德國遊:歴史之旅

德國歴史之旅
2005年,二戰結束60年紀念,我背包包到了德國柏林。這一趟的歐洲文化之旅,補充了我對歷史敘事體驗設計的認識。例如,在不復存在的歷史現場,把昨日戰爭與極權政治一幕幕的發生,用開放的展覽與導覽方式呈獻給世界。罪深惡極的納粹德國蓋世太保,在他們為所欲為的年代,充滿了見不得光的黑幕;今天,全在光禿禿的遺跡上公諸於世。那種 體驗呈獻美學,帶引觀展人陷進深深的反思。此照中,昨日照片中的種種,對照今日現場四周的種種,太多太多的故事在心靈裏發酵。(2016年7月18日臉書)


《Advent》經典研讀班 1

《Advent》經典研讀班 2

《Advent》經典研讀班 3

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    故事與莫名的病

    二次大戰後我們也可以觀察到,當個體失去故事時會產生混亂及迷失方向;而當民族失去故事時,整個文化便會遭受莫名的病。(Ray & Anderson,2008:329)榮格派的分析師伍德曼(Marion Woodman)也這樣告訴我們:“沒有了故事,我們在個人的世界瓦解時,就無法回想起我們自己的身份” (見邱于芸著 《故事與故鄉~創意城鄉的十二個原型》,臺灣遠流出版社,2012年12月,65頁)

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    關於張正隆的《雪白血紅》

    《雪白血紅》是中國大陸報告文學作家張正隆的代表作,描述了第二次國共內戰期間林彪率領中共軍隊在中國東北戰場與中華民國國軍作戰的事跡。

    作者採訪了上百個林彪有工作關係的人整理而成,寫得相當紀實,其中加入了大量林彪與以毛澤東為主席的中共中央互通的電報內容,書中涉及強制動員參軍、長春圍困戰中長春圍城餓死大量平民等敏感內容,出版後引起轟動,在被禁前在中國已經賣出超過十萬本。

    此書於1990年被禁止在中國大陸發行,被禁的原因是“為蔣介石評功擺好,為林彪翻案”,據悉彭真氣極敗壞地對他的秘書說:“林彪難道比毛澤東還英明嗎?”結果出版社遭到牽連,一些人遭到降職和下崗,責任編輯馬成翼被關了23天,張正隆被關了一個月,對張正隆後來出的書內容也審查得更嚴。2002年,此書在香港出版。如今在中國大陸少數圖書館可借閱。(維基百科)

    敘說古朝鮮女史官事跡的韓國電視連續劇《新進史官丘海昤》劇照,故事發生在19世紀初的朝鮮王國,劇情史實根據待考,唯可見唐代李世民前的中國史官制的縮影。

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    “文化認同”在相當大的程度上,是對自身的文化接觸經驗的理解與再建構,依Polkinghorne(1988)的看法,人的“體驗∕經驗”充滿著各種意義,如果想要探索這些意義,一個直接而立即的方式就是去探究人的“敘事∕敘說(內)”(narrative),因為這是人將自身經驗加以意義化的主要形式,而敘事同時也是一種認知的過程,在此過程中,人將自身的經驗賦予時間性和情節。由於敘事提供人們意義建構的工具,透過分享彼此對事實的詮釋,亦有助於凝聚社群,因此敘事的概念對於文化的研究而言非常重要。(Bruner, 1990; Hammack, 2008)

    而將個人的經驗、遭遇以事件及情節方式與自我概念相連結的敘事,稱為生命故事(life story),生命故事在認同發展過程中充任個人和社會心理功能,從人格心理學與社會心理學的角度來看,由於認同的發展,與敘事息息相關,學者甚至以“敘事認同”(narrative identity)稱之(McLean, 2008)。為了使個人認同與其親身經驗和遭遇相協調,生命故事並非一成不變,一方面其必須與時俱進地發展新的故事主題來接納陌生經驗,另一方面也會以既有的認同來同化對新事物的理解,個人認同的問題與生命故事的創造乃青少年晚期至成年期發展的兩大特色(Pasupathi, Mansour & Brubaker, 2007, p. 86)。從個人敘事中,我們可以看出當事人對生活經驗如何做首尾相連的解釋,並對其行為之意義及目的有所瞭解。(胡紹嘉, 2012《旅歷台灣,返想中國: 一位來台陸生的跨文化敘事與認同重構》台灣《新聞學研究》第一一一期,2012年4月,頁43-87) 

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    (續上)彥彬老師認為即便 Wahnich 的說法有過於浪漫化的可能— —畢竟這種代位處理的仍帶來一樣的傷害——但可以肯認的是 Wahnich 的閱讀確實有處理到革命初期底層無所指引、處理的憤怒之情。

    彥彬老師在讀書會的後半場轉而處理書中的理論問題,尤其是 Wahnich 與阿岡本生命政治的對話。在 Wahnich 看來,⼈民的聲音在經過「恐怖」(terror)處理過後,不再是赤裸的聲音,而是「政治的聲音」(political vocals)。相對的,阿岡本對生命政治的認識則是權力不透過任何中介作用就直接作用於生命之上的,他在《牲⼈》(Homo Sacer)一書中,追溯至《人權宣言》,指出生命自此從一誕生就已經被賦予權利、也就是被政治化了。

    即便 Wahnich 沒有直接批判阿岡本,但當她從後九一一時代的集體悼念切⼊美國⼈對於國民生命的哀悼時,就指出該哀悼讓生命本身被直接賦予「一種不可名狀或尚未被發現的公民權」(an indescribable or undiscoverable citizenship 105);然而,回到法國大革命的恐怖統治時代,各種政機構都是一種中介,⼈民的聲音要被這些機構中介化、象徵化才有可能晉升為「人」的聲音,換句話說,「唯有成為公民才能獲得⼈性」(it was by becoming a citizen that the humanity was attained 105)。在阿岡本看來是要先成為 ⼈才會成為公民,而在 Wahnich 看來,要先成為公民才有可能成為⼈。

    彥彬老師進而說明 Wahnich 對於生命政治的框架,恰好是連結了 theoretical humanismsituational anti-humanism,前者是一般所認識的⼈本主義,是將所有底層轉化為公民,而後者則是指當某⼈背叛了自己的⼈性時——在當時,即未尊重公民權的概念——就成為不值得存活的生命。

    正如 Wahnich 在書中寫道:「[革 命的]目標是保護一群藉由尊重其所宣示的自然權利而政治地構築的⼈性」(The 0 object is to protect above all humanity as a group constituted politically by its respect for declared natural right 89-90),所謂“humanity as a group”本身就有排他性,是要對自然權利有所尊重的才能被囊括進來,而對於普世權利與平等不認同的貴族階級則是可以被剝奪生命的。這樣的說法固然有缺陷,但彥彬老師強調正是因為 Wahnich 聚焦於歷史脈絡中,她才不全然侷限在生命政治的框架內。

    她強調在歷史情境下,恐怖統治的論述在意的是底層是否可以全然接受法國大革命的發展。在貴族、教士仍與底層有距離、生命仍不平等時,惟有公民權才是平等且等價的。進一步講,生命與公民權是不等價的,後者是不可被犧牲的。當阿岡本式的生命政治強調每個生命都是平等時,Wahnich 意識到生命在革命時期並非價值基礎, 所謂「不自由,毋寧死」可能才是體現當時價值的最佳標語。

    共和國曆十一月,1794 年七月,恐怖統治隨著羅伯斯比的處死而終結。今天所謂的恐怖統治,正是從復辟的角度回顧前一段歷史而給予的負面指稱。彥彬老師指出在革命時期的死亡本應帶有高度政治意義的,但當我們重新檢視恐怖統治時期後,才會意識到事實恰好相反。

    Wahnich 來講,當我們將生命給予崇高價值後,反而讓生命沒有政治意義。彥彬老師認為這本小冊子有許多豐富的意義, 但仍需要思考的是其中的哲學思想。老師指出 Wahnich 談的生命政治是較偏向班雅明(Walter Benjamin)“Critique of Violence”所談的 mere life。而當 Wahnich 談及底層聲音時所使用的「翻譯」一詞,也偏向班雅明式 fortleben 的說法,在德語即「生命自己從內部離開、裂解與出走」。在這場導讀中,邱老師從革命的角度看待 Advent概念,雖然談的是法國大革命,他關切的是生命與政治的連結,讓我們看到公民權的建構的問題。 


    Advent》經典研讀班;8—10頁;第四場〈暴力降臨,政治於焉開始 〉;科技部⼈⽂社會科學研究中⼼補助學術研究群暨經典研讀班結案報告;計畫編號:MOST 110-2420-H-002-003-MY3-GB11008;執行期間: 2021 7 ⽉ 1 日至 2022 6 ⽉ 30 日;計畫召集⼈:楊乃⼥;執行機構及系所:國⽴高雄師範大學英語學系)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    《Advent》經典研讀班第四場


    講題:暴力降臨,政治於焉開始
    導讀⼈:邱彥彬老師(政大英文系)
    主持⼈:吳建亨老師(清大外文系)
    側記⼈:陳柏叡(台大外文系碩⼠班)
    閱讀文本: Wahnich, Sophie. In Defense of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution. Trans. David Fernbach. London: Verso, 2012.
    時間:20211023
    地點:Google Meet 線上會議室

    十月份活動同樣因為疫情因素,舉辦線上研讀班活動。導讀開始時,邱彥彬老師即說明 Wahnich 為法國大革命的政治恐怖進行辯護主要是將 1793 年重新放回革命的脈絡中檢視。彥彬老師認為 Wahnich 的歷史書寫是相對傳統地藉由敘述的方式來銜接 17891793 年的政治變化,而本次讀書會的重點會放在 Wahnich 如何將 1793 年扣回歷史脈絡上、並檢視 Wahnich 修正式的生命政治。

    彥彬老師聚焦於法國大革命 17891795 年的發展,說明一般歷史學家會 以 1792 年路易十六的退位作為分⽔嶺,將此時期區為第一民主(first democracy) 與第二民主(second democracy)。第一民主的政治制度仍是建立在君主立憲的、 是由路易十六所認可的國民會議主導;第二民主則是廢除君主制度、更直接地進入共和時代。彥彬老師認為透過這個分類更容易將 17921793 年的歷史重置法 國大革命的脈絡:因為從 Wahnich 的閱讀角度,一般所說的 1793 年恐怖統治其 實是要溯回至 1792 年的,前者是為後者的政治行動進行解釋與詮釋,二者的政 治決斷目的都在於建立「⼈民主權」(popular sovereignty)。也因此,與其將恐怖 統治類比為納粹或是蘇聯的極權式管理,不如將它視作一種政治技術。 進而言之,在 Wahnich 看來,1792 年可以說是「未經象徵化的復仇」(nonsymbolized vengeance)集中發生的一年。所謂的「未經象徵化」指的是底層以生 命作為代價的直接反叛,而「復仇」則是當時底層或是國民會議內的政治行動。 1792 年的三個指標性的事件分別為六月二十日闖進皇宮、⼋月十日闖進杜伊勒 里宮、與九月屠殺(September Massacre),行動者是國民衛隊與無套褲漢(sansculotte)。其中九月屠殺乃肇因於底層⼈民不耐審判過程過於冗長,而闖⼊ 科技部人文社會科學研究中心 9 監獄大量屠殺囚禁中的第一與二階層的貴族與教⼠。

    至 1793 年,在路易十六退位、君主立憲取消、國民會議解散的情況下,制度上是更積極籌備立憲議會,其中最具意義的是建立了革命審判所(revolutionary tribune),這是一個快速判決、沒有上訴機制的審判所,目的是為了迅速處理遭到逮捕的第一與第二階級。

    Wahnich 看來,此審判所的建立是為了回應前一年的九月屠殺,目的在於疏導、「詮釋」一直未能被妥善象徵化的「⼈民之聲」(la voix du peuple)。彥彬老師認為作者對第二民主的看法來自於一種精神分析式的閱讀, 主張 1792 年無法進⼊象徵秩序的聲音終於在 1793 新成立的革命體制下得到安頓。有鑑於此,一般認識的 17921795 年的革命歷史並非不斷加溫的恐怖統治,而是在替未經處理的⼈民的聲音降溫、降級,當時的暴力不是被壟斷而是讓底層免於暴力的漩渦。

    Advent》經典研讀班;8—10頁;第四場〈暴力降臨,政治於焉開始 〉;科技部⼈⽂社會科學研究中⼼補助學術研究群暨經典研讀班結案報告;計畫編號:MOST 110-2420-H-002-003-MY3-GB11008;執行期間: 2021 年 7 ⽉ 1 日至 2022 年 6 ⽉ 30 日;計畫召集⼈:楊乃⼥;執行機構及系所:國⽴高雄師範大學英語學系)(下續)

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    在這裡對 Haraway 影響很大的是生物學家 Lynn Margulis,因為 Margulis 認為生物是 HolobiontMargulis 也是反對過往的生物學研究,她認為生物並不存在單一的個體,而是跟整個世界產生互動,所以應該是 symbiosis 的關係,並不能用競爭跟合作關係來理解生物,因為競爭跟合作隱含了單一個體的概念。

    因此,Haraway 也拋棄了 Host 的概念, 放棄所謂一個生物寄生在某一個獨立生物的思想。林老師指出,Haraway 所創造的很多名詞是因為要描述世界複雜的關係,由 於這些關係太複雜,所以不能用單一的名詞來解釋。

    此外,Haraway 還舉了一個 Mixotricha paradoxa(中文譯為「混合⽶線蟲」)的例 子。表面上它是一個獨立的生物,但它包含了兩種螺旋體,兩種真細菌,牠們可以作為一個無限多種生物合生的例子,因為裡面有五種以上的共生基因組或細胞。

    從這個例子看出,生物已經超出以前生物學所認為的分類法,因為生物本來就是 symbiosis 的系統。此處 Haraway 還提出兩種共生模式,一種是 choano flagellate bacteria (領鞭毛蟲)模式,另一種是 squid-bacteria 模式。在夏威夷有一種短尾烏賊,體內有一種細菌使烏賊會發光,可以幫助烏賊獵食,因為其他生物會將發光透明的烏賊誤認為星空。

    這種關係證明了細菌跟動物是分不開的,生物之間是共生或合生的關係。另外,林老師討論另一個 Haraway 的主題,Interlacing sciences and arts with involuntary momentum,這個討論中 Haraway 引述了 Carla HustakNatasha Myers “Involutionary Momentum ”的文章。

    這兩位學者藉由科學研究跟文學或文化,找到一種對話或交錯的可能性,以促進科學、藝術跟人文的「worlding」。他們舉了蘭花與蜜蜂的關係來代表共生的關係。有一種蘭花為了要吸引蜜蜂去採蜜或授粉,因此讓它的花朵形狀長得像雌蜂的生殖器官,如此一來蘭花跟蜜蜂形成了 一個「affective ecology」,它們的關係也如同 Haraway 所說的「打結」,因為蜜蜂跟蘭花是交錯在一起的關係。

    根據它們的關係,可以看出一個 involutionary Momentum, 這裡林建光教授進一步解釋,因為生物學裡面經常提到 evolution(進化),「進化」指的是未來導向,單一的生物為了一個特定的目標而進化,但 Haraway 所贊成的可是 Involution,它不是往前而是往內旋轉的動力。

    至於蘭花跟蜜蜂,它們也產生一種實驗的關係,不能保證所有的關係都會是正面的。這裡 Haraway 以漫畫所談到的蘭花跟蜜蜂為例子,Haraway 把這個漫畫解讀為花本身就有記憶。

    花雖然依然長得像雌蜂的生殖器官,但該種採蜜的蜂蜜已經滅絕了。我們之所以知道這種蜜蜂的存在是因為蘭花還一直記得這種蜜蜂。換言之,蘭花幫我們記憶曾經有一段蘭花與蜜蜂共生的故事。

    某種程度上,花可視為為死⼈說 話的例子,Haraway 認為我們有責任為死⼈說話。林老師總結,第三章的前半部分是談 symbiosis 的理論,而後半部 Haraway 會用四個例子來印證她所提共生理論,以及如何在麻煩世界中找回部分復甦的可能。

    在本場活動中,林老師從生物的觀點帶領我們看到後⼈類論述的另一種可能,生物的共生狀態讓我們從 involution 的角度,而非 evolution 思考自然的問題。


    Advent》經典研讀班;6—8頁;第三場〈跨物種連結新圖像 〉;科技部⼈文社會科學研究中⼼補助學術研究群暨經典研讀班結案報告;計畫編號:MOST 110-2420-H-002-003-MY3-GB11008;執行期間: 2021 年 7 ⽉ 1 日至 2022 年 6 ⽉ 30 日;計畫召集⼈:楊乃女;執行機構及系所:國⽴高雄師範大學英語學系)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    《Advent》經典研讀班第三場

     

    講題:跨物種連結新圖像
    導讀⼈:林建光(中興外文系副教授)
    主持⼈: 楊乃女(高師英語系教授)
    側記⼈: 沈鵬(中興大學台灣與跨文化研究國際博⼠學位學程)
    閱讀文本:Haraway, Donna. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. (Ch. 3, 4) 時間:2021918
    地點:Google Meet 線上會議室

    九月分活動同樣因為疫情因素申請線上活動。根據林建光老師的解讀,本書第三章可以分為兩部,前部分是理論,後部分是案例,後者是 Haraway 提出人類如何與其他生物共生(Sympoiesis)的案例。林建光教授首先介紹 Sympoiesis 的概念。

    Sympoiesis 是指共生,是⼈與其他生物包括細菌一起成長,而且這裡的 Sympoiesis 也隱含了 worlding 的概念。 Haraway 主張把「世界」動詞化,她提出這樣的詞語是幫助我們了解這個世界不是固定的,而是不斷地變動,⼈和非人有著動態的關係,產生一個互動,所以這裡的 Sympoiesis 帶著創造或改變的意思,並反對人類是獨一無二的想法。

    接下來,林老師討論在 Sympoiesis 論述裡的其他概念,首先是 Endosymbiosis, 該術語是指一個關係網絡,例如人和其他生物(Critters),也就是動物、細菌或肉眼看不到的微小生物,這些生物不管是內在或外在的都不是固定的,可以往內旋,使生物與微生物形成一個系統。

    第二個術語是 Holobiont,是指生物不是單獨存在的,而是一個整體,並不能用二元對立來理解。因此,Haraway 將類似這種關係比喻為「打結」或「翻花繩」的關係,用這樣的意象來解釋無限纏繞的關係。 此外,Haraway 反對過往主張分類的生物學,她認為新的發展應該是要打破這些界線。
    (下續)

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    (續上)一般後人類主義大都接受史賓諾莎單子論,認為不應分主客,不分人和非⼈,所有存有都是整體,是一種內在論。精神分析雖然也是內在論,但它強調存有是不全的,和單子論有差別。接下來用 The Real 來界定精神分析本體論,這種強調存有不全的本體論是開放性的本體論。

    真實層並不是被象徵層閹割的初始的圓滿樣態,它是以象徵層的裂縫樣態存在。它本身並沒有實體,象徵層的裂縫不是 The Real 造成的,而是真實層是伴隨著象徵層出現的效應,是象徵層無法填補的裂縫,這是從真實層來看的「不全」的本體論。

    周老師接下來從拉岡的性別公式來界定「不全」。性別公式以陽具象徵、超越社會關係或律法的東西作為指標,男性和女性對這指標有不同的應對方式。男性預設有超越社會關係或律法的陽具象徵存在,其他人則必需接受社會關係或律法的約束;但女性邏輯則不一樣,女性認為並沒有超越律法社會的陽具象徵存在,但所有人並不會完全受到律法和社會關係的控制。

    Exception 就男性而言它存在於外部,律法之外,但女性認為它存在於內部,亦即律法或社會關係等象徵系統,它本身是不完整或有漏洞的,是不全的,可指涉主體或客體的不全,系統本身也 不全,律法也有漏洞。

    依照「不全」的概念,書中提到的 womensubjectcyborg 等存有,如用究極本體的概念來看,皆可視為不全的樣態。最後,周老師比較精神分析與 OOO 的概念,他指出精神分析強調一種 Inhuman posthumanism,nonhuman posthumanism 對照,OOOnonhuman posthumanism,而精神分析是 Inhuman posthumanism,主張反⼈核⼼ inhuman core 的後⼈類主義,與 nonhuman posthumanism 以非⼈為核⼼的後人類主義不同。反人的後人類主義是要跟人內在殘餘共存,找出非實體的主體性。

    第二點是 What disables enables,人的反人核心反而可以成為重塑人的主要動力。關於 OOO 的概念,它主張平面的本體論,主張萬物都民主,物是超越於主體的掌控、再現或詮釋之外的。萬物是共有一個本體的,是一種扁平的本體論, 扁平的本體論試圖打破⼈超越萬物之上的不對稱關係,主張動物、機器、或無生物等都共享一個本體的領域,主張萬物的民主。

    第二點 Emotion of the subject, 它把主體降級,主體沒有優位的關係,主體也是萬物之一,也是客體,Subject as object,主體變得和物體一樣。Zupančič 說過 OOO 試圖 Getting out the subject, 要從主體脫離,以及 Getting the subject out ,要把主體抽離。

    第三點是 From linguistic turn to ontological turn,從語言轉向到本體轉向。OOO 傳承 Speculative Realism 推測實在論,用本體論取代認識論,跳脫康德、笛卡爾等人所設定的知 識論難題,把重⼼放在大户外,要找回物體本身真實面貌。海德格提過壞掉的鎚子的例子,它跟 present at handready to hand 都無關,是純粹的物體。

    第四點 是 Object fever,是本書作者對 OOO 理論的描述,它是想走出主體的狹窄框框, 追求外物及外物性的,是追求⼈以外的萬物的一種對物體的狂熱。ANT 行動者 網路理論和 OOO 有些許差異。

    ANT 認為 OOO 把物質化約為扁平固定的物質或 遵守某種律法的物質,ANT 則追隨 Deleuze 的思想,認為萬物會互相裝配組合,萬物處於不穩定的 becoming 狀態。OOO 覺得 ANT 太重視關係及變化生成狀態,而把存有本身忽略。對 OOO 而言,存有本身有不可化約的存在。在這場導讀中,周老師帶領我們思考後⼈類論述中 inhumannonhuman 兩種概念的不同,讓我 們可以思考精神分析與 OOO 概念下後⼈類思考的差異,這對我們研究⼈與非⼈ 之間的關係非常有幫助。 


    Advent》經典研讀班;3—6頁;第二場〈後⼈類與新主體〉;科技部⼈文社會科學研究中⼼補助學術研究群暨經典研讀班結案報告;計畫編號:MOST 110-2420-H-002-003-MY3-GB11008;執行期間: 2021 年 7 ⽉ 1 日至 2022 年 6 ⽉ 30 日;計畫召集⼈:楊乃女;執行機構及系所:國立高雄師範大學英語學系)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    《Advent》經典研讀班第二場


    講題: 後人類與新主體
    閱讀文本: Zalloua, Zahi. Being Posthuman: Ontologies of the Future. London: Bloomsbury, 2021. (Chapters 1 and 3)
    主講人:周俊男(南臺科技大學應用英語系副教授)
    主持人/與談人:林建光(國立中興大學外國語文學系副教授)
    側記人:王曉慧(高雄醫學大學語言與文化中心副教授)
    時間:2021年 8 月 26 日
    地點:Google Meet 線上會議室

    八月份的活動同樣因為疫情因素舉辦線上研讀班活動。周老師在導讀一開始說明選擇此書之因,他認為本書雖然主要是介紹精神分析,也就是 LacanŽižek 的後人類版本。

    本書很大部份是跟物導向本體論 Object Oriented Ontology 做對比。第一章 Cyborg 和第三章 Object 裡頭介紹精神分析和後人類相關的理論。周老師將精神分析後人類概念分成幾個部分。第一點是 Inhuman in the humaninhuman,也就是「反人性」,與 nonhuman 概念不同,nonhuman 應該翻譯為「非人」。

    第二點是精神分析中構成主體性很重要的 death drive(死亡驅力)。第三點則是 Non-all「不全」這個概念。這三個是和精神分析後人類很有關係的概念。Inhuman 翻成反人性主要是要跟 nonhuman 做對比,inhuman 指的是不能被人文主義理性、獨立、自主、完整、透明的主體所掌握的,不可解的,無法駕馭的核心,這核心就是 inhuman,也就是精神分析 The Real 的層次。

    大部份後人類主義 者,如 Braidotti 等人通常都是反人文主義,但是精神分析的反人文主義跟其他反 人文主義的陣營不同,OOO 和上次讀到的 Braidotti 是要去除主體,跟機器、動物等合為一體,主張傅柯所講的 Death of the man,走的是 “He is not human”的路 線。He is not humanHe is inhumanŽižek 書中提到的,他說過要反“He is human”有兩種方式,就是“He is not human”“He is inhuman”

    OOO 的方式是“He is not human”,不要主體,跟外界融為一體,但精神分析卻不一樣,堅持一定要有主體性的存在,而這主體是否定性的主體,它會自我否定和自我分裂,主體的內容與形式會分離,所以我們把這樣的主體稱為“empty subject”「空白主體」, 或是“pure subject”,「純粹主體」。

    這是人裡的「反人」的部份。關於死亡驅力, 死亡驅力是指內在於人的自我否定的力量,是一種永恆的自我否定力量,既反抗弗洛伊德所謂的現實原則,也反抗快樂原則,所以 Žižek 把死亡驅力當作人基因的故障。死亡驅力跟精神分析的後人類精神很吻合,因為它會去擾亂人的穩定性, 突顯主體中「反人」的核心或主體所無法駕馭的殘餘的部份。

    第三點講 Non-all 的概念,它是精神分析的本體論,中文可翻成「不全」, 是精神分析用來描述真實層的本體的樣態。精神分析認為存有本身不是一個整體 或實體,而是內部分裂的,未完成的存有,所以稱為「不全」。「不全」這個概念 可應用在主體或客體的存有上,因為兩者的存有都是不全的。Non-all 是屬於內 在論的一種本體論,史賓諾莎單子論是上次讀的 Braidotti 尊奉的。
    (下續)

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    (續上)楊老師認為這篇短文可以對後人類理論中 inhumanity 的思考提供另一個觀點。楊老師指出,Braidotti 在《後人類》這本書中的主要目的在於建立一種後人類的主體論述,而在這個主體架構中,inhuman 是一個很重要的核心。

    在本書第三章裏,Braidotti 想要藉由討論科技與工業發展底下所造就的非人性,將非人性、死亡、後人類等概念相互聯結,進而解決當下的主體論述所面臨的困境。由於 Braidotti 本人受到德勒茲的影響很大,因此在文章中她不斷地提到 Vital Materialism(生機唯物論)的概念;她從這個概念出發,將死亡這個議題做一種很正向的解讀,並將生命與死亡視為一種連續體。

    具體來說,本書第三章分成幾個部分,首先她從現代主義當中的 inhumanity 開始談起,之後接著談死亡政治及其不足,最後用德勒茲式的死亡概念來重新塑造朝向生命的一種政治理論與主體論述。

    在導讀的第二部分,楊老師詮釋儂曦在〈⼊侵者〉短文中的目的,也就是儂曦針對何為陌生人及何為⼊侵者進行思考。這個從陌生人的到訪思考何謂陌生人及⼊侵者的議題,會讓人聯想起德希達對 hospitality 的哲學性思考。

    德希達在 《論好客》(Of Hospitality)中藉著「好客」的概念,探討了我們要如何對待異鄉人⁄陌生人(the foreigner⁄the stranger)的態度。德希達認為真正的好客應該要不問來者姓名、背景,無條件接納他,不過德希達也稱此種好客為不可能的好客,因為在一般的狀況下,主人都會對來客具有某種程度的掌控權與規範。

    主人可以決定如何對待來客,因此好客(hospitality)與敵意(hostility)其實是一線之隔,而陌生人是敵是友則端賴主人的態度與規範。此處德希達是從人的角度思考這個好客的問題,而不是從科技這個 inhumanity 的角度討論這個問題,而儂曦因為病痛必須要換掉他的心臟,因而經歷了心臟移植的這種科技入侵的過程;他的身體被迫接受這個入侵者,連帶也啟發了他思索何謂「自我」的問題。

    儂曦在結論指出,⼊侵者讓他體驗了自我被逐出、被剝奪的過程,同時他也體認到自己是一個聚合體 assemblage。他既是疾病也是醫療過程,他既是癌細胞也是一個移植的器官;他是癌細胞的原因是因為接受器官移植的醫療過程很有可能會觸發癌細胞,而他也確實得了癌症。

    總而言之,因為這個事件,讓他把這一切都統合在一起,他因此變成了科幻⼩說中的人型機器人,也就是一種賽博格。而他的兒子也稱呼他為活死人狀態,這應該是因為他原先的心臟已經死了而必須換上別人的心臟。總而言之,我認為更確切的名稱應該是賽博格,而且是受苦的賽博格。

    楊老師用這篇文章來呼應前一篇 Braidotti 的文章所提及的後人類死亡面向,這種死亡面向所帶來的衝突、不愉快的經驗是 Braidotti 比較沒有著墨的。楊老師認為如何將死亡所帶來的衝突、不愉快的面向轉化為正向的經驗是相對比較困難的工作。本場導讀從受苦及死亡的觀點探討後人類時代技術降臨的風險,非常的有意義。

    Advent》經典研讀班;1—3頁;第一場〈疫情時代、後人類與死亡 〉;科技部⼈文社會科學研究中⼼補助學術研究群暨經典研讀班結案報告;計畫編號:MOST 110-2420-H-002-003-MY3-GB11008;執行期間: 2021 年 7 ⽉ 1 日至 2022 年 6 ⽉ 30 日;計畫召集⼈:楊乃女;執行機構及系所:國立高雄師範大學英語學系)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    《Advent》經典研讀班第一場


    講題: 疫情時代、後人類與死亡
    主講人:楊乃女(國立臺灣高雄師範大學英語學系教授)
    閱讀文本: Braidotti, Rosi. “The Inhuman: Life Beyond Death.” The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity, 2013. 105-42. Nancy, Jean-Luc. “The Intruder.” Corpus. Trans. Richard A. Rand. New York: Fordham UP, 2008. 161-70.
    開場致詞:梁孫傑(中華民國比較文學學會 理事長暨國立臺灣師範大學歐洲文化與觀光研究所教授)
    主持人/與談人:周俊男(南臺科技大學應用英語系副教授)
    側記人:張鎮龍(高雄師範大學英語學系兼任助理教授)
    時間:2021 7 月 29 日
    地點:Google Meet 線上會議室

    在七月份的場次,由於當時疫情嚴峻,因此舉辦了線上活動。楊乃女老師挑選了兩段文章,分別是 Rosi Braidotti 的《後人類》(The Posthuman)的第三章〈非人性:超越死亡的生命〉(“The Inhuman: Life Beyond Death”)與收錄在儂曦(Jean Luc Nancy )Corpus 書中的〈入侵者〉(“The Intruder”)一文。

    楊老師指出,Braidotti 在《後人類》第三章裏特別關注晚期資本主義的科技發展,她從非人性(inhumanity) 的角度探討現代性中的科技所帶來的死亡政治面向,這個探討後人類的角度非常特別。在當代社會中,我們面臨很多非人性的挑戰,例如科技、戰爭、核子武器、 病毒等各種人造物或非人造物的威脅,這些挑戰對我們的生活造成很大的衝擊。

    在文章中 Braidotti 是從生機唯物論(vital materialism)的觀點出發,所以她在形構後人類主體時抱持樂觀的態度。楊老師認為她的論述過於抽象樂觀,少了實體經驗的層次,因此另選儂曦的〈入侵者〉作為補充。儂曦在書中書寫自己因心臟衰竭而接受心臟移植的過程,雖然他通篇並未使用「賽博格」(cyborg)一詞,但如果我們從海洛威(Donna Haraway)的賽博格定義來看,這個移植他人心臟的過程即是成為賽博格的實際經驗。

    儂曦用「⼊侵者」一詞形容能夠延續自身生命的他人心臟,這個「⼊侵者」也可說是一種 inhumanity。這是一顆他人心臟,也是一種醫療科技的比喻,顯見成為賽博格雖然可以解決某些身體的問題而幫助人類延長壽命,然而這個過程並非總是愉快的經驗。雖然用海洛威的話來說,成為賽博格是一個不斷與異質物對話的過程,但是儂曦的經驗卻是不折不扣受苦的賽博格體驗。(下續)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    History is a map of the past for the modern traveller

    “One of the deepest impulses in man is the impulse to record, to scratch a drawing on a tusk or keep a diary… The enduring value of the past is, one might say, the very basis of civilisation.”  John Jay Chapman, American author (1862-1933)

    “History is not the past but a map of the past, drawn from a particular point of view, to be useful to the modern traveller.”  Henry Glassie, US historian (1941- )

    “History is the story of events, with praise or blame.” Cotton Mather, American writer and politician (1663-1728)

    “History is the study of all the world’s crime.” Voltaire, French writer and philosopher (1694-1778)

    “History is who we are and why we are the way we are.” David McCullough, American historian (1933- )

    “No other discipline has its portals so wide open to the general public as history.” Johan Huizinga, Dutch historian (1872-1945)

    “History gives answers only to those who know how to ask questions.” Hajo Holborn, German-American historian (1902-1969)

    “A generation which ignores history has no past and no future.” Robert Heinlein, American author (1907-1988)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    All historical writing, even the most honest, is unconsciously subjective.

    “The truth that all historical writing, even the most honest, is unconsciously subjective, since every age is bound, in spite of itself, to make the dead perform whatever tricks it finds necessary for its own peace of mind.” Carl Becker, American historian (1873-1945)

    “History is always written by the winners. When two cultures clash, the loser is obliterated, and the winner writes the history books-books which glorify their own cause and disparage the conquered foe.” Dan Brown, American novelist (1964- )

    “History is a jangle of accidents, blunders, surprises and absurdities, and so is our knowledge of it, but if we are to report it at all we must impose some order upon it.” Henry Steele Commager, American historian (1902-1998)

    “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” George Santayana, American philosopher (1863-1952)

    “Perhaps the cause of our contemporary pessimism is our tendency to view history as a turbulent stream of conflicts — between individuals in economic life, between groups in politics, between creeds in religion, between states in war. This is the more dramatic side of history; it captures the eye of the historian and the interest of the reader… History has been too often a picture of the bloody stream. The history of civilization is a record of what happened on the banks.” Will Durant, American writer (1885-1981)

    “If you want to understand today you have to search yesterday.” Pearl S. Buck, American novelist (1892-1973)

    “[History is] an account, mostly false, of events, mostly unimportant, which are brought about by rulers, mostly knaves, and soldiers, mostly fools.” Ambrose Bierce, American satirist (1842-1914)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    It is as if a hand has come out, and taken yours

    “The best moments in reading are when you come across something – a thought, a feeling, a way of looking at things – which you had thought special and particular to you. And now, here it is, set down by someone else, a person you have never met, someone even who is long dead. And it is as if a hand has come out, and taken yours.” Alan Bennett, English playwright (1934- )

    “History is a vast early warning system.” Norman Cousins, American journalist (1915-1990)

    “If you don’t know history, it’s as if you were born yesterday. If you were born yesterday then any leader can tell you anything.” Howard Zinn, American historian (1924-2010)

    “What is the use trying to describe the flowing of a river at any one moment, and then at the next moment, and then at the next, and the next, and the next? You wear out. You say ‘There is a great river and it flows through this land, and we have named it History’.” Ursula K. Le Guin, American writer (1929-2018)

    “Study history, study history. In history lies all the secrets of statecraft.” Confucius, Chinese teacher and philosopher (551-479 BC) 

    “The entire history of mankind is, in any case, nothing but a prolonged fight to the death for the conquest of universal prestige and absolute power.” Albert Camus, French-Algerian author (1913-1960)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    The only history worth a tinker’s damn is the history we make today

    “I don’t know much about history and I wouldn’t give a nickel for all the history in the world. It means nothing to me. History is more or less bunk. It’s tradition. We don’t want tradition. We want to live in the present and the only history worth a tinker’s damn is the history we make today.” Henry Ford, American industrialist (1863-1947)

    “The more I study history the more I realise how little mankind has changed. There are no new scripts, just different actors.”  Richard Paul Evans, American author (1962- )

    “To study history means submitting yourself to chaos, but nevertheless retaining your faith in order and meaning.” Herman Hesse, German writer and poet (1877-1962)

    “Study the historian before you begin to study the facts.”  Edward Hallett Carr, British historian (1892-1982)

    “[The historian is] an unsuccessful novelist. L. Mencken, American journalist and satirist (1880-1956)

    “The historian must serve two masters: the past and the present.” Fritz Stern, German-American historian (1926- )

    “It might be a good idea if the various countries of the world occasionally swapped history books, just to see what the other people are doing with the same set of facts.” Bill Vaughan, American writer (1915-1977)

    “Historians are themselves the products of history.”  Paul Conkin and Roland Stromberg, American historians

    “I don’t know much about history and I wouldn’t give a nickel for all the history in the world. It means nothing to me. History is more or less bunk. It’s tradition. We don’t want tradition. We want to live in the present and the only history worth a tinker’s damn is the history we make today.” Henry Ford, American industrialist (1863-1947)

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    Historians are like deaf people who go on answering questions that no one has asked them.

    “Historians are like deaf people who go on answering questions that no one has asked them.” Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer and philosopher (1828-1910)

    “What experience and history teach is that nations and governments have never learned anything from history, or acted upon any lessons they might have drawn from it.” Georg Hegel, German philosopher (1770-1831)

    “A historian ought to be exact, sincere and impartial, free from passion, unbiased by interest, fear, resentment or affection. And faithful to the truth, which is the mother of history, the preserver of great actions, the enemy of oblivion, the witness of the past, the director of the future.” B. R. Ambedkar, Indian politician (1891-1956)

    “History is an argument without end.” Pieter Geyl, Dutch historian (1887-1966)

    “History is an aggregate of half-truths, semi-truths, fables, myths, rumours, prejudices, personal narratives, gossip and official prevarications. It is a canvas upon which thousands of artists throughout the ages have splashed their conceptions and interpretations of a day and an era.” Philip D. Jordan, American historian (1903-1980)

    “History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it.” Winston Churchill, British writer and politician (1874-1965)

    “History is a set of lies, agreed upon.” Napoleon Bonaparte, French ruler (1769-1821)

    “History is instructive. What it suggests to people is that even if they do little things, if they walk on the picket line, if they join a vigil, if they write a letter to their local newspaper… Anything they do, however small, becomes part of a much larger sort of flow of energy. And when enough people do enough things, however small they are, then change takes place.” Howard Zinn, American historian (1922-2010)

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    Geography has made us neighbors

    Geography has made us neighbors. History has made us friends. Economics has made us partners, and necessity has made us allies. Those whom God has so joined together, let no man put asunder. — John F. Kennedy

    “The good historian… must be fearless, uncorrupted, free, the friend of truth and of liberty. One who calls a fig a fig, and a skiff a skiff, neither giving nor withholding from any, from favour or from enmity, not influenced by pity, by shame, or by remorse. A just judge… a stranger to all, of no country, bound only by his own laws, acknowledging no sovereign, never considering what this or that man may say of him, but relating faithfully everything as it happened.” Lucian, ancient Greek writer and satirist (c.125-185)

    “Perhaps nobody has changed the course of history as much as the historians.” Franklin P. Jones, American journalist (1908-1980)

    War is God's way of teaching Americans geography. — Ambrose Bierce

    Without an understanding of geography, we would not appreciate the mercies of the United States of America. — Tim Marshall

    I believe there is little to gain by exchanging opinions with other artists concerning either the ideology of art or technical methods. Very much alone in my work, I am almost jealous of it. Geography has no bearing on it, nor have the interests of the community in which I work. — Yves Tanguy

    The DRC is neither democratic, nor a republic. It is the second-largest country in Africa, bigger than Germany, France, and Spain combined and contains the Congo Rainforest, second only to the Amazon as the largest in the world. — Tim Marshall

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    A great city may be seen as the construction of words as well as stone — Great Quotation by Yi-Fu Tuan

    1. Geography is the study of earth as the home of people.

    2. Place is security, space is freedom.

    3. A great city may be seen as the construction of words as well as stone.

    4. All creative effort – including the making of an omelet – is preceded by destruction.

    5. It is by thoughtful reflection that the elusive moments of the past draw near to us in present reality and gain a measure of permanence.

    6. Lucidity, I maintain, is almost always desirable.

    7. In a sense, every human construction, whether mental or material, is a component in a landscape of fear because it exists in constant chaos. Thus children’s fairy tales as well as adult’s legends, cosmological myths, and indeed philosophical systems are shelters built by the mind in which human beings can rest, at least temporarily, from the siege of inchoate experience and of doubt.

    8. People tend to suppress that which they cannot express.

    9. Animals are like humans, only more openly carnal and sexual, more openly and therefore more disarmingly absurd.

    10.Place is security, space is freedom.

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    The South China Sea is a crucial link in the ‘global commons’, connecting the Pacific to the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Europe. Right now, along with the East China Sea, it is the most contested piece of sea in the world and one of the main reasons for the current anxiety over China's intentions. ― Bill Hayton, The South China Sea: The Struggle for Power in Asia

    “It will be a Sea with agreed boundaries based upon universal principles and governed by shared responsibilities to use its resources most wisely, a Sea where fish stocks are managed collectively for the benefit of all, where the impacts of oil exploration and international shipping are alleviated and where search and rescue operations can take place unimpeded. It could happen – if a line is redrawn.” ― Bill Hayton, The South China Sea: The Struggle for Power in Asia

    Physical geography and geology are inseparable scientific twins. — Roderick Murchison

    It's time for Black people to stop playing the separating game of geography, of where the slave ship put us down. We must concentrate on where the slave ship picked us up. — John Henrik Clarke

    Chris Martin looks like a geography teacher. — Liam Gallagher

    An hour or two spent in writing from dictation, another hour or two in reading aloud, a little geography and a little history and a little physics made the day pass busily. — Hudson Stuck

    Argentina lacks the size and population to become the primary regional power in Latin America, which looks to be Brazil’s destiny, but it has the quality of land to create a standard of living comparable to that of the European countries. If Argentina gets its economics right, its geography will enable it to become the power it has never been. — Tim Marshall

    The reason for our success is no secret. It comes down to one single principle that transcends time and geography, religion and culture. It’s the Golden Rule – the simple idea that if you treat people well, the way you would like to be treated, they will do the same. — Isadore Sharp

    Collateral learning in the way of formation of enduring attitudes, of likes and dislikes, may be and often is much more important than the spelling lesson or lesson in geography or history that is learned. — John Dewey

    At present cats have more purchasing power and influence than the poor of this planet. Accidents of geography and colonial history should no longer determine who gets the fish. — Derek Wall

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    Nature can be a means of reassuring ourselves of our sanity as creatures

    We simply need that wild country available to us... For it can be a means of reassuring ourselves of our sanity as creatures, a part of the geography of hope. — Wallace Stegner

    The ending of partition was inevitable because Ireland was one nation by history and tradition , by facts of race, geography, and economy — Seamus Costello

    Having lasted for 4,000 years, the use of nature's materials to express ideas about nature may be expected to continue. The best garden designs are produced with an awareness of the art, science, history, geography, philosophy, social habits and construction techniques of their period. — Tom Turner

    John Hall, my geography teacher at school inspired me to a lifelong interest in geography and a curiosity about our world which has stayed with me through my life. Geography is a living, breathing subject, constantly adapting itself to change. It is dynamic and relevant. For me geography is a great adventure with a purpose. — Michael Palin

    The contrast between northern and southern Europe is also at least partially attributable to the fact that the south has fewer coastal plains suitable for agriculture, and has suffered more from drought and natural disasters than the north. The arable land and waterways of the North European Plain which stretches from France to Russia enables crops and other goods to be produced and moved easily. — Tim Marshall

    Borders are important, but they don't stop geography. — Tim Marshall

    Geography is the subject which holds the key to our future — Michael Palin

    A thousand times, when the train slowed or stopped, I thought of jumping off. I wanted to die in a ditch. I wanted to disappear. I wanted a different history and geography. In rhythm with the wheels I said I want I want I want I want I stayed on the train. — Lewis Nordan

    God created war so that Americans would learn geography. — Mark Twain

    The richest, most powerful countries on earth do not have to worry about geography. The poorest, weakest countries on earth are prisoners of geography. — Tim Marshall

    A virtuoso performance. Scott Thompson’s biography of the soldier statesman Fidel V. Ramos illustrates the fascinating and complex geography of Filipino politics and its relation with the American hegemon. It’s first-rate scholarship and equally first-rate writing. — F. Sionil José

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    Man Can Change Geography

    Geography does not change, but man does, and man can change geography. — Tim Marshall

    There is a geography of the human spirit, common to all peoples. — Linda Hogan

    Like most parents, I've been stumped by homework, the big questions, such as: 'What is the point of geography - the pilot always knows where we are going?'. Answer: 'If you didn't know any geography, people would think you were an American, and you wouldn't be able to put them right because you wouldn't know where they live.' — A. A. Gill

    What makes a nation in the beginning is a good piece of geography. — Robert Frost

    For whatever you're doing, for your creative juices, your geography's got a hell of a lot to do with it. You really have to be in a good place, and then you have to be either on your way there or on your way from there. — Neil Young

    Geography is the art of the mappable. — Peter Haggett

    Geography prepares for the world of work - geographers, with their skills of analysis are highly employable! — Michael Palin

    The United States and Canada are a triumph of geography over history. — Tim Marshall

    Why are there no great women artists?' sounds as ignorant of human geography as the query 'Why are there no Eskimo tennis teams? — Francine du Plessix Gray

    I didn't see many female politicians on TV. I didn't see women in history textbooks, so I did geography, and art and English literature. But I know I must have been affected by not seeing women represented. — Emma Watson

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    Geography is destiny, and history is its interpreter

    Geography is destiny, and history is its interpreter. — Tim Marshall

    Violence against women is perhaps the most shameful human rights violation, and it is perhaps the most pervasive. It knows no boundaries of geography, culture or wealth. As long as it continues, we cannot claim to be making real progress towards equality, development and peace — Kofi Annan

    The door might not be opened to a woman again for a long, long time, and I had a kind of duty to other women to walk in and sit down on the chair that was offered, and so establish the right of others long hence and far distant in geography to sit in the high seats. — Frances Perkins

    Geography: the more geographical factors we understand, the better we can see through them to the human decisions that lie behind them. — Tim Marshall

    I like geography. I like to know where places are. — Tom Felton

    Early Russia, centered around Moscow in the 13th century, was indefensible. There were no mountains, no deserts, and few rivers. — Tim Marshall

    If geography is prose, maps are iconography. — Lennart Meri

    If you know a country's geography, you can understand and predict its foreign policy. — Napoleon Bonaparte

    Spain is struggling, and has always struggled because of its geography. Its narrow coastal plains have poor soil, and access to markets is hindered internally by its short rivers and a highland plateau surrounded by mountain ranges. It was left behind after the Second World War, as under the Franco dictatorship it was politically frozen out of much of modern Europe. The newly democratic Spain joined the EU in 1986. By the 1990s, it had begun to catch up with the rest of Western Europe, but its inherent geographic and financial weaknesses continue to hold it back and have intensified the problems of overspending and loose central fiscal control, making it among the countries hit worst by the ’08 economic crisis. — Tim Marshall

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    I don’t want to make an incremental change in some technology in my life. I want to create a whole new technology, and one that is aimed at helping humanity at all levels regardless of geography or ethnicity or age or gender. — Elizabeth Holmes

    Geography can be about the triumph of the human spirit as much as the subjugation of earth by the human hand. — Tim Marshall

    I believe that the physical is the geography of the being. — Louise Berliawsky Nevelson

    Technology should be accessible to all, regardless of geography, income, or background. — Jen-Hsun Jensen Huang

    In our changing world nothing changes more than geography. — Pearl S. Buck

    When the Soviet Union broke apart, it split into 15 countries. Geography had its revenge on the
    Soviets, and a more logical picture reappeared on the map. — Tim Marshall

    Without geography you're nowhere. — Jimmy Buffett

    There is no such thing as European geography. Europe is a concept without definition. — Tim Marshall

    It is the relationship between the physical environment and the environed organism, between physiography and ontography (to coin a term), that constitutes the essential principles of geography today. — William Morris Davis

    Russia's weakness is geography's revenge. — Tim Marshall

    No choice we can make as a nation lies between our history and our geography. We can hardly change either of them. They are immutable. The only choice we can make as a nation is the choice about our future. — Paul Keating

    Climate change will put even more pressure on the geography of water. — Tim Marshall

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    Geography is just physics slowed down, with a couple of trees stuck in it

    Geography is just physics slowed down, with a couple of trees stuck in it. — Terry Pratchett

    It must be hard for humans, forever floundering through inconvenient geography. Humans are always lost. It's a basic characteristic. It explains a lot about them. — Terry Pratchett

    To make revolution in Korea we must know Korean history and geography as well as the customs of the Korean people. Only then is it possible to educate our people in a way that suits them and to inspire in them an ardent love for their native place and their motherland. — Kim Il-sung

    In the U.K., we have the best geography teachers in the world! — Prince Andrew

    The study of geography is about more than just memorizing places on a map. It's about understanding the complexity of our world, appreciating the diversity of cultures that exists across continents. And in the end, it's about using all that knowledge to help bridge divides and bring people together. — Barack Obama

    If we finished our work, the teacher would say, 'Now don't read ahead.' But sometimes I hid the book I was reading behind my geography book and did read ahead. You can hide a lot behind a geography book. — Beverly Cleary

    Those whom nature hath so joined together, let no man put asunder — John F. Kennedy

    Israel is a colonialist-imperialist phenomenon. There is no such thing as an Israeli people. Before 1948, world geography knew of no state such as Israel. Israel is the result of an invasion, of aggression. — Muammar al-Gaddafi

    We meet fellow humans throughout our travels,Become close - friends, dates, lovers.Always we are distanced againfrom death, geography, or meeting others,Only dialtone on the phone,cold and empty beneath the covers. — Patri Friedman

    I am afforded a bit of easy wonderment in relative comfort as to how humans have lasted so long. Climate- and geography-wise, the planet seems to have little use for us. — Henry Rollins

    I think the idea of migration through time is very important because every human being does that and it unites us with people who migrate through geography. — Mohsin Hamid

    History is a compass that you locate yourself on the map of human geography, politically, culturally, financially. — John Henrik Clarke

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    Free field trips into the wilderness to paint

    I never thought that I would support myself with art - everyone in the Group of Seven had day jobs. I became a geography teacher so that I could get free field trips into the wilderness to paint. — Robert Bateman

    Children can take lessons in that school via the Internet and can score extra points like e.g. in Geography or History. That sounds very promising and is a fantastic basis for future steps. — Anatoly Karpov

    It doesn't matter if a character is a lawyer, a cop or a geography teacher. If there's a story in there, where the character has a passion and a fire in his belly and story to tell, then it's enough for an actor to get excited about. — Clive Standen

    Geography does not define you - love does. — Eve Ensler

    Paris is not a city, it is the image, the symbol of France, its today and yesterday, the reflection of its history, its geography and its hidden essence. — Nina Berberova

    Several technological and political forces have converged, and that has produced a global, Web-enabled playing field that allows for multiple forms of collaboration without regard to geography or distance - or soon, even language. — Thomas Friedman

    Basically, Islamic State is a combined al Qaeda and Lebanese Hezbollah on steroids, destabilizing the region, dissolving borders/changing the political geography in the Mid-east, and hardening political positions that make Mid-east peace-building more remote by the day. — James Mattis

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    Boundary: an imaginary line

    Boundary, n. In political geography, an imaginary line between two nations, separating the imaginary rights of one from the imaginary rights of another. — Ambrose Bierce

    To build a theory of international relations on accidents of geography and history is dangerous. — Kenneth Waltz

    Descriptive anatomy is to physiology what geography is to history, and just as it is not enough to know the typography of a country to understand its history, so also it is not enough to know the anatomy of organs to understand their functions. — Claude Bernard

    Anatomy is to physiology as geography is to history; it describes the theatre of events. — Jean Fernel

    I believe very strongly, and have fought since many years ago - at least over 30 years ago - to get architecture not just within schools, but architecture talked about under history, geography, science, technology, art. — Richard Rogers

    In the teaching of geography and history a sympathetic understanding (should) be fostered for the characteristics of the different peoples of the world, especially for those who we are in the habit of describing as "primitive. — Albert Einstein

    History is philosophy teaching by example, and also warning; its two eyes are geography and chronology. — James A. Garfield

    As Geography without History seemeth a carkasse without motion; so History without Geography wandreth as a Vagrant without a certain habitation. — John Smith

    History is philosophy teaching by example and also by warning. — Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke

    It is impossible to understand history, international politics, the world economy, religions, philosophy, or ‘patterns of culture’ without taking geography into account. — Kenneth C. Davis

    The reality is that capital punishment in America is a lottery. It is a punishment that is shaped by the constraints of poverty, race, geography and local politics. — Bryan Stevenson

    The policies of all powers are inherent in their geography. — Napoleon Bonaparte

    Give children beauty, not the record of bloody slaughters and barbarous brawls, as they call history, or of the latitude and longitude of places nobody cares to visit, as they call geography. — Oscar Wilde

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    (續上)讓觀眾感悟科學文化的內涵

    通過演講和對話,觀眾會感受到科學文化的基本內涵——開放、交流和會通。李輝表示,這種內涵與本屆浦江創新論壇的主題「開放的創新生態:創新與全球鏈接」契合,中國打造全球開放的創新生態,必須厚植開放、交流和會通的科學文化,這也是舉辦此次文化論壇的意義所在。

    論壇上,科學技術部黨組成員、科技日報社社長張碧湧將發表題為《以創新文化軟實力涵養科技硬實力》的演講,揭示創新文化與科技創新的關聯。十三屆全國人大常委會委員、國務院發展研究中心創新發展研究部原部長呂薇研究員的演講主題是《全民科學素質與科學文化》,分析提高全民科學素質與科技發展的關係。

    作為主賓國代表,巴西科學技術創新部副秘書長奧索里奧·科埃略·吉馬良斯·內托將發表題為《巴西國家創新體系中的技術轉移》的演講。說起巴西,人們首先想到的往往是足球和桑巴,這個金磚國家其實在科技創新方面也實力不俗,在農牧業、綠色能源、納米科技等領域有較強的科研優勢,所以奧索里奧副秘書長的演講值得關注。

    牛津大學工程科學系與古典藝術系雙聘教授唐娜·寇茲的演講題目是《開放與鏈接:互聯網技術助推文化遺產全球共享》。唐娜致力於利用互聯網技術,讓全球各大博物館的數字藏品關聯在一起,從而以更多元、立體的方式呈現在公眾面前。通過她的演講,觀眾將更深入地了解新技術在文化遺產傳播方面的價值。唐娜的工作很好地體現了科學文化的開放、交流和會通。(原題:以文化軟實力涵養科技硬實力;来源:上海市科學學研究所 2023-09-14)


    當下再思考「李約瑟之問」

    「李約瑟之問」是研究中國科學和創新文化繞不開的一個問題,由英國學者李約瑟提出:中國古代對人類科技發展做出了很多重要貢獻,為什麼近代科學和工業革命沒有在中國誕生?相關研究統計顯示:從6世紀到17世紀初,在世界重大科技成果中,中國所佔比例一直在54%以上,然而到了19世紀,驟降為只佔0.4%。這個巨大的落差,讓李約瑟覺得不可思議。

    論壇上,劍橋李約瑟研究所所長梅建軍將作《「李約瑟之問」與文明互鑑的意義》演講,討論李約瑟提出的「文明滴定」與「文明互鑑」的意義相通。對不同文明進行比較、分析的觀點,可以為新時代中國創新文化建設提供啟發。

    以色列未來學家阿迪·約菲將帶來對科技未來發展趨勢的思考。她把以色列獨特的創新文化與未來思維方法相結合,自2006年以來,一直為企業提供服務,為其所處行業提供量身定制的發展方向預測,幫助企業為未來做好准備。

    阿迪·約菲阿迪·約菲

    作為歐盟的代表,西班牙赫羅納大學教授阿爾伯特·薩巴特·科爾將與觀眾分享《歐盟視角的數據和人工智能系統的倫理自我評估》。隨著人工智能技術的飛速發展,我們的社會文化、法律法規、管理制度等正在做出適應性改變,這位西班牙學者的演講令人關注。

    作為浦江創新論壇的舉辦城市,上海的科學和創新文化有什麼特點?上海交通大學教授、國際科學史研究院通訊院士紀志剛將以徐光啟和李善蘭為聚焦點,講述《幾何原本》在中國的兩次翻譯,詮釋「文明交流互鑑是推動歷史進步的重要動力」。他的演講會提供歷史上科學文化的土壤催生創新的精彩案例,揭示西方科學文化參與構建海派文化的歷史邏輯。

    論壇的最後一個環節是圓桌討論。在中國科技發展戰略研究院原常務副院長王元的主持下,巴西科學技術創新部副秘書長奧索里奧、中國科協宣傳文化部部長郭哲、以色列未來學家阿迪、湖北省社會科學院副院長袁北星、教育部基地上海師范大學都市文化研究中心主任蘇智良將展開一場跨地域對話,引發觀眾對論壇主題的進一步思考。

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    以文化軟實力涵養科技硬實力

    對創新和科學文化的思考有歷史性、地域性兩個維度。

    各國正在塑造怎樣的科學文化?中國加快推進高水平科技自立自強需要怎樣的科學文化?9月9日上午,2023浦江創新論壇·創新文化論壇將在東郊賓館舉行。時隔幾年,文化論壇回歸浦江創新論壇,探討科技創新背後的文化土壤,關注中國新時代創新文化建設。這場論壇邀請到哪些演講嘉賓?他們將與觀眾分享哪些研究成果和觀點?記者采訪了本次論壇承辦方的專家,讓讀者對論壇亮點先睹為快。

    兩個維度看科學和創新文化

    2023浦江創新論壇·創新文化論壇的主題為「追光:創新的精神與動力」,由科學技術部和上海市政府主辦,科技日報社、中國科學技術發展戰略研究院、上海市科技工作黨委、上海市科委、同濟大學、解放日報社、上海市科學學研究所承辦。

    為何確立這一主題?承辦方的詮釋是:科學文化是科學技術發展和創新的精神土壤和動力之源。不同國家不同地區,在勇攀科技高峰的道路上形成了各具地方特色的科學文化。「文明因交流而多彩,文明因互鑑而豐富」。中西科學文化交流的先驅徐光啟曾發出感慨:「欲求超勝,必先會通。」交流、會通,是科學文化的基本內涵。

    當今世界正經歷百年未有之大變局,新一輪科技革命和產業變革持續深入發展。培育與時俱進的科學文化是各國科技發展的重要力量,因此,一些思考與研討正當其時——各國正在塑造怎樣的科學文化?中國加快推進高水平科技自立自強需要怎樣的科學文化?本次論壇邀請多位國內外專家,圍繞科學文化這一議題展開探討,以促進科學文化的互鑑。

    「我們對於科學文化和創新文化的思考與研討,有歷史性、地域性兩個維度。」上海市科學學研究所李輝研究員說,歷史性維度聚焦中國,從明代上海人徐光啟推動中西文化交流、引進歐洲科學技術,到近現代中國對西方先進科學技術的學習和追趕,再到改革開放後科技的快速發展……在這一進程中,中國的科學文化和創新文化是如何發展的?如今,我國正在加快推進高水平科技自立自強,這一歷史使命需要怎樣的科學和創新文化土壤?

    除了歷史性維度,地域性也是此次論壇的一個維度:本屆浦江創新論壇主賓國巴西、創新的國度以色列、科技領先國家英國……多個國家以及來自本屆浦江創新論壇主賓省湖北的專家將發表主旨演講,並參與圓桌討論,探討自己所在國家和地區的科學和創新文化。(原題:以文化軟實力涵養科技硬實力;来源:上海市科學學研究所 2023-09-14)


    延續閱讀:

    電影達人
    札哈哈蒂:房子能浮起來嗎?07
    史蒂格勒後種系發生

    陳明發:從五行資產到智慧資本
    鬼崇拜與真實體驗的魔幻之域
    錢老構建和開拓了中國的思維科學

    全馬最古老的華文小學:古達樂育
    陳明發(舒靈)的詩《寂寞》

  • Curation Nation 策展國


    吳傳玖·初識量子力學
    (科學詩)

    量子糾纏
    把一種
    微觀世界的
    物理現象
    拋到
    宏觀世界面前……
    她要糾纏誰
    多麼奇妙 又
    神秘莫測……
    量子學
    某種類似
    心靈感應的現象……
    喚起多少好奇
    是出世的幽靈
    是上帝擲出的一枚
    骰子?
    把習以為常的相對論
    逼到絕境 以圖
    取而代之 甚至咄咄逼人……
    正如貝特曼先生
    襪子之間的關聯
    和小球之間的關聯
    都是經典的關聯……
    而糾纏有如
    禍乎 福之所倚
    福乎 禍之所伏
    禍與福如糾纏
    渾沌錯紛
    其狀若一
    交解形狀
    孰知其則……
    宇宙與自然 不僅
    比我們想像的奇怪 而且
    比我們能夠想像的
    還奇怪……
    今天
    愛因斯坦心中
    那個確定性的
    經典世界 已經成為一個
    失樂園 事實上
    它更像一個讓人留連忘返的
    歷史博物館…… 在那裡
    或許可以感受和體味
    牛頓時代的激情與
    夢想…… 這對於
    我們尋找新的實在的自然
    與世界
    會有所幫助……
    在那裡 不確定性 糾纏和超距
    將成為主角……

    (2021-05-26 作者:吳傳玖 | 來源:中詩網)

  • Curation Nation 策展國

    愛墾APP:單子論與情動轉折學說的聯系,體現在二者對個體內在體驗、主體間關係以及情感傳播機制的關注上。盡管單子論情動轉折來自不同的哲學脈絡,但二者在研究主體如何與世界相連、感知和影響周遭事物方面有一些交集——

    主體的獨立與相互關聯:萊布尼茲的單子論認為,單子(monad)是獨立、自足的實體,但每個單子通過一種「預定和諧」(pre-established harmony)與其他單子互動,而不發生直接物理接觸。情動轉折學說關注主體之間的情感聯系,特別是情感如何跨越個體之間的邊界,形成情感共鳴或情感網絡。情動轉折強調,情感並非封閉在個體內,而是能夠向他人擴散或感染。

    由此看,單子論中的「獨立性」與「和諧性」,與情動轉折中「自我」與「他者」之間的情感互動,構成一種隱喻性關係,二者都關注到主體如何在保持自身完整的同時,與他人建立一種無形的聯結。

    感知和體驗的內在性:單子論認為單子的變化來自於其內部的知覺(perception)和欲求(appetition),即單子從內在變化,而非外在刺激。情動轉折學說則關注情感如何在身體內部生成,通過體驗、感受等內部機制來感知外界。二者在此處的聯系在於,情感體驗被視作一種從「內在」理解「外在」的途徑。情動轉折學說從情感的角度研究這種內在體驗的意義,而單子論則認為每個單子都有獨特的內在視角去知覺世界。

    個體化視角與主觀世界的構造:萊布尼茲認為每個單子都具有獨特的「視角」,每個單子都是宇宙的「鏡像」。這種視角帶有主觀性,而情動轉折學說恰好關注主觀體驗對情感的塑造作用。情動轉折中的「情感地理」(affective geography)和「情感共同體」等概念,與單子論中的「主觀宇宙」有一定的共通之處:每個人都在特定情境下感知世界,情感成為個人主觀世界的一部分。這種情感空間並非完全共享,而是因人而異。

    和諧共存與集體情感:單子論中的「預定和諧」與情動轉折的集體情感體驗有一定相似之處。單子雖然獨立,但在整體上仍遵循一種「和諧」法則;情動轉折學說研究集體情感是如何在個體間共享並形成文化和社會秩序的。因此,情動轉折的共情與感染機制可以被視作情感傳播中「和諧」的一種現代詮釋。這種和諧並不依賴於物理上的接觸,而是通過情感共鳴、感染等方式,使個體的情感在集體中得以整合和共存。

    欲求與情感動機:單子論中的「欲求」概念可以被理解為情感動機的一種原始形式。情動轉折學說重視情感在推動個體行為中的作用,而萊布尼茲的單子論中,欲求被視為單子變化的驅動力。情動轉折學說在此可以借鑑單子論的觀念,將個體的情感驅動力視為促成個人與外界互動的內在能量。二者均強調個體的主動性,且關注個體如何通過自身情感體驗去影響、感知並融入外界情境。

    因此,單子論與情動轉折學說雖然起源、背景和理論工具不同,但在主體的獨立與聯結、情感作為驅動力、內在體驗的生成和集體情感的構建等方面都有共通之處。情動轉折學說可以借助單子論的獨立主體與和諧互動理論框架,為理解個體情感的流動性與相互影響機制提供新的視角。