosgrove.
“The crucial differences which distinguish human societies and human beings are not biological. They are cultural.” by Ruth Benedict.
“Culture is a way of coping with the world by defining it in detail.” by Malcolm Bradbury.
“Difference is of the essence of humanity. Difference is an accident of birth and it should therefore never be the source of hatred or conflict. The answer to difference is to respect it. Therein lies a most fundamental principle of peace: respect for diversity.” by John Hume.
“Strength lies in differences, not in similarities” by Stephen R. Covey.
“Every man’s ability may be strengthened or increased by culture” by John Abbot.
No culture can live if it attempts to be exclusive. by Mahatma Gandhi
“One of the greatest regrets in life is being what others would want you to be, rather than being yourself” by Shannon L. Alder.
Travel far enough, you meet yourself. ― David Mitchell
To Travel is to Live. – Hans Christian Andersen
Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. ― Mark Twain
I haven’t been everywhere, but it’s on my list. – Susan Sontag
They’re short, they’re sweet, and they’re oh-so-true. These short travel quotes will have you wanting to be back on a beach in no time. Like this one: Hot air balloon above high mountain at sunset
A journey is best measured in friends rather than miles. – Tim Cahill
Jobs fill your pocket, but adventures fill your soul. – Jamie Lyn Beatty
Wherever you go becomes a part of you somehow. ― Anita Desai
Work, Travel, Save, Repeat. – Unknown
When preparing to travel, lay out all your clothes and all your money. Then take half the clothes and twice the money. – Susan Heller
Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all. ― Helen Keller
If it scares you, it may be a good thing to try.— Seth Godin
Adventure is worthwhile. – Aesop
I’m in love with cities I’ve never been to and people I’ve never met. – John Green
Oh the places you’ll go. – Dr. Seuss
Life is short and the world is wide. – Unknown
These famous minds knew exactly how addicting travel can be, and we want to share their insights with you.
People don’t take trips, trips take people. – John Steinbeck
The great glory of travel, to me, is not just what I see that's new to me in countries visited, but that in almost every one of them I change from an outsider looking in to an insider looking out.― Clara E. Laughlin
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. – Lao Tzu
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes. ― Marcel Proust
Live life with no excuses, travel with no regret.― Oscar Wilde
So much of who we are, is where we have been. ― William Langewiesche
Traveling is a brutality. It forces you to trust strangers and to lose sight of all that familiar comfort of home and friends. You are constantly off balance. Nothing is yours except the essential things: air, sleep, dreams, sea, the sky – all things tending towards the eternal or what we imagine of it. – Cesare Pavese
A ship in a harbor is safe, but it not what ships are built for. – John A. Shedd
Travel is the only thing you buy that makes you richer.
I would like to travel the world with you twice. Once to see the world. Twice, to see the way you see the world.
Now more than ever do I realize that I will never be content with a sedentary life, that I will always be haunted by thoughts of a sun-drenched elsewhere.― Isabelle Eberhardt
Travelling – it leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller. ― Ibn Battuta
Travel makes one modest. You see what a tiny place you occupy in the world. – Gustav Flaubert
Our happiest moments as tourists always seem to come when we stumble upon one thing while in pursuit of something else.― Lawrence Block
What we find in a soul mate is not something to tame, but something wild to run with. – Robert Brault
Travel makes one modest. You see what a tiny place you occupy in the world.― Gustav Flaubert
One’s destination is never a place but rather a new way of looking at things. – Henry Miller
An adventure a day keeps the doctor away.
Just imagine: a smiling woman with camera exploring Valencia
Always say yes to new adventures.
Will you give me yourself? Will you come travel with me? Shall we stick by each other as long as we live? – Walt Whitman
These inspirational travel quotes will remind you of the transformational experience traveling can be. They also look great on a travel mug.
If you want to document your travel experiences on social media, we have the Instagram captions for you. Use these short and fun travel captions for Instagram to share how you spent your vacation.-Instagram
The greatest legacy we can leave our children is happy memories – Og Mandino
Good company in a journey makes the way seem shorter. – Izaak Walton
It doesn’t matter where you are going. It matters who is beside you.
It’s a magical world, Hobbes, ol’ buddy… Let’s go exploring! – Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes
The more I travelled the more I realized that fear makes strangers of people who should be friends. – Shirley MacLaine
Sharing adventures means enjoying them 100% more.
Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore. – Andre Gide
The gladdest moment in human life, me thinks, is a departure into unknown lands.― Sir Richard Burton
I want someone to look at me the way I look at a travel magazine.
To my mind, the greatest reward and luxury of travel is to be able to experience everyday things as if for the first time, to be in a position in which almost nothing is so familiar it is taken for granted. ― Bill Bryson
A person susceptible to ‘wanderlust’ is not so much addicted to movement as committed to transformation. – Pico Iyer
I need six months of vacation, twice a year.
The very basic core of a man's living spirit is his passion for adventure. The joy of life comes from our encounters with new experiences, and hence there is no greater joy than to have an endlessly changing horizon, for each day to have a new and different sun. ― Christopher McCandless
An understanding of the natural world and what’s in it is a source of not only a great curiosity but great fulfilment. ― Sir David Attenborough
Travel far enough, you meet yourself. – David Mitchell
Paris is always a good idea. Audrey Hepburn
It seems that the more places I see and experience, the bigger I realize the world to be. The more I become aware of, the more I realize how relatively little I know of it, how many places I have still to go, how much more there is to learn. – Anthony Bourdain
The sea, once it casts its spell, holds one in its net of wonder forever.― Jacques Cousteau
Do you love solo travel? If so, these adventure quotes were made just for you. And don’t be afraid to share them with other fellow travelers who don’t mind the occasional solo adventure.
Travel only with thy equals or thy betters; if there are none, travel alone. – The Dhammapada
Can we just skip to the part of my life where I travel the world?
It is only in adventure that some people succeed in knowing themselves – in finding themselves. ― André Gide
People don’t take trips, trips take people. ― John Steinbeck
Here’s to all the places we went. And here’s to all the places we ‘ll go. And here’s to me, whispering again and again and again and again: I love you.
Eating my way through [or insert city or country here]
I get a friend to travel with me… I need somebody to bring me back to who I am. It’s hard to be alone. – Leonardo DiCaprio
It is not down in any map; true places never are. – Herman Melville
We travel, some of us forever, to seek other states, other lives, other souls. – Anais Nin
I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move. – Robert Louis Stevenson
The worst thing about being a tourist is having other tourists recognize you as a tourist. – Russell Baker
Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all. – Helen Keller
Live life with no excuses, travel with no regret. – Oscar Wilde
Adventure is a path. Real adventure, self-determined, self-motivated, often risky, forces you to have firsthand encounters with the world. – Mark Jenkins
A good traveller has no fixed plans, and is not intent on arriving. – Lao Tzu
The world makes way for the man who knows where he is going. – Ralph Waldo Emerson
It’s not what you look at that matters. It’s what you see. – Henry David Thoreau
Two roads diverged in a wood and I – I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. – Robert Frost
Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. – Mark Twain
Travel is about the gorgeous feeling of teetering in the unknown. – Anthony Bourdain
I follow my heart … and it usually leads me to the airport.
Whether it’s with your Dad, your sister, your friend, or your significant other– these travel together quotes are sure to remind you of all the wonderful memories you shared together.
Life is not meant to be lived in one place.
Travel becomes a strategy for accumulating photographs. – Susan Sontag
Young brave divers couple jumping off cliff into ocean
If you’re twenty-two, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel – as far and as widely as possible. Sleep on floors if you have to. Find out how other people live and eat and cook. Learn from them – wherever you go. – Anthony Bourdain
Friends that travel together, stay together.
Once the travel bug bites there is no known antidote, and I know that I shall be happily infected until the end of my life.― Michael Palin
Always take the scenic route.
It does not do to dwell on dreams and forget to live.― Albus Dumbledore
Go the distance, couples who travel together are more likely to stay together and feel more connected.
To awaken quite alone in a strange town is one of the pleasantest sensations in the world. – Freya Stark
Take only memories, leave only footprints. – Chief Seattle
Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. – Mark Twain
Travel isn’t always pretty. It isn’t always comfortable. Sometimes it hurts, it even breaks your heart. But that’s okay. The journey changes you; it should change you. It leaves marks on your memory, on your consciousness, on your heart, and on your body. You take something with you. Hopefully, you leave something good behind. – Anthony Bourdain
I’ve been to almost as many places as my luggage. – Bob Hope
The tan will fade, but the memories will last forever.
Jet lag is for amateurs. – Dick Clark
I have found out that there ain’t no surer way to find out whether you like people or hate them than to travel with them. – Mark Twain
The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page. – Augustine of Hippo
Blessed are the curious for they shall have adventures. – Lovelle Drachman
It liberates the vandal to travel — you never saw a bigoted, opinionated, stubborn, narrow-minded, self-conceited, almighty mean man in your life but he had stuck in one place since he was born and thought God made the world and dyspepsia and bile for his especial comfort and satisfaction. – Mark Twain
Live your life by a compass not a clock. – Stephen Covey
Remember that happiness is a way of travel – not a destination. – Roy M. Goodman
Traveling – it leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller. – Ibn Battuta
We live in a wonderful world that is full of beauty, charm and adventure. There is no end to the adventures we can have if only we seek them with our eyes open. – Jawaharial Nehru Perhaps travel cannot prevent bigotry, but by demonstrating that all peoples cry, laugh, eat, worry, and die, it can introduce the idea that if we try and understand each other, we may even become friends. – Maya Angelou
The most beautiful in the world is, of course, the world itself. – Wallace Stevens
Like the crews in Hokusai's masterpiece, those on the COVID-19 frontlines are today fighting towering waves. But - just as the sailors can spot Mount Fuji - they do so because they have a strong sense of purpose. Theirs, then, is a lesson in leadership for all. (What can this painting tell us about leadership in the COVID-19 era? Jun 1, 2020 WEF)
日本画家葛饰北斋(Katsushika Hokusai,1760-1849),在1999年曾被美国《生活》(Life)杂志,选为过去一千年最重要的百大事件与人物(The 100 Most Important Events and People of the Past 1,000 Years)第86位。换句话说,他是一千年来最伟大的日本人。
In the ordinary situations of bourgeois life, banalities about art, literature or cinema are in separable from the steady tone, the slow , casual diction, the distant or self-assured smile, the measured gesture, the well-tailored suit and the bourgeois salon of the person who pronounces them as can be seen whenever a change in social position puts the habitus into new conditions, so that its specific efficacy can be ioslated, it is taste. the taste of necessity or the taste of luxury and not high or low income which commands the practices objectively adjusted to these resoureces.—— 引自第3頁
The Search for Distinction
The search for distinction has no need to see itself for what it is and all the intolerances of noise crowds inculcated by a bourgeois upbringing are generally sufficient to provoke the changes of terrain or object which, in work as in leisure, lead towards the objects places or activities rarest at a given moment. those who are held to be distinguished have the privilege of not worrying about their distinction; they can leave it to the objective mechanisms which provide their distinctive properties and to the sense of distinction which steers them away from everything common. where the petite bourgeois or nouveau riche overdoes it, betraying his own insecurity, bourgeois discretion signals its presence by a sort of ostentatious discretion, sobriety and understatement, a refusal of ever... —— 引自第4頁
Hysteresis Effect
The hysteresis effect(编註:滞後效應)is proportionately greater for agents who are more remote from the educational system and who are poorly or only vaguely informed about the market in educational qualifications. One of the most valuable sorts of information constituting inherited cultural capital is practical or theoretical knowledge of the fluctuations of the market in academic qualifications, the sense of investment which enables one to get the best return on inherited cultural capital in the scholastic market or on scholastic capital in the labour market, for example, by knowing the right moment to pull out of devalued disciplines and careers and to switch into those with a future, rather than clinging to the scholastic values which secured the highest profits in an earlier state of the market.
Reflection in Research Method
The survey on which the work was based was carried out in 1963, after a preliminary survey by extended interview and ethnographic observation,on a sample of 692 subjects (both sexes) in Paris, Lille and a small provincial town. To obtain a sample large enough to make it possible to analyse variations in practices and opinions in relation to sufficiently homogeneous social units, a complementary survey was carried out in 1967-68, bringing the total number of subjects to 1,217 (see table A.l). Because the survey measured relatively stable dispositions, this time-lag does not seem to have affected the responses (except perhaps for the question on singers, an area of culture where fashions change more rapidly)—— 引自章節:Reflection in Research Method.
(摘自:布爾迪厄的《區分副標題: 判斷力的社會批判》(Distinction); 副標題: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste; 作者: Pierre Bourdieu 皮埃爾·布爾迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu [1930年-2002年];出版年: 2010-04-23;出版社: Routledge;頁數: 640;中文版譯者: 劉暉;出版社: 商務印書館;出版年: 2015-10頁數: 943)
Zenkov
陳明發詩想《境》
“境”是讓人想得很遠的一個字。“立”在一個地方,看“見”一方“土”地。一般人放眼,看不盡那方土地萬有萬物。詩藝造詣到家,則連土下變動都看得清。看過古篆體的“境”字,右旁那“竟”字,是一個人站在高臺上,讓人想到站得高,看得遠。今人有了智能手機,對看得遠無疑大有幫助;但要看得深,看得新鮮有趣,則要詩藝幫幫忙了。閑來和後現在主義諸子聊聊,他們新奇的探勘方法,確有啟發。說回那“竟”字,“立”在上;“見”在下,根據古篆體,臆想“見”者,和高臺、立足點有關。(首次發表于2019年12月26日 “詩人俱樂部”臉書)
Jan 9, 2021
Zenkov
陳明發博士《明確的語言模式》
福柯美學‘自身技術’: 通過對古希臘羅馬時代,具有生存美學意義的‘自身的技術’的重建,通過對基督教之後的‘自身的技術’的批判,建構和實施由我們自身依據審美愉悅的需要而創造出來的生存美學。
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愛墾網·最精彩推薦
Jan 19, 2021
Zenkov
薛巍·互聯網:數字坎普
英國時尚記者查理·波特說:“在數字時代之前,坎普主要存在於劇院、芭蕾舞、歌劇、電視節目中。今天坎普主要的舞臺是互聯網,因為我們在網上看到的很多東西都有多重含義。有著滾動的眼睛和活潑的目光的表情包是坎普。推特不是坎普,因為它本質上很絕望。照片分享網站的中年用戶往往很坎普,尤其是在他們自拍的時候。實際上,中年本身就很坎普,因為中年是一種失敗的嚴肅。《權力的遊戲》是坎普的巔峰,尤其是那些男子穿著皮外套站在冰墻上作終生貞潔誓言的場景。”(薛巍·當代文化中的“坎普” / Photo Credit:7 Pearls Of Writing Wisdom From Susan Sontag)
Apr 19, 2021
Zenkov
坎普創作:形式審美
坎普和現代主義一樣,都重視藝術作品的形式審美,認為形式是藝術的本體。現代主義藝術追求新奇,關注作品形式的花樣翻新,形式是現代主義的生命。現代主義反對現實主義,因為在現代主義者看來,現實主義的寫法是對現存社會的認同,是對現實的拙劣模仿,已失去了批判力。若要批判現實,必須用藝術的形式,區別於現實的維度,來對抗現實。
坎普堅持在審美層面上體驗世界,尤其重視形式、技巧方面的因素。坎普趣味要求藝術偏重形式的審美,丟棄道德的重負。(李霞,南京大學中文系,2010,坎普與現代主義及後現代主義,中南大學學報[社會科學版], 第16卷,第6期,2010 年12 月)
Apr 20, 2021
Zenkov
瑪格麗特·杜拉斯《物質生活》披巾的那種藍色
書中這個年輕女人的那條藍色披巾,是怎樣一種藍色,只有我一個人知道。不過,其中有嚴重的遺漏,那種藍色卻不在此列。譬如說;我也是唯一看到她的微笑的顧盼的人。我知道我根本無法把它給你描寫出來。讓你看到那一切。沒有人能做到。
所以有一些東西永遠不為作者所知。對我來說,洛爾·瓦·斯泰因在他舉行的晚會上,有塔吉阿娜·卡爾①,還有其他幾個玩臺球的男人參加,她的某些意態動作、某些大膽行動,我就無所知。在室內深處,可以聽到提琴聲。那是洛爾的丈夫在拉提琴。洛爾·瓦·斯泰因的意態表現,她在這次晚宴上與雅克·賀爾德的那種默契,這種關係竟改變了書的結尾,其中的含義我不可能表達,也無法說出,因為我和洛爾·瓦·斯泰因在一起,她也不完全知道她的所做所為以及為什麼要那樣做。
布朗肖責備我,為接近洛爾·瓦·斯泰因利用一個中介人物,如雅克·賀爾德。他大概希望我和洛爾·瓦·斯泰因在一起,而不要中介人物。可是我,洛爾·瓦·斯泰因,只有當她與另一個人物介入某種行動,我才能聽到她,看到她,否則我就抓不住她。
她自始就不是和我身對身面對面,像在副領事中寫的那樣。一個文本,就是一個全部向前發展的整體,這並不是什麼可供選擇的問題。盡管我在書的結尾發現,某一人物愛上另一個人物,而非我所指定的那個人物,我也決不改變書中已寫出的過去,因為那是已經寫出的,要改寧可改動它的未來。
遇有這樣的時機,即我發現其中的愛情,并不是我所深信的那種愛情,我只有和這新出現的愛情共處,追隨其後,再起步前行,我不說被拋棄的愛情是虛假的,我只是說它已經死去。在洛爾·瓦·斯泰因這一次晚餐之後,色彩依然不變,墻壁的色彩,花園的色彩,全無變化。
沒有人知道,落在變動的發生點上的究竟是什麼。
我談寫作談得太多了。那究竟是怎麼一回事,我也不知道。
① 塔吉阿娜·卡爾、雅克·賀爾德均為《洛爾·瓦·斯泰因的迷狂》中人物。
Apr 23, 2021
Zenkov
藝頻道:紮花
“什麽地方”倘若存在偏見, 認為紮花圈的手藝微不足道, 這里就得——單是為了萊尼——堅決加以駁斥。要知道一個花圈, 乃是最終的基本形式, 無論如何要保持整體形式的統一。紮花圈框架有不同的形式和技巧, 在選擇綠色枝葉方面, 選用何種花圈形式挑選何種枝葉是最為要緊的, 單是作襯底用的重要綠色枝葉品種就有九種, 用作最終形式的有二十四種, 用於束把和套插( 總類為插束) 的有四十二種, 用於羅馬式的有二十九種, 花圈上用的綠色枝葉因此共有一百一十二種。即使它們的各種用途有時重復, 但仍可分為五種不同用途和一套複雜的編紮方法。這種或那種枝葉盡管既可用於結紮和最終形式, 也可用於插束( 這又分為束把和套插兩種) 和羅馬式, 這條基本規則: 但這里也要掌握適當竅門, 懂得把材料用在什麽地方和怎樣使用。那些瞧不起紮花圈而視之為下等工作的人是否知道, 什麽時候用赤杉樹葉打底或作最終形式, 在什麽地方什麽時候要用側柏、冰島衣、十大功勞、假葉樹和鐵杉? 有誰知道, 要使綠色枝葉紮得永遠緊貼完美, 高超的紮圈手藝是十分必須的? 這樣人們就會理解, 過去只是做一些輕松隨便的辦公室工作的萊尼改行搞紮花圈決非易事, 掌握這門手藝並不容易, 她像是進了一家藝術品工廠。(海因里希·伯爾《女士及眾生相》(50)第五章)
Jun 15, 2021
Zenkov
中華民族叙事人祖師爺:柳敬亭
柳敬亭,是揚州府泰州人,本姓曹。15歲時,因蠻狠兇悍強橫刁鉆,觸犯刑法應判死刑,才改姓柳,逃到盱眙城裏給人說書,那時已能使市民佩服感動。
後來,又到了江南,松江府有個叫莫後光的讀書人見了他,說:“這人機智靈活,可以幫助他用他的演技獲得聲名。”於是對柳敬亭說:“說書雖然是小小的技藝,但也必須勾畫出所說人物的性格情態,熟悉各地的風土人情,像優孟那樣善於用隱言和歌唱進行諷諫,然後才能夠有所成就。”
柳敬亭回到家裏就聚精會神專心致志,勤學苦練反復思考,過了一個月就前往莫後光處。
莫後光說:“你說書,能夠使人歡快喜悅大笑不止了。”
又過了一個月,莫後光說:“你說書,能使人感慨悲嘆痛哭流涕了。”
又過了一個月,莫後光贊嘆地說:“你還沒有說話哀傷歡樂的感情就先表現出來了,使聽眾不能控製自己的感情,這樣就超過一般技藝了。”
從此柳敬亭就到揚州、杭州、金陵說書,聲名顯揚於達官貴人之中。在豪華大廳的盛大集會上,在悠閑亭閣的獨坐之中,人們爭著延請柳敬亭表演他的技藝,沒有不從內心感到滿足,說他演得好。
寧南候左良玉渡江南下時,安徽提督杜宏域想結交左良玉,把柳敬亭介紹到左良玉的府署。左良玉認為與柳敬亭相見太晚,便讓柳亭參與決定軍中機密大事。軍中官員也不敢以說書人看待柳敬亭。左良玉沒有讀過書,所有公文,都是幕下文人立意謀篇潤色詞句,引古證今,努力寫成,左良玉都不滿意。
可是柳亭常用耳朵聽的嘴裏說的,從斜陋里巷的俗語常談中引來,沒有不合左良玉的心意。柳敬亭曾奉命到南京,那時南明朝中群臣都畏左良玉,聽說他派人來,無不傾倒以恭之禮相待,宰相以下的官吏都讓柳亭坐在向南的尊位,稱呼他柳將軍,敬亭也心安理得。那些街上往日和柳亭不分你我的市民,在路邊私下說:“這人是過去和我們一起說書的,如今他竟如知此的富貴了!”
不久南明朝廷覆滅,左良玉也死了。柳敬亭的資財也差不多花費光了,又像昔日一樣貧困,於是又開始走上街頭重操舊業。
柳敬亭在軍中時間很長,那些強橫狡詐不守法的人、殺人犯法逃亡在外的人、那些流離失所悲歡離合的事、國破家亡的事,他都親眼見過,而且各地的方言,大眾的愛好和崇尚,都是他經常看到聽到的,每講一詞一語,讓人聽起來有的像刀槍碰撞鐵騎突圍,颯颯作響騰空而起,有的像狂風怒號久雨泣訴,鳥鵲悲鳴群獸驚駭,使人立即產生亡國之恨,聽不清伴奏的樂聲,其藝術造詣已不是莫後光的話所能說盡的了。(百度百科)
延續閱讀:柳敬亭說書
Jul 6, 2021
Zenkov
王汶成《論"藝術審美經驗"的涵義》(續)
(續上)第三個需要探討的方面,是藝術審美經驗的人文內涵。如上所說,審美經驗通過審美心理感受、特別是通過審美感受的“高峰體驗”,而實現一種從感官到精神上的感染人、教育人、提升人的作用。因此,審美經驗中還應該蘊含著一種超越了心理內涵的人文內涵。
對這種人文內涵,歷代富有人文思想的美學家都給以特別的關注。早在兩千多年以前,古希臘的大哲學家亞里斯多德就提出過著名的“凈化說”,認為對藝術的欣賞不僅使人愉快,還可以起到凈化人的靈魂、保持人的心理健康的作用。他還特別指出,“快感”如果與“凈化”相結合,就可以成為一種“無害的快感”,所謂“無害的快感”,強調的正是藝術審美的教育作用及其人文內涵。
我們知道,柏拉圖是輕視藝術的,他之所以輕視藝術,主要是基於他的理念主義而認為藝術活動屬於感性的、情感的活動,因而會對社會和人產生有害的影響。亞里斯多德正是通過把藝術快感與藝術的凈化作用結合起來,張揚了藝術審美特有的人文內涵,以回應柏拉圖對藝術的這種不應有的輕視和貶低。18世紀德國偉大的啟蒙思想家席勒更是從解決“人性分裂”、“人性異化”的高度,第一次明確提出了審美教育的問題。
他針對當時資本主義分工所造成的“欣賞和勞動脫節,手段和目的脫節,努力與報酬脫節”的異化狀態,以無可置疑的口氣指出:“總之,要使感性的人變成理性的人,除了首先使他成為審美的人,沒有其他途徑。”而一個人要成為審美的人就必須接受審美教育。所以,在席勒看來,審美教育對異化了的現代人的人性復歸和全面發展具有決定性的意義。席勒二百年前提出的審美教育理論,對我們今天深入地理解審美經驗的人文內涵依然具有重要的借鑒價值。
歷史發展到今天,已經進入了後工業文明時代,伴隨著科技進步、物質生活大幅度提高而來的,還有人口爆炸、生態破壞、戰爭威脅、精神疾患,信仰缺失、道德淪喪等嚴峻的社會問題。人類的總體生存環境反而日趨惡化,人類的發展前景也不容樂觀。在如此令人堪憂的當代生存狀態下,突出藝術特殊的審美教育作用,強調審美經驗特有的人文內涵,就顯得尤為迫切和重要。
正因如此,杜夫海納在對審美經驗進行現象學研究時,並沒有妨礙他對審美經驗的人文內涵的關注。他在《審美經驗現象學》一書的最後一章里,就特別強調了“審美經驗的本體論意義”,在談及“藝術的真正功能是什麽”這個古老的問題時,他說道:“藝術給予我們感知一個典型對象……時,它使我們並訓練我們去讀解表現,去發現只有在感覺中才顯示的氣氛。它使我們感受情感的絕對經驗。我們之所以能夠讀解現實的諸表現,是因為我們對審美對象這種超現實對象或前現實對象受過這種訓練。所以藝術首先具有預備教育的功能。”
杜夫海納在這里說的“預備教育的功能”,就是指藝術審美可以提高我們對現實“真理”的理解和認識,而這一點,正是杜夫海納所指出的審美經驗的本體論意義之所在。當代著名的存在主義哲學家海德格爾,則在人類生存的意義上揭示藝術審美的人文內涵,他把“詩”與“思”並置,並提出“思者道說存在,詩人命名神聖”的命題,認為藝術審美和哲學一樣,具有一種對“遮蔽”的“解蔽”的偉大作用。
他指出,“美是無蔽性真理的一種呈現方式”,人通過藝術審美可以走向真理敞開的“澄明之境”,從而達到所謂“審美地生存”和“詩意地棲居”,他充滿詩意地說道,“正是詩,首次將人帶回大地,使人屬於這大地,並因此使他安居”。
此外,還有接受美學的主要創立者和理論代表姚斯,也重新舉起了席勒所奠定的人道主義審美教育思想的旗幟,在論及當代藝術審美經驗的人文使命時,他有針對性地指出:“處於感受層次的審美經驗承擔了一個與社會存在不斷加劇的異化現象相對立的任務。在藝術的歷史中,審美經驗從來沒有接受過這種任務:運用審美知覺的語言批評功能和創造功能,去抵禦文化工業中萎縮了的經驗和卑賤的語言。鑒於社會角色和科學視角的多元化,這種視角還被用來保存其他人對世界的經驗,從而捍衛了一種共同的視域。自宇宙論消失之後,藝術最適合於支撐這種共同視域。”
可以說,幾乎所有的當代著名的美學家和有識之士,在論述審美經驗時,都毫無例外地大力凸現它的人文內涵,大力凸現它在提升人的精神境界,和美化人的生存環境中的重大作用。因此,我們今天研究藝術審美經驗,就不能只是停留在心理學的描述上,必須把更多的注意力投放在對它的教育功能和人文價值的探討上,以便更深入地揭示出它的人文內涵和當代意義。(王汶成《論「藝術審美經驗」的涵義》2006 煙臺大學學報[哲學社會科學版];19卷3期 [2006/07 /15],P291-297)
Oct 20, 2021
Zenkov
王汶成《論"藝術審美經驗"的涵義》(續)
(續上)
就目前情況看,在審美心理學中爭議最多、分歧最大的,還是“想像”問題和“快感”問題。想像無疑是審美心理的核心要素,想像將審美心理的其他要素(感知、情感、理解)融為一體,形成一個統一的、完整的心理過程,沒有想像就沒有審美心理。對這一點,各家各派似沒有太大的分歧,分歧主要在於審美中的想像究竟是一種怎樣的想像?
在我們看來,審美想像首先是一種不同於日常想像的特殊的想像,它是在一種特殊的審美情景(把審美對象與現實分開,並對審美對象采取一種“靜觀”的態度)中發生的,並且是為了一種特殊的審美目的(主要是創造可感可思的審美意象)而展開的;另一方面,審美想像同所有的創造性想像一樣,也是以感性為基礎、以知性為主導、以情感為動力的。我們主張把這兩方面結合起來理解,在我們看來,無論是唯美主義的所謂完全超脫現實的“純粹審美想像”,還是自然主義的所謂絕對照抄現實的“錄像機式的想像”,還是弗洛伊德主義的源於性本能的“白日夢式的想像”,都是對審美想像的片面理解。
“快感”問題也是審美心理研究中的一個敏感問題。毫無疑問,審美心理總體上是一種愉悅的感受和體驗,它雖然與“痛感”有關,時常是從“痛感”轉化而來的,但最終必是一種“快感”,否則審美就失去了存在的價值和意義。關鍵依然在於如何理解審美快感?從一般意義上說,凡屬人的快感總是多種多樣的,這既與人的感受能力有關,也與人的活動方式有關。
首要的一點是要認識到,人的自由自覺的活動特性使得人在愉悅的感受上比其它動物複雜得多、豐富得多、高級得多。人愉快了就能產生“笑”的表情,而其他的動物卻都不會笑,僅此一點,足以說明人的快感的超越性,因而人的快感與動物式的本能滿足的快感相比有著天壤之別。
此外,人的活動的複雜性和多樣性也決定了人的快感的千差萬別,一頓美餐後的快感決不同於完成一件善行義舉後的快感,觀看一場足球競賽時的快感也不同於人生中某一時刻因大徹大悟而獲得的快感。那麽,人在審美活動中獲得的是怎樣的一種快感呢?對這一問題,我們總的原則是主張審美快感的層次論,即審美快感不是單純的,它涉及到感官愉悅、心理愉悅和精神愉悅三個層次。
感官愉悅是指人們在審美活動中所獲得的感覺器官上的舒適和愉快,這屬於淺層次上的審美快感。心理愉悅是指人們在藝術審美活動中深入到藝術作品所創造的獨特的藝術世界時,想像力受到鼓舞、各種各樣的情感也被調動和激發起來並在藝術的虛構世界中獲得了充分的宣泄,從而使我們日常生活中所形成的心理上的郁悶和緊張可能得到一定程度上的疏通和緩解,由此體驗到一種如釋負重般的心情舒暢感。這種心理愉悅的實質在於它實現了一種對審美主體的心理醫療的作用,屬於比感官愉悅更深層次的審美快感。
而審美快感的最深的層次則是精神愉悅,是指人在從事審美活動時,由於受到審美對象中內含的崇高的思想境界和精神力量的感染,感到自己在文化素養、道德情操、審美情趣等方面有所提高和升華,從而獲得一種精神上的充實和滿足。精神愉悅所指向的是超越物質追求之上的精神追求。很顯然,審美快感既不是單純的感官愉悅,也不是單純的精神愉悅,而是從感官愉悅到心理愉悅再到精神愉悅的一個層層遞進深化的感受過程。
精神愉悅是審美快感的最高層次,也是審美快感的“高峰體驗”。當然,並不是任何人的任何一次審美活動都能達到精神層面的“高峰體驗”,這取決於具體的審美對象和具體的審美個性。譬如,再美的音樂也不能給一個不懂音樂的耳朵帶來高級的快感,同樣,再敏感於音樂的耳朵也不會對一首缺乏音樂美的樂曲產生高級的快感。但作為總體的人的審美快感則應該而且必然是一個由生理到心理再到精神的層層遞進的、不斷深化的過程。(下續)
Oct 21, 2021
Zenkov
王汶成《論"藝術審美經驗"的涵義》(續)
堅持以馬克思主義的社會實踐理論為指導,我們就可以更深刻地揭示審美經驗的哲學內涵,從而也可以更深刻地揭示審美經驗的美學內涵。我們認為,人的審美經驗的發生取決於人的審美能力,而人的審美能力的形成,從根本上說,則是人長期社會實踐活動的一個結晶和成果。用馬克思的話說就是:“社會的人的感覺不同於非社會的人的感覺。只是由於人的本質的客觀地展開的豐富性,主體的、人的感性的豐富性,如有音樂感的耳朵、能感受形式美的眼睛,總之,那些能成為人的享受的感覺,即確證自己是人的本質力量的感覺,才一部分發展起來,一部分產生出來。因為,不僅五官感覺,而且所謂精神感覺、實踐感覺(意誌、愛等等),一句話,人的感覺、感覺的人性,都只是由於它的對象的存在,由於人化的自然界,才產生出來的。五官感覺的形成是以往全部世界歷史的產物。”[⑥](p83)這里說的“人的感覺”當然不只是指人的審美感覺,但顯然包括著人的審美感覺和審美經驗在內。而“人化了的自然界”就是指人的本質“對象化”了的自然界,也就是指通過人的生產勞動改造了的自然界,以此為基礎構成了“以往全部世界史”。這就是說,人的審美感覺和審美經驗是以往全部生產勞動發展史的產物。生產勞動創造了美,也創造了能夠感受美的主體,也創造了主體的審美感覺和審美經驗。這三句話,大致就構成了藝術審美經驗產生的歷史根源的基本命題。當然,從以生產勞動為基礎的社會實踐到審美能力的形成、到藝術審美經驗的產生,其間還要經歷一些複雜的中介環節,我們也並不否認所謂“生活經驗”、“闡釋活動”、“接受活動”乃至審美主體的先天本性所體現出的能動性和創造性,在藝術審美經驗產生中的重要作用,但這些都不是藝術審美經驗產生的決定性的因素,決定性的因素只能是生產勞動,或以生產勞動為基礎的社會生產活動。
第二個需要探討的方面是藝術審美經驗的心理內涵。單從字面上理解,藝術的審美經驗就是指審美主體在藝術的審美活動(創作和欣賞)中的親身的經歷和體驗。“經歷”和“體驗”既有聯系,也有區別,“經歷”是多次“體驗”之總和,而“體驗”則是“經歷”之基礎。那麽,審美主體在藝術的審美活動中都是體驗到了什麽呢?當然是體驗到了一些在內心展開的心理過程,也就是審美心理。所謂研究藝術審美經驗的心理內涵就是揭示審美心理的機制和過程的發生和規律。總結前人的研究成果,可以看到,審美經驗的心理內涵主要涉及到這樣一些問題:審美心理的發生條件、審美心理的構成要素、審美心理的運行機制等等。審美心理的發生條件取決於審美主體在進入審美活動之前所具有的一種特殊的心理定勢或心理狀態,審美心理學將其稱之為審美態度,這種審美態度是在審美主體的審美需求基礎上確立起來的,因而它既不同於日常生活中的實用態度,也不同於科學研究中的科學態度。實用態度是以直接功利性為目的,譬如餓了的時候看到一碗米飯就想把他吃到肚里,這就是一種實用態度,它所促成的是一種旨在滿足某種物質欲望的實際行為;而審美態度則沒有直接的功利性目的,觀賞一幅美的圖畫,只是因為它好看,能使自己愉快,並不是想獲得圖畫上畫的東西。科學態度體現為以概念思維去認知對象,它要滿足的是人的一種求知需要,例如植物學家探究“梅花”這種木本植物何以會在寒冷的氣候里開花,這是對梅花的科學態度;而審美態度則以靜觀的方式去觀照對象,這種“觀照”表現為一種對對象的審美特性的直覺和感悟,並通過形象的想像而受到美的對象的感染,從而達到一種“物我同一”的境界。如果也是面對“梅花”,審美態度關注的是“梅花在大雪紛飛中盛開”這種奇特而美妙的境象及其所引發的種種內心的感受,而不是探究梅花為什麽會在大雪天里開放的原因。
關於審美心理的構成,大多論者認為人的心理功能的三個方面(認知、情感、意誌)都積極參與了審美過程,當然這三個方面的心理功能的活動又都是以審美態度的確立為前提的。一般認為,審美心理的構成要素包括感知、情感、想像、理解等。而審美活動的特性決定了在審美心理的所有構成要素中,感性直觀和情感體驗應該是最重要的。當然,在審美心理中也包含著理解和認識,例如我們讀《紅樓夢》,只要我們有一定的理解力,就會對中國封建社會後期的貴族生活獲得一定的感性和理性認識,但是這些感性和理性認識不是通過純粹概念的思維達到的,而是與對《紅樓夢》人物和情節的感性直觀和情感體驗水乳交融在一起的。至於審美心理的運行過程,一般認為這個過程歷經了三個階段,第一階段是審美情感的激發,第二階段是審美能量的釋放,第三階段是審美愉悅的享受。這只是一種理論上的劃分,實際的情況要複雜得多,常常是三個階段之間會出現交叉和重疊,並沒有一個嚴明的時間次序。而且審美情感的激發要有審美主體對審美客體的審美知覺作為基礎,而審美愉悅的程度也是與審美能量釋放的大小成正比的。(下續)
Oct 25, 2021
Zenkov
王汶成《論"藝術審美經驗"的涵義》(續)
上述中外美學史上關於藝術審美經驗的大量論述,一方面為我們研究藝術審美經驗的內涵提供了極其豐富的寶貴資料,另一方面也不可避免地給我們的研究造成了一定的困難,使我們多少產生眼花繚亂、無所適從之感。因為可供選擇的東西越多,抉擇也就越艱難。面對如此複雜難辨的情況,我們所能做的就是堅持辯證思維的綜合原則,在深入細致地審視和分析研究對象的基礎上,從各家各派的優勢互補著眼,求同存異,對各家各派的觀點加以整合,由此來創構我們對藝術審美經驗內涵的獨特理解。
首先要說的是藝術審美經驗的哲學內涵。就研究對象的本體來看,藝術審美經驗無疑屬於一個美學概念,當然需要從美學方面加以探討。但,藝術審美經驗的研究也涉及到一些哲學問題,諸如藝術審美經驗的本質屬性及其形成的起因和根源等等,因而也需要從哲學方面加以探討,以揭示它的哲學內涵。正如我們知道的,當代美學的主要趨向是側重具體的審美分析,回避抽象的哲學探討,許多哲學問題都被作為“虛假”問題而被“懸置”起來了,在對審美經驗的研究上尤其如此。但是,總不能把所有的哲學問題都懸置起來,因為畢竟有些哲學問題是客觀存在的。如果說藝術審美經驗的本質問題可以暫時擱置的話,藝術審美經驗的歷史起源問題是絕對無法回避、也是無法擱置的。這顯然是一個真實的哲學問題(如果承認世間萬物都有一個從無到有的過程,那麽藝術的審美經驗同樣也有一個從無到有的過程,而且這個過程顯然是一個曾經存在過的客觀過程)。事實上,許多當代美學流派在對藝術審美經驗進行美學分析和探究時,已經或多或少涉及到了“根源”問題。譬如杜夫海納在他的《審美經驗現象學》里,雖然特別強調審美經驗是從審美對象在意識中的“呈現”開始的,但他同時也辟專章論述了審美對象與“自然之物”的關係、審美對象與“歷史”、“世界”的關係,提出了“任何審美對象都是一個‘歷史的豐碑’”、任何審美對象“只有在歷史中並且通過歷史才有自己的生命,因為創造它或感知它的人也是存在於歷史之中”等觀點[②](p189-190),這實際上就是在探討審美經驗產生的歷史根源問題,就是在揭示審美經驗的哲學內涵,盡管他的這些觀點我們並不一定完全贊同。
回顧整個美學發展史,人們對審美經驗產生的根源主要是從主觀和客觀兩個方面加以考察和給出解釋的,有的解釋側重於審美經驗產生的客觀因素,把審美經驗產生的根源歸結為審美客體,這就是所謂哲學唯物主義的解釋,如英國經驗派美學的重要代表柏克就認為美和美感來自“物體”,“是指物體中能引起愛或類似情感的某一性質或某些性質”[③](p118)。有的解釋側重於審美經驗產生的主觀因素,把審美經驗產生的根源歸結為審美主體,這就是所謂哲學唯心主義的解釋,如德國古典美學的奠基人康德,就把美感判斷的普遍性的來源歸之為普遍的人性,即人的一種“共同感”和“普遍的贊同”。當代美學大都不滿意於這種機械的“主客對立”的思維方式,試圖尋求一種能超越這種思維方式的新的解決問題的途徑,如杜威的實用主義審美經驗論,就是想通過對“生活經驗”的強調來消解主客對立,而闡釋學美學的審美經驗論強調意義的闡釋活動以及接受美學的審美經驗論強調讀者的接受活動,其理論目的也都是為了消解主客對立。但在我們看來,真正從根本上超越了傳統的主客對立思維方式的還是馬克思的社會實踐論。
因為馬克思所主張的社會實踐是基於這樣一個最明顯、因而也是最基本的社會歷史事實,盡管這一社會歷史事實常常被以往的哲學家們所忽略,這就是“首先必須勞動,然後才能爭取統治,從事政治、宗教和哲學等等”[④](p335-336)。後來,恩格斯在馬克思墓前總結其一生的理論貢獻時,首先提到的就是馬克思的這一重大發現,他說:“正像達爾文發現有機界的發展規律一樣,馬克思發現了人類歷史的發展規律,即歷來為繁茂蕪雜的意識形態所掩蓋的一個簡單的事實:人們首先必須吃、喝、住、穿,然後才能從事政治、科學、藝術、宗教等等;所以,直接的物質的生活資料的生產,因而一個民族或一個時代的一定的經濟發展階段,便構成為基礎,人們的國家制度、法的觀點、藝術以至宗教觀念,就是從這個基礎上發展起來的,因而,也必須由這個基礎來解釋,而不是像過去那樣做得相反。”[⑤](p776)所以,馬克思所說的社會實踐活動是以物質資料的生產為基礎的,是“自然界的人化”和“人的對象化”的根本意義上的統一,是實踐主體與實踐客體的根本意義上的融合,因而也是對主客對立思維方式的根本意義上的超越。相比之下,西方當代哲學中的“生活世界”、“生活經驗”、“闡釋本體”、“生命活動”等等的提法,由於沒有觸及到物質生活資料的生產這個最基本的歷史事實,由於不能在這個最基本的歷史事實中來理解人類的實踐活動,因而就顯得過於浮泛和薄弱,難以真正超越主客對立的模式。(下續)
Dec 6, 2021
Zenkov
(續上)鑒於上述複雜情況,我們在確定什麽是“審美的”藝術經驗時,決不能畫地為牢、作繭自縛,狹隘地固守原有的成說,因為美和審美畢竟是一個在歷史中不斷變化發展的概念。較為積極而又穩妥的做法應該是,既要有一種歷史的胸襟,又要有一種前瞻的眼光,既要尊重傳統,又要立足現實和放眼未來,以一種盡可能寬宏的學術態度來思考和權衡這一問題。特別是對那些新近出現的、尚處於萌芽狀態的藝術樣態和藝術經驗,在其總體發展還不明朗的情況下,先不必忙於下結論,不妨將其作為一種準審美現象或因素先行納入到文藝美學的理論視野中來,給予認真的研究,例如對當代大眾藝術和後現代藝術的審美現象如何看待,還有對當前所謂“日常生活審美化”的現象如何理解,等等。無論如何,對這些新近產生的準審美現象和事實,或采取一種視而不見的回避態度,或在尚未認真研究之前就簡單地給出一個結論,都是極不科學的做法。
另外,我們在清理藝術審美經驗的概念外延時,還要注意區分兩種不同的經驗形態。說到藝術審美經驗,人們往往僅僅將其常識性地理解為接受者欣賞藝術作品時的審美經驗。但事實上,藝術審美經驗在審美活動的方式上是存在著兩種形態的,除了讀者欣賞作品時的審美經驗外,還應包括作者創作作品時的審美經驗。因為,從美學的角度看,作者的創作過程也應該是一個美的發現和美的創造的過程,盡管每個作家在創作過程中對美和審美可能有不同的感受和理解。毫無疑問,所謂藝術的審美經驗,既可以指稱藝術創作主體的審美經驗,也可以指稱藝術欣賞主體的審美經驗,兩種形態的藝術審美經驗之間雖有著密切的聯系和銜接,但也有著明顯的區別,譬如兩者在心理結構、心理過程、心理指向等方面都有著諸多的不同,不容混為一談。杜夫海納在《審美經驗現象學》一書中,一開始就挑明了他所研究的審美經驗“指的是欣賞者的而不是藝術家本人的審美經驗”,但他又接著聲言,他“之所以選定研究欣賞者的經驗”,並非因為“欣賞者的經驗是唯一的審美經驗”,而是因為“盡管欣賞者的經驗不如創作者的那樣光彩照人,它仍不失為一種獨特而關鍵的經驗”,他同時又承認,“要對審美經驗進行透辟的研究,一定要把這兩者結合起來”。[①](p1-3)這說明杜夫海納早已注意到藝術審美經驗的兩種不同形態,並強調了區分藝術審美經驗的兩種形態對審美經驗研究的重要意義。所以我們在談論藝術審美經驗時,還必須要搞清你所說的藝術審美經驗是欣賞形態的審美經驗,還是創作形態的審美經驗。
總而言之,藝術的審美經驗雖然是一個特指概念,但它所指稱的外延範圍還是極為廣闊的,不僅包括著一個歷史的跨度,如前現代的藝術審美經驗、現代的藝術審美經驗和後現代的審美經驗;也包括著一個文化的跨度,如中國的藝術審美經驗、東方的藝術審美經驗、西方的藝術審美經驗等;還包括著一個種類的跨度,如文學的審美經驗、音樂的審美經驗、繪畫的審美經驗、戲劇的審美經驗、舞蹈的審美經驗、影視的審美經驗,等等;還包括著兩種不同的形態,即創作審美經驗和欣賞審美經驗。所以,我們在把握藝術的審美經驗概念的內涵之前,要充分考慮到這個概念的外延所涉及的對象和範圍的開放性、複雜性以及某種程度的不確定性,將歷史上的、文化上的、、形態上的、種類上的所有的藝術審美經驗,都無一遺漏地盡收眼底,加以審視和探究,由此才可能對藝術審美經驗做出一個涵蓋面寬、包容力大的解釋。
二、藝術審美經驗的內涵界定
關於藝術審美經驗的內涵,西方近代以來有過更多的論述,涉及的問題更多,分歧也更大。因為,每個理論家對藝術的審美經驗內涵的理解都有不同的視角,也反映了他們各自不同的哲學理念、審美理念和藝術理念,在觀點上五花八門也就不足為奇了。英國的經驗主義美學、德國的實驗論美學以及精神分析、“格式塔”、“原型”、“移情”、“內模仿”等心理學美學自不用說,它們代表的是心理經驗主義的一派,它們的美學理論從總體上看主要就是各種審美心理經驗論;其它即如表現論美學、現象學美學、存在論美學、闡釋學美學、符號論美學、實用主義美學、接受美學等等,這些在西方現當代美學中影響極大的美學學派,也無不將審美經驗列為自己美學理論研究的重要內容,對此發表了各自不同的意見。至於中國古代美學中的如“興觀群怨”(孔子)、“得至美而遊乎至樂”(莊子)、“身與物化”(莊子)、“比興”(毛萇)、“遷想妙得”(顧愷之)、“澄懷味象”(宗炳)、“滋味”(鐘嶸)、“神與物遊”(劉勰)、“味外之旨,韻外之致”(司空圖)、“興趣”(嚴羽)、“性靈”(袁枚)、“神韻”(王士禎)、“境界”(王國維)諸說,因其“經驗式”、“感悟式”的突出特點,也都可看作是分別從不同側面對藝術審美經驗的描述和解說,具體的觀點更是異彩紛呈、各有千秋。(下續)
Dec 21, 2021
Zenkov
(續上)自20世紀初開始,隨著現代主義文藝、特別是後現代主義文藝的興起,藝術與非藝術之間的界限又重新變得模糊起來。這主要還不是指湧現了一些因大眾傳媒文化的發展而產生的新的藝術種類,如電影藝術、廣播文藝、電視文藝、網絡文藝、卡拉OK、流行歌舞等等;更重要的是,有一些按過去的藝術概念無法歸屬的東西也統統被稱之為藝術品,如現在比較時興的所謂環境藝術、裝置藝術、過程藝術、行為藝術等等。特別是行為藝術,已經把藝術創作和生活行為直接融合在一起,甚至赤裸裸地展示醜陋、恐怖等令人震驚的行為過程,就更是原有的藝術概念所難以包容的。所有這些新的變化,都使得我們在界定什麽是和什麽不是“藝術的”審美經驗時,感到無所適從和難以取捨。在當今時代,“藝術”與“非藝術”之間的分野已變得前所未有的模糊不清和遊移不定,以至有人開始懷疑:這世界上究竟還有沒有一種叫做“藝術”的東西?於是,各式各樣的現代“藝術消亡論”和“泛藝術論”也就由此大量生出。
盡管如此,我們依然不能贊同當前流行的各種“藝術消亡論”或“泛藝術論”,我們依然認為,“藝術”與“非藝術”之間的界限雖一時難以明確劃定,但為這種“劃定”確立一個基本的原則還是可能而且應該的,這就是我們前面提到的,一方面要承認藝術的邊界是不斷開放的,以前不被看作是藝術的東西並不意味著永遠不是藝術,在發展到一定的時候,它們也完全有理由進入藝術的範圍。企圖封閉藝術的邊界,剝奪它們成為藝術品的權利,是不明智的,也是不可能的。至於說到現在流行的過程藝術、行為藝術等,我們認為,至少應該把它看作是一種新的藝術嘗試,一種新的藝術實驗,一種新的藝術探索,或者說,是一種新的藝術現象。文藝美學的研究也必須“與時俱進”,對這種新的藝術現象應該給以特別的關注。但另一方面也要看到,藝術邊界的開放和拓展也不是無限度的,不能什麽東西都可以裝到藝術這個“大筐”里去,在這里還是存在著一個底線的。比如說,被稱為藝術的東西起碼是一個由某個特定作者創作出來的“人工制品”,而且這種人工制品必須具有一定的審美(寬泛意義上的審美)價值,具有一種可以讓人觀賞的可能性。完全自然的東西,毫無審美價值的東西,不能被人觀賞的東西,無論怎麽說,都絕無可能成為藝術品。我們所說的“藝術的”審美經驗,當然不會包括這些對象所產生的經驗。
其次,我們所說的藝術審美經驗,還是一種關涉“審美的”經驗,所以,一切“非審美的”經驗,包括非審美的藝術經驗,都不能算在藝術的審美經驗之中。但是,這里仍然存在著一些理論上困難,就是如何劃定“審美”和“非審美”的界限?如果說某某人明顯地以一種求真的科學態度、或以一種求善的道德態度、或以一種日常的實用態度對待藝術品,由此產生的經驗當然不能算作審美經驗,這是不難判定的,盡管在面對藝術品時,審美態度與科學態度、實用態度,特別是與道德態度,往往是交織、混雜在一起的。可是,如果我們結合“美”的概念的歷史演變看,“審美”與“非審美”的界限就不那麽容易分清了。
我們都知道,美學史上關於美的概念有狹義和廣義之分。狹義的美只是指“優美”,而廣義的美,則隨著社會歷史的變遷和人類審美活動的深入,其指稱範圍也在不斷地延伸、擴展。先是“崇高”被納入到審美之中,成為一個重要的美學範疇,繼而“醜”、“荒誕”、“反諷”等也正式進入了審美領域,被人們普遍地接受和認同。而到了20世紀中葉以後,在後現代的文化語境中,種種前所未有的全新的藝術樣式和藝術形態紛至沓來,審美與非審美的分野就更是糾纏不清了。時至今日,我們不禁要問,當我們沈浸於種種大眾傳媒文藝中的那些富有誘惑力和刺激力的內容時,還是不是審美呢?由此激發的種種感官的體驗和感受還算不算審美經驗呢?再有,當我們面對所謂行為藝術製造出來的強烈的震驚效果時,還是不是審美呢?而由此引起的“驚??”、“恐懼”乃至“噁心”等等的體驗還算不算審美經驗呢?這一切的確都使我們越來越感到惶惑不解。盡管如此,有一點還是可以肯定的,這就是,審美與非審美的界限不是固定不變的,不僅“非審美的”可以轉化成“審美的”,而且從“非審美的”到“審美的”,其間還存在著種種交叉和混雜的過渡形態,使我們很難也不可能在審美和非審美之間劃定一個明確的界限。(下續)
May 2, 2022
Zenkov
王汶成·論“藝術審美經驗”的涵義
摘要:本文從外延和內涵兩個方面,探討了藝術審美經驗這一概念的涵義,認為藝術審美經驗的能指範圍是不斷拓展的,但有一個底線;而藝術審美經驗的所指意義,則包括哲學內涵、心理內涵、人文內涵等多重內容。
近代以來在美學領域發生的經驗美學、心理美學、人生美學的轉向,使得“藝術審美經驗”一詞越來越引起人們的關注,而當前國內學術界熱烈展開的關於“大眾審美文化”、“日常生活審美化”以及“文學的邊界”、“藝術的邊界”、“審美的邊界”等等的討論,也無不涉及到對“藝術審美經驗”這一概念的理解。因此總結歷史的經驗、綜合各派觀點,從理論上探討一下“藝術審美經驗”這一概念的基本涵義,應該是很有必要、很有現實意義的。從字面上看,這個概念在“經驗”一詞的前面有“藝術的”、“審美的”兩個限定,因而是一個特指概念。本文擬先清理一下這個特指概念所規定的外延邊界,即它的能指範圍,然後再來確定這個概念的所指內涵。
一、藝術審美經驗的外延界定
首先,藝術的審美經驗是一種關涉“藝術的”審美經驗,所有與藝術無關的經驗,即使是審美經驗,都不是我們所說的“藝術的”審美經驗。譬如,我們在現實生活中,面對自然景物、種種社會現象、人的漂亮的面孔乃至某種高尚的品行所產生的審美經驗,就不屬於藝術的審美經驗,因為這些審美經驗與藝術沒有直接的關聯,它們不是在面對藝術作品時產生的。但是,這樣的界定馬上又引出了一個更為麻煩的問題,這就是如何劃定“藝術”與“非藝術”的界限?這里的困難在於,被我們稱為藝術的東西本身是不斷變化著的,它的指稱邊界既不是預先設定的,也不是固定不變的,而是隨著藝術本身的變化而“伸縮”不定的。總之,藝術與非藝術的分界由於藝術本身的不斷變化而很難劃清。
就西方的情況看,起初古希臘時期所說的“藝術”包括了一切“技藝性”的活動,很明顯,這個所指範圍是比較廣泛的,諸如建築、雕塑、制陶、裁縫、戰術、醫術、論辯術、經商術、航海術等等,凡是一切依靠手藝的、有著既定程序的、需要某種特殊技術的活動,都被古希臘人看作是藝術。但奇怪的是,像詩歌、音樂這些被現代人看作標準藝術的東西,反而未被列入藝術的範圍之內。因為,在當時的人們看來,詩歌、音樂等同哲學一樣,都是依靠智力的、創造性的、高貴的活動,都不屬於“技藝”的活動,而被歸入“藝術”的技藝活動則是機械的、粗俗的、低賤的活動。直到1747年法國學者查理斯·巴托首次提出了“美的藝術”的概念之後,藝術的外延邊界才隨之發生了重大的改變,這就是把原來被認為是藝術的那些純技藝活動排除出去,而把繪畫、詩歌、戲劇、音樂、舞蹈等具有審美意義的活動吸納進藝術的範疇,由此就形成了近代以來關於藝術的新概念。(王汶成《論「藝術審美經驗」的涵義》煙臺大學學報[哲學社會科學版];19卷3期 [2006/07 /15],P291-297) (下續)
May 21, 2022
Zenkov
The cultural Consciousness
We seldom realize, for example that our most private thoughts and emotions are not actually our own. For we think in terms of languages and images which we did not invent, but which were given to us by our society
“We seldom realize, for example that our most private thoughts and emotions are not actually our own.
For we think in terms of languages and images which we did not invent,
but which were given to us by our society” by Alam W. Watts.
When we become the transcreation partner of a brand, we ensure that all our services have deep roots in the culture of each target market. Our project managers connect with a network of in-house language specialists who become their trusted knowledge-base to ensure all assets are produced with a true understanding of the market’s consumer mindset.
延續閱讀:
韵文化:美、标致、生態
綿延地思 I
綿延地思 II
地方文化營銷 1.3:慢遊~尼泊爾
地方文化營銷 2.3 慢遊
地方文化營銷 2.4 慢遊
Feb 6, 2024
Zenkov
Any authentic creation is a gift to the future
“Without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future” by Albert Camus.
“Keep your language. Love its sounds, its modulation, its rhythm. But try to march together with men of different languages, remote from your own, who wish like you for a more just and human world.” by Hélder Câmara.
Every country, every community are strongly tied together by an intricate tapestry of individual values, norms and a specific history, so to understand their culture is to understand them. Speaking to a person in a way which is sensitive to their own distinct, unique culture enables a brand to not only elicit the intended emotional response through branded communications, but also shows that the brand can be trusted to understand their consumer.
Culture and its impact on the communities it was born of is a beautiful, multifaceted entity which gives strength, identity and purpose to its people, and these culture quotes explore the reasons why we emphasise obtaining a true insight into the cultures we help brands to speak to.
Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear, their table-talk, gossip, controversies, historical sense and scientific training, the values they appreciate, the quality of life they admire. All communities have a culture. It is the climate of their civilization. (Source: 19 Insightful Quotes About Culture by Textappeal)
Feb 7, 2024
Zenkov
The Culture Industry Quotes by Theodor Adorno
Written by Stanley Warhol, Neha Cherian
“Illusory universality is the universality of the art of the culture industry, it is the universality of the homogeneous same, an art which no longer even promises happiness but only provides easy amusement as relief from labour.” (Theodor Adorno)
Adorno argues against the Culture Industry due to its mass manipulation which in turn renders art less artistic. In that, the injection of mass consumerism and capitalism into art has led to the loss of authentic art. He argues that the culture industry is interested in creating art that is meant to give momentary enjoyment to the mass rather than cater to the aesthetic. The saturation of mediocre entertainment in the market contains less and less art as it aims to capture as much as possible. The prioritization of monetary profit in the commodification of art molds the culture industry.
“The culture industry is not the art of the consumer but rather the projection of the will of those in control onto their victims. The automatic self-reproduction of the status quo in its established forms is itself an expression of domination.” Theodor Adorno
Adorno further explains the mass manipulation that goes into making the culture industry viable in the eyes of the consumers. He expounds that knack of the culture industry is not in concealing that they manipulating the masses but to get the consumers to not care either way. Therefore, he compares this type of manipulation to the fascist ideologies that are embraced by the masses despite deteriorating their well-being. The assertion expresses this dynamic and how it also brings forth a class divide that sees the domination of the consumers in the market.
Feb 8, 2024
Zenkov
You don’t have to burn books to destroy a culture
“You don’t have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them.” by Ray Bradbury.
“A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people” by Mahatma Gandhi.
“Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear” by Walter Lippmann.
“Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity” by Robert Alan.
“Traditions are the guideposts driven deep in our subconscious minds. The most powerful ones are those we can’t even describe, aren’t even aware of” by Ellen Goodman.
“Culture is the arts elevated to a set of beliefs” by Thomas Wolfe
“We may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin, but we all belong to one human race” by Kofi Annan.
“The beauty of the world lies in the diversity of its people.”
“You don’t have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them.” by Ray Bradbury.
Feb 10, 2024
Zenkov
If we are to preserve culture we must continue to create it
“If we are to preserve culture we must continue to create it” by Johan Huizinga.
“Never judge someone by the way he looks or a book by the way it’s covered; For inside those tattered pages, there’s a lot to be discovered” by Stephen Cosgrove.
“The crucial differences which distinguish human societies and human beings are not biological. They are cultural.” by Ruth Benedict.
“Culture is a way of coping with the world by defining it in detail.” by Malcolm Bradbury.
“Difference is of the essence of humanity. Difference is an accident of birth and it should therefore
never be the source of hatred or conflict. The answer to difference is to respect it. Therein lies a
most fundamental principle of peace: respect for diversity.” by John Hume.
“Strength lies in differences, not in similarities” by Stephen R. Covey.
“Every man’s ability may be strengthened or increased by culture” by John Abbot.
No culture can live if it attempts to be exclusive. by Mahatma Gandhi
“One of the greatest regrets in life is being what others would want you to be, rather than being yourself” by Shannon L. Alder.
Feb 11, 2024
Zenkov
If you’re twenty-two
If you’re twenty-two, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel – as far and widely as possible. ― Anthony Bourdai
Actually, the best gift you could have given her was a lifetime of adventures – Lewis Carroll
To awaken quite alone in a strange town is one of the pleasantest sensations in the world.― Dame Freya Madeline Stark
“When traveling with someone, take large doses of patience and tolerance with your morning coffee.” – Helen Hayes
As soon as I saw you, I knew an adventure was about to happen.– A. A. Milne, Winnie the Pooh
The most beautiful thing in the world is, of course, the world itself. ― Wallace Stevens
Not all those who wander are lost. ― J.R.R. Tolkien
Because in the end, you won’t remember the time you spent working in the office or mowing your lawn. Climb that goddamn mountain. ― Jack Kerouac
Feb 12, 2024
Zenkov
Travel far enough, you meet yourself
Travel far enough, you meet yourself. ― David Mitchell
To Travel is to Live. – Hans Christian Andersen
Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. ― Mark Twain
I haven’t been everywhere, but it’s on my list. – Susan Sontag
They’re short, they’re sweet, and they’re oh-so-true. These short travel quotes will have you wanting to be back on a beach in no time. Like this one: Hot air balloon above high mountain at sunset
A journey is best measured in friends rather than miles. – Tim Cahill
Jobs fill your pocket, but adventures fill your soul. – Jamie Lyn Beatty
Wherever you go becomes a part of you somehow. ― Anita Desai
Work, Travel, Save, Repeat. – Unknown
When preparing to travel, lay out all your clothes and all your money. Then take half the clothes and twice the money. – Susan Heller
Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all. ― Helen Keller
Feb 13, 2024
Zenkov
If it scares you, it may be a good thing to try.— Seth Godin
Adventure is worthwhile. – Aesop
I’m in love with cities I’ve never been to and people I’ve never met. – John Green
Oh the places you’ll go. – Dr. Seuss
Life is short and the world is wide. – Unknown
These famous minds knew exactly how addicting travel can be, and we want to share their insights with you.
People don’t take trips, trips take people. – John Steinbeck
The great glory of travel, to me, is not just what I see that's new to me in countries visited, but that in almost every one of them I change from an outsider looking in to an insider looking out.― Clara E. Laughlin
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. – Lao Tzu
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes. ― Marcel Proust
Live life with no excuses, travel with no regret.― Oscar Wilde
So much of who we are, is where we have been. ― William Langewiesche
Feb 14, 2024
Zenkov
Traveling is a brutality
Traveling is a brutality. It forces you to trust strangers and to lose sight of all that familiar comfort of home and friends. You are constantly off balance. Nothing is yours except the essential things: air, sleep, dreams, sea, the sky – all things tending towards the eternal or what we imagine of it. – Cesare Pavese
A ship in a harbor is safe, but it not what ships are built for. – John A. Shedd
Travel is the only thing you buy that makes you richer.
I would like to travel the world with you twice. Once to see the world. Twice, to see the way you see the world.
Now more than ever do I realize that I will never be content with a sedentary life, that I will always be haunted by thoughts of a sun-drenched elsewhere.― Isabelle Eberhardt
Travelling – it leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller. ― Ibn Battuta
Travel makes one modest. You see what a tiny place you occupy in the world. – Gustav Flaubert
Our happiest moments as tourists always seem to come when we stumble upon one thing while in pursuit of something else.― Lawrence Block
What we find in a soul mate is not something to tame, but something wild to run with. – Robert Brault
Travel makes one modest. You see what a tiny place you occupy in the world.― Gustav Flaubert
Feb 15, 2024
Zenkov
Destination: A New Way of Looking At Things.
One’s destination is never a place but rather a new way of looking at things. – Henry Miller
An adventure a day keeps the doctor away.
Just imagine: a smiling woman with camera exploring Valencia
Always say yes to new adventures.
Will you give me yourself? Will you come travel with me? Shall we stick by each other as long as we live? – Walt Whitman
These inspirational travel quotes will remind you of the transformational experience traveling can be. They also look great on a travel mug.
If you want to document your travel experiences on social media, we have the Instagram captions for you. Use these short and fun travel captions for Instagram to share how you spent your vacation.-Instagram
The greatest legacy we can leave our children is happy memories – Og Mandino
Good company in a journey makes the way seem shorter. – Izaak Walton
It doesn’t matter where you are going. It matters who is beside you.
It’s a magical world, Hobbes, ol’ buddy… Let’s go exploring! – Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes
BBN: Be back never.
Feb 16, 2024
Zenkov
The more I travelled the more I realized
The more I travelled the more I realized that fear makes strangers of people who should be friends. – Shirley MacLaine
Sharing adventures means enjoying them 100% more.
Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore. – Andre Gide
The gladdest moment in human life, me thinks, is a departure into unknown lands.― Sir Richard Burton
I want someone to look at me the way I look at a travel magazine.
To my mind, the greatest reward and luxury of travel is to be able to experience everyday things as if for the first time, to be in a position in which almost nothing is so familiar it is taken for granted. ― Bill Bryson
A person susceptible to ‘wanderlust’ is not so much addicted to movement as committed to transformation. – Pico Iyer
I need six months of vacation, twice a year.
The very basic core of a man's living spirit is his passion for adventure. The joy of life comes from our encounters with new experiences, and hence there is no greater joy than to have an endlessly changing horizon, for each day to have a new and different sun. ― Christopher McCandless
An understanding of the natural world and what’s in it is a source of not only a great curiosity but great fulfilment. ― Sir David Attenborough
Vacation calories don’t count. Right?
Feb 17, 2024
Zenkov
Travel far enough, you meet yoursel
Travel far enough, you meet yourself. – David Mitchell
Paris is always a good idea. Audrey Hepburn
It seems that the more places I see and experience, the bigger I realize the world to be. The more I become aware of, the more I realize how relatively little I know of it, how many places I have still to go, how much more there is to learn. – Anthony Bourdain
The sea, once it casts its spell, holds one in its net of wonder forever.― Jacques Cousteau
Do you love solo travel? If so, these adventure quotes were made just for you. And don’t be afraid to share them with other fellow travelers who don’t mind the occasional solo adventure.
Travel only with thy equals or thy betters; if there are none, travel alone. – The Dhammapada
Can we just skip to the part of my life where I travel the world?
It is only in adventure that some people succeed in knowing themselves – in finding themselves. ― André Gide
People don’t take trips, trips take people. ― John Steinbeck
Here’s to all the places we went. And here’s to all the places we ‘ll go. And here’s to me, whispering again and again and again and again: I love you.
Eating my way through [or insert city or country here]
I get a friend to travel with me… I need somebody to bring me back to who I am. It’s hard to be alone. – Leonardo DiCaprio
Feb 17, 2024
Zenkov
It is not down in any map; true places never are
It is not down in any map; true places never are. – Herman Melville
We travel, some of us forever, to seek other states, other lives, other souls. – Anais Nin
I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move. – Robert Louis Stevenson
The worst thing about being a tourist is having other tourists recognize you as a tourist. – Russell Baker
Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all. – Helen Keller
Live life with no excuses, travel with no regret. – Oscar Wilde
Adventure is a path. Real adventure, self-determined, self-motivated, often risky, forces you to have firsthand encounters with the world. – Mark Jenkins
A good traveller has no fixed plans, and is not intent on arriving. – Lao Tzu
The world makes way for the man who knows where he is going. – Ralph Waldo Emerson
It’s not what you look at that matters. It’s what you see. – Henry David Thoreau
Two roads diverged in a wood and I – I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. – Robert Frost
Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. – Mark Twain
Travel is about the gorgeous feeling of teetering in the unknown. – Anthony Bourdain
I follow my heart … and it usually leads me to the airport.
Whether it’s with your Dad, your sister, your friend, or your significant other– these travel together quotes are sure to remind you of all the wonderful memories you shared together.
Life is not meant to be lived in one place.
Travel becomes a strategy for accumulating photographs. – Susan Sontag
Young brave divers couple jumping off cliff into ocean
If you’re twenty-two, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel – as far and as widely as possible. Sleep on floors if you have to. Find out how other people live and eat and cook. Learn from them – wherever you go. – Anthony Bourdain
Friends that travel together, stay together.
Once the travel bug bites there is no known antidote, and I know that I shall be happily infected until the end of my life.― Michael Palin
Always take the scenic route.
It does not do to dwell on dreams and forget to live.― Albus Dumbledore
Go the distance, couples who travel together are more likely to stay together and feel more connected.
To awaken quite alone in a strange town is one of the pleasantest sensations in the world. – Freya Stark
Feb 18, 2024
Zenkov
Take only memories, leave only footprints
Take only memories, leave only footprints. – Chief Seattle
Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. – Mark Twain
Travel isn’t always pretty. It isn’t always comfortable. Sometimes it hurts, it even breaks your heart. But that’s okay. The journey changes you; it should change you. It leaves marks on your memory, on your consciousness, on your heart, and on your body. You take something with you. Hopefully, you leave something good behind. – Anthony Bourdain
I’ve been to almost as many places as my luggage. – Bob Hope
The tan will fade, but the memories will last forever.
Jet lag is for amateurs. – Dick Clark
I have found out that there ain’t no surer way to find out whether you like people or hate them than to travel with them. – Mark Twain
The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page. – Augustine of Hippo
Blessed are the curious for they shall have adventures. – Lovelle Drachman
It liberates the vandal to travel — you never saw a bigoted, opinionated, stubborn, narrow-minded, self-conceited, almighty mean man in your life but he had stuck in one place since he was born and thought God made the world and dyspepsia and bile for his especial comfort and satisfaction. – Mark Twain
Live your life by a compass not a clock. – Stephen Covey
Remember that happiness is a way of travel – not a destination. – Roy M. Goodman
Traveling – it leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller. – Ibn Battuta
We live in a wonderful world that is full of beauty, charm and adventure. There is no end to the adventures we can have if only we seek them with our eyes open. – Jawaharial Nehru
Perhaps travel cannot prevent bigotry, but by demonstrating that all peoples cry, laugh, eat, worry, and die, it can introduce the idea that if we try and understand each other, we may even become friends. – Maya Angelou
The most beautiful in the world is, of course, the world itself. – Wallace Stevens
Feb 20, 2024
Zenkov
體驗使藝術形象具有詩意的超越。根據王國維的《人間詞話》的最初原稿,「出乎其外,故有高致」的「高致」二字原為「元著超超」。意思是當作家的體驗達到「出乎其外」的境界時,所寫事物的根本的性質就會顯著地突現出來,放射出詩意情感的光輝。作家的體驗可以說是一個「悖論」,一方面它要「入」,可另一方面它又要「出」。「出」就是在體驗時的超越。超越可以有好幾層意思:
第一層意思是獲得對對象本身的超越。作家的描寫不受對象本身形體、姿態和顏色等物理性的束縛,而能見出事物的物理性以外的美學意義來。這也就是說作家寫的是平凡的事物,卻能放射出不平凡的光輝。作家所寫的是司空見慣的事物卻能放射出特異詩性光輝。清代文論家葉燮在《原詩·外篇》中說:
凡物之美者,盈天地間皆是也,然必待人的神明才慧而見。
就是說美是到處都有的,問題在發現。那麼什麼人能發現呢?葉燮認為要有「神明才慧」的人才能發現。實際上「神明才慧」也可以理解為人的一種精神狀態,那就是當作家處於體驗的超越狀態中時,人的神明才慧也就顯露出來,也就有可能從平凡的事物中發現意義和詩美。的確,人的精神可以處於不同的狀態中,當人們處於麻木的狀態中時,就是有靚麗的美,也會熟視無睹。相反,一旦人們進入到體驗的狀態,那麼平日很不起眼的事情也會閃現出詩意的火花。關於這一點,英國浪漫主義詩人柯勒律治說過一段很精彩的話:
給日常的事物以新奇的魅力,通過喚起人們對習慣的麻木性的注意,引導他去觀察眼前世界的美麗和驚人的事物,以激起一種美的超自然的感覺;世界本來是一個取之不盡,用之不竭的財富,可是由於太熟悉和自私的牽掛的翳蔽,我們視若無睹,聽若罔聞,雖有心靈,卻對它既不感覺,也不理解。[12](P63)
這里所講的就是人們如何從一般的觀察轉到體驗的境界中的問題,在一般的經驗性的觀察中,人們的習慣性的麻木佔了上風,就是對最美的對象也只能視若無睹、聽若罔聞,對美的事物既不感覺也不理解。只有當人們轉到體驗的狀態,那麼那種超越的感覺才會被喚醒,於是獲得一種「內視點」,不是用常人的眼睛去「看」,而是用心靈去「看」,這樣人們就「能從慣常的平凡的事物中見出引人入勝的一個側面」(歌德),從日常的世界中分離出意義的世界、情感的世界,也就是詩意的世界。
[12] 十九世紀英國詩人論詩[C].北京:人民文學出版社,1984.
摘自:童慶炳:經驗、體驗與文學;2015-06-23 爱思想平台;關鍵詞:經驗 體驗 個性 深義 詩意 )
延續閱讀:
審美、風格、體驗
韵文化:风雅、高雅 ~ 潮
愛懇雲端藝廊:設計故事館
審美、風格、體驗
May 13, 2024
Zenkov
爱垦评注:感官体验的跨界与澄明
事件,或稱:境遇:Covid-19; 变革先锋(Pioneer-of-Change, WEF 2020)从世纪伟人,日本画家葛饰北斋的一幅画《神奈川冲浪里》中找到正面的领导衝力。葛饰北斋的画作对西洋西洋印象派画家影响深远,最着名者包括梵谷;而梵谷的《星夜》一画,启发了歌手Don McLean写成Vincent (Starry starry night)一曲。故事在每一桩个人突破现实界限、自我弱点的努力中流淌。那是互相对话的、激发的影响力;其过程就是人的创作衝動继续绵延的契机。说深一点,克里斯蒂瓦的“互文性”在哪儿提供着转变的资源。符号资本。
Like the crews in Hokusai's masterpiece, those on the COVID-19 frontlines are today fighting towering waves. But - just as the sailors can spot Mount Fuji - they do so because they have a strong sense of purpose. Theirs, then, is a lesson in leadership for all. (What can this painting tell us about leadership in the COVID-19 era? Jun 1, 2020 WEF)
日本画家葛饰北斋(Katsushika Hokusai,1760-1849),在1999年曾被美国《生活》(Life)杂志,选为过去一千年最重要的百大事件与人物(The 100 Most Important Events and People of the Past 1,000 Years)第86位。换句话说,他是一千年来最伟大的日本人。
Hokusai and the wave that swept the world
画狂老人「葛饰北斋」
葛饰北斋
对梵谷的影响
Life 杂志1000大世纪人物
The world of Hokusai Katsushika
May 15, 2024
Zenkov
老照片官司
曾看過一則新聞:男人與妻子三十年婚姻破裂,正式離婚,女兒亦已返美繼續讀書——但男人興訟。
二人有關財產分配問題,已一一在庭外解決,應該不是為了錢。
他是為了"回憶"。
男人自中學時代已愛上攝影,到目前為止仍是他唯一沈迷的嗜好,積蓄都花在攝影和買器材上。過去三十年,他為自己建立的家庭拍下至少八千幀照片,記錄了歷史和珍貴的回憶片段,如婚禮、外遊、女兒成長過程、生日派對、學校生活、比賽——總之是生活的一點一滴,喜怒哀樂,——他的前半生!
他與前妻口頭上達成協議,八千幀照片全歸他所有,但到期日她只交還兩疊。為此他不惜興訟,持法官搜查令到她寓所搜回舊照。
他不是為了房子、財產、古董、珠寶首飾、股份、業權——等必爭之物痛苦,而是為了追不回的歲月,留點痕跡。在他心目中,比錢更重要。
女人一定非常恨他,清楚他的"死穴"了(他相信她還暗中收起一部分)。
舊照片而已,科技發達,統統一式兩份,各自紀念,不就完了嗎?——說是他的前半生,也是她的前半生,都一樣珍貴。
她也許只是要他焦灼、傷心、難過,急如熱鍋上螞蟻,然後央求。是故意的吧?
(原題:李碧華《橘子不要哭》為了八千幀照片)
Jun 15, 2024
Zenkov
Banalities
In the ordinary situations of bourgeois life, banalities about art, literature or cinema are in separable from the steady tone, the slow , casual diction, the distant or self-assured smile, the measured gesture, the well-tailored suit and the bourgeois salon of the person who pronounces them as can be seen whenever a change in social position puts the habitus into new conditions, so that its specific efficacy can be ioslated, it is taste. the taste of necessity or the taste of luxury and not high or low income which commands the practices objectively adjusted to these resoureces.—— 引自第3頁
The Search for Distinction
The search for distinction has no need to see itself for what it is and all the intolerances of noise crowds inculcated by a bourgeois upbringing are generally sufficient to provoke the changes of terrain or object which, in work as in leisure, lead towards the objects places or activities rarest at a given moment. those who are held to be distinguished have the privilege of not worrying about their distinction; they can leave it to the objective mechanisms which provide their distinctive properties and to the sense of distinction which steers them away from everything common. where the petite bourgeois or nouveau riche overdoes it, betraying his own insecurity, bourgeois discretion signals its presence by a sort of ostentatious discretion, sobriety and understatement, a refusal of ever... —— 引自第4頁
Hysteresis Effect
The hysteresis effect(编註:滞後效應)is proportionately greater for agents who are more remote from the educational system and who are poorly or only vaguely informed about the market in educational qualifications. One of the most valuable sorts of information constituting inherited cultural capital is practical or theoretical knowledge of the fluctuations of the market in academic qualifications, the sense of investment which enables one to get the best return on inherited cultural capital in the scholastic market or on scholastic capital in the labour market, for example, by knowing the right moment to pull out of devalued disciplines and careers and to switch into those with a future, rather than clinging to the scholastic values which secured the highest profits in an earlier state of the market.
Reflection in Research Method
The survey on which the work was based was carried out in 1963, after a preliminary survey by extended interview and ethnographic observation,on a sample of 692 subjects (both sexes) in Paris, Lille and a small provincial town. To obtain a sample large enough to make it possible to analyse variations in practices and opinions in relation to sufficiently homogeneous social units, a complementary survey was carried out in 1967-68, bringing the total number of subjects to 1,217 (see table A.l). Because the survey measured relatively stable dispositions, this time-lag does not seem to have affected the responses (except perhaps for the question on singers, an area of culture where fashions change more rapidly)—— 引自章節:Reflection in Research Method.
(摘自:布爾迪厄的《區分副標題: 判斷力的社會批判》(Distinction); 副標題: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste; 作者: Pierre Bourdieu 皮埃爾·布爾迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu [1930年-2002年];出版年: 2010-04-23;出版社: Routledge;頁數: 640;中文版譯者: 劉暉;出版社: 商務印書館;出版年: 2015-10頁數: 943)
Jun 29, 2024
Zenkov
劉金祥·造物:文變染乎世情,興廢系乎時序。
「文變染乎世情,興廢系乎時序。」(梁代大文論家劉勰語,出自劉勰《文心雕龍》) 作為正在迅速崛起和蓬勃發展的綠色朝陽產業,文化創意產業已經成為滿足中國社會各界文化需要和廣大民眾精神需求的新興業態,以及新時代的突出人文亮點和重要經濟支點。習近平總書記強調,要堅定文化自信、把握時代脈搏、聆聽時代聲音,堅持與時代同步伐、以人民為中心、以精品奉獻人民、用明德引領風尚。文化產業發展規律表明,文化創意產業品牌是文創工作者精心研究和悉心生產的精品佳構,也是展現新時代變革中的旌鼓旗幡。大凡具有較高知名度和影響力的文創產品,都是以時代精神為統領而涵育、打磨和淬煉出來的。
廣播影視、動漫、音像、視覺藝術、表演藝術、工藝與設計、雕塑、廣告裝潢、服裝設計、軟件和計算機服務等領域的大部分文創產品,更為注重挖掘、融入和展示傳統文化元素、情感元素、價值元素,並將其名稱、形象、故事等形成IP並進行創造性轉化與創新性發展,因此,這些文創產品的創意傳播能力大幅攀升,在講好中國故事、傳播好中國聲音、闡發中國精神、展現中國風貌等方面發揮了重要作用和積極功效。
盡管與承載著不同時代世道人心、濃縮著不同時代社會萬象的經典文藝作品不同,但具有較高知名度和影響力的文創品牌,在某種意義上也參與構築了新時代中國的精神高地和民族的人文情懷,承載著中華燦爛文明,延續著中華歷史文脈,維系著中華民族精神。
縱觀中國文化創意產業的發展,經歷了從引進學習到探索創新的發展階段,並逐漸形成了自己特有的發展方式和發展路徑。隨著新時代的到來,中國文化創意產業的發展也面臨著新的使命,特別是在以互聯網為依托的產業升級和消費升級的語境下,文化創意產業的研究和實踐需要更加注重產學研的融合,更加專注於探索優質文化產品的生成和推進新型文化業態的可持續發展。
近年來,中國文創工作者不斷激發發展新時代文化創意產業的熱情,銳意進取,融合創新,借鑑經驗,整合資源,通過對文化資源的開發、創造和提升,共同構建反映新時代精神、契合大眾心理、弘揚民族優秀文化的文創新模式、新機制,使中國文化創意產業發展呈現出良好態勢和獨特優勢。尤其是一些經濟發達地區緊抓時代機遇,順應文創潮流,以文化為靈魂,以創意為核心,以創新為動力,在當地經濟社會發展中逐步注入更多文化元素、創意要素和知識要素,加速做大文化創意產業,不斷提升當地整體競爭力和自主創新能力。可以預見,通過發展文化創意產業來提升中國文化軟實力和文化傳播力,是未來一段時期內我們建設文化強國的重要戰略選擇。
為人民群眾提供和奉獻思想精深、藝術精湛、制作精良的文化創意產品,既是文化產業發展的重要任務,也是當代中國文創工作者自身價值的重要體現。而要確保文化創意產業始終堅持正確的價值取向,秉持經濟效益與社會效益相統一的基本原則,就必須堅持與時代同步、與社會同行,大力倡導和弘揚時代精神,這不僅是對文創產業發展的根本要求,更是文創產業發展的本質特征。
回望中外文創發展歷程,不難發現,眾多文創產品之所以能夠在漫長歲月中廣布流傳,且至今依然為人們所喜愛和青睞,一個重要原因就是這些著名品牌均從某一側面折射和傳遞出特定歷史時期的時代足跡與時代精魂。可以說,正是因此,不同時代的文創產品才氤氳著不同的時代氣息、時代精神與時代氣質,才呈現出不同時代的面影、烙印和特征,才成為不同時代社會生活和人文精神的形象寫照。新時代文創工作者只有遵循和發揚因時而興、乘勢而變這一基本精神品格,才能與時代同頻共振,才能使文創產品隨時代演進而蓬勃興起。
綜上,當下中國提升全球范圍內的跨文化創意傳播能力,一方面要深入挖掘真實、立體、全面的中國形象,堅守中華文化立場,傳承中華文化基因,展現中華審美風范;另一方面要准確把握不同民族、不同國家、不同宗教的文化特點,開展故事化傳播、情感化傳播與視覺化傳播,讓國外民眾在審美過程中感受中華文化魅力,加深對中華文化的認識和理解。文化創意產業要始終堅持社會效益第一,即不斷推出文化藝術精品,堅持品位、格調、責任而不能一味片面迎合市場,用正確的政治導向、文化導向、審美導向自覺約束和規范生產行為。中國當代文創工作者要積極投身新時代風雲激蕩的改革實踐,把把握時代脈搏、回應時代課題、揭示時代價值作為自己的重要使命,自覺發揚以改革創新為核心的時代精神,將文創產品開發寓於時代進步之中,用更多高揚時代旗幡、鏤刻時代足跡、鳴響時代回聲、鐫繪時代圖譜的文創產品回贈給變動不居的新時代,力求使這些體現時代思想深度、文化厚度和精神高度的文創產品,在啟悟人們心智、領略文化魅力、彰顯國家實力、展現時代風采等方面發揮獨特作用。
(原題:發展文創產業是提升文化軟實力的重要路徑;來源:光明網-學術頻道2021-05-20 https://;作者:劉金祥 黑龍江省中國特色社會主義理論體系研究中心特聘研究員、哈爾濱工業大學兼職教授)
Jul 25, 2024
Zenkov
(續上)結構主義之前的一切藝術,被法國結構主義先驅霍克斯一語囊括,他說:「結構主義基本上是關於世界的一種思維方式,在這一思維方式中,事物的真正本質不在於事物本身,而在於我們在各種事物之間感覺到的那種關係。」除此以外,別無他物。換言之,這是一種現存秩序至上的信仰。它尊重的是「事物系統的諸要素所固有的相對穩定的組織方式、或聯結方式」。即把人的存在看作是上帝創造的宇宙秩序中的固定不變的一個角色。
當結構主義營造的這個世界結構成為一個除此以外別無他物的穩定不變的信仰結構後,結構主義無疑陷入到自我矛盾之中,自己把自己解構了。因此,從「結構主義」存在的意義上說,正是它自己創造了自己的掘墓人——解構主義。這就是結構主義必然被解構主義所解構的宿命。
這條悖論的個人體驗可以這樣表述,當藝術家(哲學家)並沒有意識結構主義的時候,他的創作或表述充滿了結構主義的光輝,一旦他意識到結構主義在左右自己的創作或表述時,他的一切作品立即被摧毀,或者被解構。而解構本身將成為一種新的結構,成為現存秩序的一部分。
正確理解摧毀(destruction)或解構(deconstruction)這兩個概念,正是解構主義大師德里達苦心孤詣的獨特建樹。區別兩者,解構主義才真正在與結構主義的對立統一中脫穎而出,自成體系。於是,解構主義並非結構主義的反義詞,與結構主義反義的是摧毀,而解構主義成為結構主義的升華。
三、夢是一種結構還是一種解構
當人們糾纏結構主義還是解構主義的時候,他們忘了,人類天生具有解構宇宙秩序的本能。這個本能,就是夢。
我的一個朋友曾經說,藝術的本質,說到底,是對人頭腦中虛幻世界的一種處理。從史前最深邃最黑暗洞穴中的岩畫一步步走來,整個藝術史,也就是人類的進化史,無非是把人的頭腦中的虛幻世界處理得越來越接近現實世界。這個虛幻世界,就是夢。
他把我描述成一個有夢並且正在用自己的手藝「造夢」的人。我欣然接受。
四、解構藝術的直覺和洞察
解構主義與夢的闡釋不謀而合,其最深刻的內涵,是關於心靈在自然宇宙中的位置。
宇宙是心靈的產物抑或心靈是宇宙的神化?人究竟是屬靈的或者僅僅是物質的某種特定形式?人究竟與自然是何種關係?難道人真的僅僅是一種稍微複雜(或者就目前的認知水平,可能是最複雜的)的動物嗎?
科學和哲學無法給出答案,宗教一勞永逸地否定人自己給出答案的權利,生命本身只管自己生生不息,毫不理睬這些多余的廢話。只有藝術,聽從美的召喚並憑借人生來具有的洞察力,一直在試圖解答這個永恆的問題。
星空為什麼美好?因為它常常作為美夢的背景;夢為什麼總是那麼光怪陸離?因為那是心靈的本來面目;心靈為什麼難以捉摸?因為每一個心靈都是一個截然不同的宇宙;宇宙為什麼存在?因為我們必須確定宇宙的存在從而確定人本身的存在。
於是,人的存在成為宇宙存在的前提,人對宇宙的認識反過來規定了人的存在。
現在的問題是,我們憑借什麼認識宇宙。依靠感官嗎?仰觀宇宙之大,俯察品類之盛,感官的確帶給我們認識世界一個照相式的簡單模式,至少這種感官認知的模式為我們提供了在宇宙中生存的基本能力。然而,人類的眼光實在太短淺,遠不足以認識宇宙的全景和真相。依靠理性嗎?我們對宇宙的知識早已洋洋灑灑,林林總總,光是記載於書籍的知識就浩如煙海,人類小小的大腦早已不堪重負,而知識越多,宇宙反而越發複雜,不但沒有改善人對宇宙認識的自信,反而使我們更加陷入知識的困境,也就是人生存的困境。
讓我們回到本文開頭的問題,我們想像中的外星人,究竟是什麼樣的?「外星人想像」無非是現代科技體系下,對我們的知識困境的某種宗教解脫。就像我們在蒙昧時期想像的上帝一樣。上帝按照自己的樣式造人,於是,我們也只好 按照我們的樣子設計「外星人」。
「外星人」是否存在對我們來說究竟有什麼樣的意義呢。我們僅僅是基於人類的認知困境,於是想像了「外星人」。我們對自己的來歷沒有自信,於是想像了「外星人」的存在,希望外星人對我們的存在負起某種責任,以便擺脫困境。這就是我們通過感官和理性可以把握的宇宙的某種「深層結構」。
但是,通過感官和理性創造的這種結構主義的「外星人」其實並不能使我們擺脫困境,因為無論外星人是否有一天降臨地球,他都無法替代創世者,因為,我們依然無法釋懷「外星人的困境」——誰創造了「外星人」。
只有解構主義藝術或許可以創造星際空間完全不存在的「外星人」,超乎現存秩序之上,只在一個更完整的虛空間中存在的「外星人」,才有可能幫助我們解脫認知困境。當然,這個創造無法憑借感官和理性,只能通過對夢境的闡釋即藝術的直覺和洞察,才能完成我們心底最基本的結構——真理、神、和美。在這個意義上,解構主義藝術與宗教相通。
(原題:藝術的洞察—結構與解構;作者:《瓷都美術家》張曉傑; 來源:了了亭 發布時間:2014年03月08日)
續讀
地方文化營銷 1.1 PGC:Literature
:《金鐘獎》最佳行腳節目
Aug 2, 2024
Zenkov
張曉傑:藝術的洞察—結構與解構
張曉傑,1963 年6 月生於江西省景德鎮市,山東省工藝美術大師。
8 歲開始就隨父(張松茂,中國工藝美術大師)學藝,1977 年進入輕工業部陶瓷研究所。從藝30 多年來,在對中國傳統陶瓷技藝的繼承、發揚、充實、提高的基礎上,不斷吸收現代陶藝理論,大膽創新、努力探索現代陶瓷藝術創作的新形式,形成了自己獨特的創作風格,創作了大量的現代陶瓷藝術精品。張曉傑的作品造型奇特神秘,線條變化莫測,色塊組合撲朔迷離,空間形式的多維交錯,構圖的神秘狂放與強勁,色彩的凝重與昂揚、斑斕與冷豔,形象的奇詭與力度,情感的由冷到熱、由靜到躁、由死到生、由冷寂到熱火、由沉睡到爆炸、由夢幻到現實、由現實到未來、由瞬間到永恆的大幅度的跳躍……
曾跟隨父親參加了首都機場《森林之歌》、釣魚台國賓館、人民大會堂《井岡春色》壁畫和江西省政府為慶祝香港回歸《紫歸牡懷圖》瓷板畫的繪制工作。作品參加國家、省、市級藝術陶瓷展覽和大獎賽中,獲各種獎項50 多次。由於成果卓著,中國輕工總會工藝美術行業辦公室、中國工藝美術協會、中國玩具協會,授予他工藝美術行業優秀成果一等獎,並榮獲全國工藝美術行業優秀技藝人員榮譽稱號,得到國際陶瓷藝術界的高度評價。
一、結構與解構釋義
少林寺和尚釋永信說,佛門三千大千世界,肯定有外星人,而且還很多。基督徒說起聖經故事,幾乎就是外星人「神跡」的白描。科學界相信外星人存在的也大有人在,但是大部分人所能想像到的外星人,跟我們地球的人類大體差不多。脖子上頂個腦袋,有鼻子有眼。越是嚴謹的科學家,越考慮得複雜。在他們複雜,外星智慧即使有,也應該生存在和我們地球相似的環境,氧氣、水不可或缺。但是,在藝術家複雜,外星智慧真的一定要呼吸空氣嗎,一定要有水,有鼻子,有嘴,甚至一定是生物形態的嗎?這是一個問題。然而,似乎從來沒有一個肯定的答案。
這其實就是結構與解構的問題。
藝術家和哲學家一樣,都認為自然宇宙在表面秩序的後面有一種深層結構。希臘人是在對「影子的影子」「模仿的模仿」中逐漸體會出來的。猶太人從苦難和屠戮中被灌輸了神的旨意。中國人則在虔誠地仰望星空中領悟出來「道」和「美」。這種深層結構,在希臘本體論哲學那里叫「真理」,希伯來救贖文化(原罪和救贖)從中認識了道德和善,並將之發展到善的最高形式——「神」。中國人在勞動實踐中發現天地四時的規律,從而窺探到宇宙中的「道」,並於人心中的秩序相契合,叫做天人合一。這已經很進了一步,因為其中包含了審美的觀念。故中國美術追求「神似」「氣」「韻」「神韻」等等,把人的因素加入到藝術中去,其實就是「審美」概念中人與自然的互動。西方哲學後來兩次大變,一次從本體論轉向認識論,將人本身包含在與真理和善的互動里面,才完成了向審美邁進的這一步,這種人與自然的關係組成一種自然界的本質性「結構」。後來的「語言論轉向」更是另造一個純文本的符號世界。(下續)
Aug 3, 2024
Zenkov
姚斯虽然用了“不仅”“而且”的句式,但接受理论的基点则是将两者关系的主导方面放到接受——消费方面,他所说的作品与读者的关系指的就是阅读接受。 姚斯借喻生产与消费关系来支撑其接受美学的文学史观,德国理论家魏曼联系马克思关于生产与消费关系的论述,批评他抹煞生产的主导地位,“使文学消费领域绝对化”的片面性。
霍勃拉的《接受理论》一书中有“提供一个马克思主义基础”一节,简要复述了马克思的论点,同意魏曼对姚斯的指责 。辩明这个问题,对于了解接受理论具有根本性的意义。马克思关于生产与消费关系的论述,见于其《(政治经济学批判)导言》中,概括而言,有这样几点:
第一,生产与消费有着直接的同一性:生产要消费能量和原料,可以说生产就是消费。消费是在进行“第二种生产”,可以说消费就是生产。
第二,生产与消费是相互依存的:“没有生产,消费就没有对象”,“可以说没有生产就没有消费”。消费为生产提供“作为目的的需要,没有需要,便没有生产”。
第三,生产和消费“每一方都为对方提供对象,生产为消费提供外在的对象”,也“给予消费以消费的规定性”,规定了一定的消费方式,“使消费得以完成”。
消费为生产提供“想象的对象”,是“消费在观念上提出生产的对象,把它作为内心的图像,作为需要,作为动力和目的提出来”,而这种作为需要的内心图像,是 “对于对象的知觉所创造的”,因此“生产为主体生产对象,而且也为对象生产主体”。
[德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究——阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第259—264页。
[德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究——阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第293页。
[德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究——阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第 299页。
[德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 1 9页 [美]霍拉勃:《接受理论》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 412—413页 。
总的来说,生产和消费作为一种行为的两个因素,相互依存,相互“生产”,但却不等同。“生产是实际的起点,而且也是起支配作用的因素”,消费作为需要,“本身就是生产活动的一个内在要素”,“表现为生产的要素”①。
马克思对商品生产与消费关系的论述,由表及里,至为辩证,每个论断都可以从实践中得到印证。姚斯借喻生产与消费的关系来支撑其接受美学的文学史观,乃至整个的文学接受理论,都是片面地舍本逐末,变相地抹煞生产(作品创作)是“实际的起点,而且也是起支配作用的因素”的意义,如前面论述过的姚斯的不能自圆其说的“期待视野”说,伊泽尔将布斯的“隐含作者”变为“隐含的读者” 移入先于读者阅读的作者创作的作品中,从而过度地突出消费(接受、效果)对生产(作品创作)的作用的一个方面,将“消费完成生产行为”,“消费创造出生产的动力”和“想象的对象’’的作用,改造为作品经过读者阅读接受才是真正的完成,作品的生命在于读者接受中。
这就把生产(作家创作)不仅创作出消费的对象(作品),也规定着消费的方式,“也为对象生产主体”这个重要的方面完全抛开了。 经济学中的商品生产与消费的关系,两者的中介即产品,是物质性的,马克思称为“外在的对象”。文学生产,一般是指文学创作,不是文化产业的生产。姚斯和其他接受理论家亦是如此。而文 学作品是人的精神活动的产品,创作与接受都是在人的精神活动中进行的,与商品经济的生产与消费不尽相同。文学创作原初的、也是基本的性能功用是内心情志的释放、外显,此即中国古人所谓 “情动于中,而形于言”,黑格尔所谓抒情诗是“心灵表现心灵”。
释放就是内在的需要,虽然在文学的历史发展中,逐渐增入了其他的效果因素,即便受到市场机制影响,以接受、效果为目的创作,创作主体的释放功能和自主性,依然没有消失,这正构成传世效果的基石。文学创作的主体释放性、自为 性,产品超越了外在的使用价值,或者说是使用价值的内在化,譬如说阅读不只是供消遣、单纯的娱心,其中就有兴、观、群、怨的内容,在生产与消费的关系中具有更大独立性。
没有创作,没有阅读对象,便没有接受、效果,这是确定无疑的;而文学作品不论有无人阅读接受,无论就一部或一类作品而言,还是继续有人进行创作的。马克思论述生产与消费的关系时说道:“消费本身就靠对象作为中介。消费对于对象所感的需要,是对于对象的知觉所创造的。艺术对象创造出懂得艺术和具有审美 能力的大众。”④
这里把作为生产与消费的中介物的产品的地位和功能凸显出来,产品使消费得以成为消费,也使消费能对生产提供作为动力和目的的“想象的对象”,创造出有消费能力的消费主体——人,选出的例子是文学艺术产品,说明这在文学艺术创作和接受的关系中最为显著。由此可见,接受理论借喻生产与消费关系模式,支撑其偏向读者、接受,抛弃作品文本的基本理论,不仅在理论上是片面的,就文学实际而言更加是片面的。
① 马克思:《导言》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第 2卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第 8—12页。
② 马克思:《(政治经济学批判>导言》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第 2卷,第 10页。
(袁 世 硕〈接受理论的悖论〉原載:中国 [山东大学]办《文史哲》2013年第1期 [总334期]第5页至13页)
Aug 22, 2024
Zenkov
布斯提出这个问题,是他发现真正的作者与他自己的替身之间存在着复杂关系。他举出菲尔丁的几部作品中的“隐含作者”不尽一致,有的还存在“极大的差异”;有的作家的作品中“写了许多追求美德的情节,可是他自己并不追求”,“隐含作 者”与作者并不总是一致的④。
布斯提出“隐含作者”,由此切入作者与作品的复杂关系,使作品表现出的社会道德意识与其作者之为人不一致的情况,得到了一种合理的诠释途径:有实际意义。只是布斯又画蛇添足地将其与读者联系到一起,这才让伊泽尔抓到个把柄,而伊泽尔自己也更加显露出 其“隐含的读者”的破绽。 伊泽尔的理论中最让人感到兴趣的是他关于本文结构中的“空白”和“否定”的论述。“空白”是 “本文自始至终系统中的一种空位”,“它打破了本文图式的可联结性,但不应视为一种缺陷,实则为 引发读者的想象去填补空白的动力结构”⑨。
这就是我们通常所说的情节的省略、悬置、反讽、对比等情况,或日不言之言。“否定”是指整体性的意义的空白,如同我们通常所说的形褒实贬,语无臧否而内含讥讽,倾向性从情节中自然流淌出来,这等作法多半隐含对现实社会和道德规范的质疑、扬弃、批判的意义,所以称之为“否定”。
文学创作这些性质不尽相同的情况,统称之为“:否定”并不妥当,而伊泽尔在这个题目下所作的分析却颇为具体,尽管没有完全摆脱他的读者响应理论的框架,然而却 不再是纯思辨性的逻辑推衍,而是采用了他不赞同的实证方法,从而揭示出不同类型的小说中“空 白”存在的实际状况。
[德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究一一 阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第45页。
[德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究一一 阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第46—48页。
[德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究——阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第49页。 参见
[美]w ·c·布斯:《小说修辞学》,华明等译 ,北京 :北京大学出版社,1987年,第 8O一85页。
[德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究 阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第249页。
如教诲性的主题小说“空白”稀少,一切仿佛是给定的,“赋予读者观念化的活 动也减少了”。系列故事商业化地增加“空白”,多置悬念,“吸引广泛的阅读兴趣”,使读者“努力去想象这个故事会怎样发展”,读者变成了“共同作者’’。对话体小说,全由人物交流的话语组成,意思、动机从双方对答显现出来,读者集合起来,“空白变成了主题”①。
循此,伊泽尔进一步揭示出小说在历史发展中,空白大量地增多,也造成人物等级模式的变化,“叙述者”由居于结构顶端的主宰地位,到 纯叙述的模式悄然隐退,深层次的“否定”性空白,在现代小说中成为文学文本的基本结构特征,形成 正入反出,读者从不知所以到结末感知其否定意义。
伊泽尔在论述中,解析了菲尔丁、福克纳、乔伊斯等作家的作品。例如他分析菲尔汀的《约瑟夫 ·安德鲁斯》,小说开头介绍主人公具备“完人”的美德,而叙出的情节却是这种美德“根本不能适应日常生活的需要”,这样就暗示了“人们不再从这些美德的基督教基础、或者柏拉图主义的基础来看它们”②。
在另一个地方,伊泽尔还从读者感知的角度, 分析了主人公与周围的那些人物的顽固、卑鄙、狡猾之间相对照的意义,说:“由于世俗的行为缺乏道德,而有道德的人缺乏洞察力,因此,在这里否定的两极合到一起就揭示了两极的实际意义。”“菲尔 丁实际上告诉他的读者,他想在他们面前举起一面镜子,‘使他们能够静观他们的畸形,并且使他们 努力减少这些畸形,这样,痛苦地承受个人羞辱,就可以避免公众的羞辱。"’③
由“空白”的存在,拓展 到文本结构特征,进而进入整体性“否定”的主题意义,伊泽尔的分析都没有超出文本分析的范围,这便与传统的文学批评大同小异,近于接受理论所扬弃的以本文为中心的新批评了。尽管他自己没有意识到,然而事实却不能不是这样。
四、借喻商品生产与消费关系的失误
姚斯论述他的接受美学的文学史观,时而引入或者说借喻商品生产的生产与消费的关系,来说 明文学创作与接受的问题。他说:“艺术作品的历史本质不仅在于它再现或表现的功能,而且在于它 的影响之中。领悟到这一点,对建立一种新的文学史基础有两点作用。
一方面,假如作品生命的产生‘不是来 自于作品自身的存在,而是来自作品与人类之间的相互作用’,这种不间断的理解和对过去的能动的再生产就不能被局限于单个作品。相反,现在必须把作品与作品的关系放进作品与人的相互作用之中,把作品自身中含有的历史连续性放在生产与接受的相互关系中来看。
换言之,只有作品的连续性不仅通过生产主体,而且通过消费主体,即通过作者与读者之间相互作用来调节时,文学艺术才能获得具有过程性特征的历史。”④
Aug 26, 2024