平時出入泰國國際機場的旅人多如過江之鯽,在冠病疫情時期,冷清情景令人淚下。這是全球機場的共同命運。Police captain Nicha Nitinavakarn works at the Arrival Immigration Bureau in Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok, Thailand. Photo: UN Women/Ploy Phutpheng UN Women/Ploy Phutpheng
La Gioconda In Barcelona:Coronavirus has affected the whole world. People are anxious, and the streets are empty. Well, almost empty. You can only expect one group to roam and stay loyal to them, and they are the street artists.
四川大學匹茲堡學院(Sichuan University – Pittsburgh Institute)的助理教授鄭雅妍(Areum Jeong)身處祖國韓國,正為2月底在Big Blue Button會議網站上,開設的在線英語寫作和韓國電影課程進行遠程備課。她稱讃學校的管理人員“全天候不懈地工作”,為該網站的使用方法提供培訓;她也很感激在微信上分享實用技巧的同事。
(Con't) The myths are also close to the supernatural world as is evident through tales involving magic and supernatural occurrences. Besides, the conceptual aspect of bravery associated with past warriors such as monsopiad includes not only physical strength but also a spiritual component. The source of their strength and powers is directly and revealed that the worldview of Kadazan Dusuns involved a belief in spirits and the afterlife.
Furthermore, myths and legends have featured in several categories of brochure published by the Malaysian national tourism organisations over a long period. These include brochures produced to promote national, state, specific destination and thematic attractions. Although, only a small number of the mythological stories are presented here, this still shows that myths and legends play an important part of tourist attractions in Malaysia. Not only have they featured in the different categories of brochure mentioned above but there is also a specific brochure for Malaysian myths and legends called "Treasured Malaysian Legends".
The findings of this research support the argument of previous scholars, that myths and legends are mostly employed in the promotion of cultural and heritage attractions and that their incorporation can accentuate the image of these attractions and sites. However, the findings
of this study demonstrate that in addition to cultural heritage sites, myths and legends have also been incorporated into the promotion of natural sites and natural resources.
Overall, the findings of this study extend our understanding in the area of tourism and mythology. It has been shown that the types of myth selected for inclusion in Malaysian tourism brochures and the parts of the myths featured, complement the tourism attractions.
Based on the myths assessed in this study, it is apparent that the parts of the myths which have been commoditised in the brochures are the ones that illustrate the uniqueness of particular ethnic groups and sites.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this research has analysed the portrayal of native myths in promotional tourist brochures published by Malaysian tourism bodies from 1969-2015, through the assessment of two traditional tales: Mount Kinabalu and Monsopiad, using a content analysis technique. Overall, findings show that Mount Kinabalu's myth has been incorporated into the brochures published from 1969-2015 while the legend of Monsopiadhas been included in the brochures published from 2007-2015. The findings demonstrate that there are specific attributes associated with the Kadazan Dusun people presented as part of their myths in the brochures. The analysis of the myth of Mount Kinabalu demonstrates that the values of the Kadazan Dusun people have shifted over the years.
The representation of indigenous myths featured in tourism brochures reflects that the Kadazan Dusuns are intimately linked to their ancestors, nature and the supernatural world. Finally, it is evident that places associated with fascinating mythological stories including native myths and legends can be commoditised to attract tourists.
(Representation of Native Myths and Legends and Cultural Values in the Malaysian Tourism Promotional Brochures, by Norhanim Abdul Razak and Abd Rahim Romle, School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Changlun, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia, in Research Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (11): 13°9-1383, 2016 ISSN: 1815-932X / D Medwell Journals. 201-6)
(Con't) In the context of tourism, the analysis of the representation of myths shows not only that Mount Kinabalu has a significant meaning to local people, spiritually and culturally; it has also been one ofthe main attractions promoted to visitors from the 1960s to the present day. Although, Mount Kinabalu and its myth has been incorporated into various categories of brochure, they were mainly featured in city brochures whichrepresent the earliest material used in the promotion of tourism in Malaysia. Over the years, the myth of Mount Kinabalu has come to be included in thematic brochures promoting the main mountains and hills in Malaysia and state brochures advertising Sabah.
Legend of Monsopiad: Another indigenous tale included in the brochures is story of the legendary Kadazan Dusun warrior, Monsopiad. This myth is mostly told as part of the promotion of the monsopiad cultural village in Sabah.
It reflects one of the traditional practices of the Kadazan Dusun people, headhunting. Overall, this legend is represented in 15 brochures. The tale first appeared in the brochure published in 2007 which claimed that "some 300 year ago in a village in Penampang, Sabah, there lived a great kadazan warrior named monsopiad. So, great was his power that no enemy could defeat him. During his lifetime in order to protect his village, Monsopiad took the heads of 42 enemies". A longer version of this tale is included in another brochure which states that.
Long ago, Kizabon, the daughter Of the kuai village's headman was blessed with a baby boy named Monsopiad. During her pregnancy, her husband, Dunggou, realized a sacred Bugong bird had nested and laid aggs on the roof of their house. Such a good omen was a sign that their child would possess extraordinary abilities. When their child was born, the Bugang eggs hatched.
The inclusion of the myth associated with Monsopiad and the headhunting tradition reveals several key aspects relating to the Kadazan Dusun people. First, this myth highlights that Monsopiad was a very bravwarrior who possessed supernatural abilities. His courage as awarrior was also evidentthrough his ability to kill and cut off many enemy heads. In fact, traditionally the Kadazan Dusun strongly encouraged their young men to participate in this practice as it symbolises adulthood and bravery(Liang, 1985). Further more,followingthe narrative of Monsopiad myth, some brochures stated that his direct descendants constructed the cultural village dedicated to him in order to commemorate him and share their stories with others. This shows that modem Kadazan Dusun people are proud of their ancestor's bravery and they are even willing to be the guardians of this tourist attraction.
Monsopiad's bravery was intimately linked to the traditional practice of headhunting. In the context of tourism representation, myths depicting such an unusual traditional practice can help to project images of Otherness which is regarded as a reputable strategy to attract tourists in destination marketing. This view is also supported by Gingging (2007) who argues that headhunting can further accentuate Kadazan Dusun people as other as this traditional practice is regarded as peculiar and brutal. However, the positive perspective of headhunting is that it is unique and can highlight the distinct identity of this particular ethnic group. The importance of this tradition to tourism in Sabah is reflected through images of human skulls commonly exploited as part of the cultural images of Kadazan Dusun people and their longhouses. The myth depicting Monsopiad's past headhunting practice either directly or indirectly demonstrates a close connection to nature.
(Con't)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION—Mount Kinabalu’s Myth. Mount Kinabalu’s myth is incorporated in brochures published from 1969-2015. As part of the description of Mount Kinabalu, 21 brochures mention that the myth of this mountain is closely linked to the Kadazan Dusun people. The myth first appears in the city brochure published in 1969 and subsequently in three other brochures published in the 1970s. However, there is no mention of it in any of the brochures published in the 1980s.
It is generally as part of the description of the natural attractions in the state of Sabah. The Kadazan Dusun people believe that Mount Kinabalu is a sacred site as it is the resting place for their souls when they die.
For example, two of the earliest brochures featuring the Mount Kinabalu myth claim that "to the Kadazan people, Mt. Kinabalu is known as Akinabalu meaning the revered place of the dead, for Mt. Kinabalu is considered by them to be the final resting place of their spirits when they die".
The narrative included in these brochures is actually only part of the Kadazan Dusun mythology linked to Mount Kinabalu. Liang (1985) says that the souls of dead people will climb to the summit of this mountain which is their last destination. However, again according to Liang (1985), other components of the mythology which include details of the sites their dead spirits will pass through and stop at before reaching the final destination and what is going to happen afterwards are not included in the brochures.
There is a significant increase in the inclusion of this myth in the brochures published from 2000-2007. The assessment of this myth over the years identified a slight alteration in the description of this tale as represented in the brochures published from 1990-2007.
It is added in these brochures that "no wonder long ago" or "the older folk believe that". This modification implies a change in values of the Kadazan Dusun people over the years.
Although, only a few words have been added, it suggests an important message to readers that younger generations of the Kadazan Dusun people may not maintain their traditional beliefs. This finding is supported by who states that in the past, Dusun people would not climb this sacred mountain because of their traditional belief; if they really did have to go up the mountain, offerings and rituals had to be made and taboos complied with in order to avoid misfortune. As visitors are allowed to climb Mount Kinabalu today, encouraged by promotions in the brochures, it shows that traditional beliefs are not strictly adhered to.
In the context of tourism representation to be able to convey this message to tourists is regarded as crucial, particularly for native peoples who are commonly portrayed as being backward. Four other brochures use a similar statement in describing the myth associated with the mountain: "no wonder that long ago, the Kadazan Dusun named it Aki Nabalu or home of the spirits of the dead". However, it is depicted in the brochures published relatively recent that.
The mountain itself has long been regarded as sacred to the local Kadazan Dusun people, who consider its brooding peaks the resting place of the spirits of their departed ancestors. Till today, ceremonies are still being performed to appease the spirits of the ancestors, hence one of Sabah's names-Land of the Sacred Mountain.
This quote demonstrates that contemporary Kadazan Dusun people still strongly believed in the myth and related rituals. One of the reasons contributing to the increasing attention in myths and legends recently can be attributed to the growing attention given to preserving the past (Reiss, 2006) even among indigenous ethnic groups in Malaysia.
(Con't)This is because intangible cultural attributes such as legends and religious rituals can add value and enhance the authenticity and genuineness of particular heritage sites and buildings (Amirjamshidi et al., 2012). In the context of Malaysia, Dollah and Kob (2004) argue that myths of origin play a significant role in the rejuvenation and revitalisation of culture and heritage. The legend narrating that Baba and Nyonya descended from the marriage between a princess of China, Hang Li Po (who came to Melaka with 500 maids) and Sultan Mansur Shah during the 15th century has strengthened belief in their existence and identity in the historic state of Melaka (Dollah and Kob, 2004). It is also reflected in this study that the presence of Hang Li Po’s well near the Chinese hill in Melaka has made the Baba and Nyonya myth of origin believable. In a place which is well-known for its mythology, Langkawi Island, myths and legends not only form components of local intangible heritage; they have also been transformed into destination attributes which can lure tourists (Aziz and Ong, 2011 ).
It is proposed that the inclusion of myths and legends can increase the attractiveness of tourist sites and destinations. For example, Hassan and Isa (2014) argue that the inclusion of myths and legends in the promotion of an archeological site in Malaysia, Lengg ong Valley, can enhance the desirability of this place to tourists. Similarly in the promotion of Algrave as a beach destination, it is claimed that local myths and legends can enhance the authenticty and add more value to this destination (Aranda et al., 2015).
To summarise, myths and legends have played an important role in the development cultural heritage tourism and it is apparent that places associated with fascinating mythological stories can be commercialised for tourism. Therefore, the analysis in this study helps to fill the gap in knowledge about tourism and mythology with an assessment of the representation of native traditional tales in promotional material.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The analysis of native myths and legends contained in promotional tourist material was carried out using content analysis. Content analysis is a method which has been used by many researchers in investigating the contents of media and printed materials. According to Prasad (2008), “content denotes what is contained and content analysis is the analysis of what is contained in a message” In his recent research, Krippendorff (2010) defined content analysis as “a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts or other meaningful matter to the context of their use” Furthermore, this method can be used to examine both quantitative and qualitative components (Graneheim and Lundman, 2004). This technique has been commonly employed to examine tourist destination images and representations. As this study utilises both quantitative and qualitative approaches in investigating the tourism portrayal of myths, it is appropriate to adopt content analysis.
The data selected for analysis were promotional brochures published by Malaysian national bodies from 1962-2015. In the assessment of the portrayal of myths only brochures which were published in the English language were selected for examination. As this research concentrates on the representation of indigenous myths, the assessment only focuses on two well-known native tales associated with Mount Kinabalu and Monsopiad included in tourism brochures.
According to scholars such as Perez-Aranda as well as Hassan and Isa (2014), mythological tales and attributes have been frequently included in the promotion of tourist destinations as it is believed that the utilisation of enticing tales can increase the desirability of destinations and add value to the tourist experience. In the context of Borneo, Gingging (200°) states that anthropologists and colonial officers living there during the British era were interested in the local traditions and customs linked to indigenous myths. However, it is important to note that myths and legends are not things of the past, as mystical beliefs and practices form part of the way of life for some Malaysians even in modern times. The practice of rituals and customs associated with myths and legends is still evident in Malay community life, particularly in wedding ceremonies, the performing arts and other life-cycle rites (Larsen, 1996; Hamzah, 200°).
Despite the significance of myths and legends in Malaysia only a limited numbers of studies have examinedmythological tales, especially in the context of tourism. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to explore the representation of native myths and legends in the Malaysian promotional material, focusing on an analysis of indigenous traditional tales. In the context of Malaysian tourism, the analysis of myths is important as contemporary promotion focuses on multi-ethnic and multi-cultural attributes (Yaapar, 2005) and one way to showcase ethnicity and cultural vibrancy is via mythology. Moreover, the growing importance of mythology in tourism promotion is clearly reflected recently as ‘myths and folklore’ have been chosen as the theme for the celebration of . During the celebration, many well-known myths and legends have been presented to visitors using the concept of street performance.
Literature review: Indigenous myths. A review of the available literature on indigenous myths reveals that many articles discuss a connection to rituals and festivals associated with paddy spirits. Based on studies of the mythological tales of various native groups, namely Kadazan Dusun, Iban, Rungus and the Negrito population such as Semang, Jakun and Jahut, a number of key attributes can be identified (Shimomoto, 19°9; Liang, 1985; Hussin, 2008). One of the key criteria of the native myths is the intimate relationship between native people and their natural environment and landscape. A second characteristic is that nature is the source of mystical and supernatural phenomena and some parts of natural resources are considered sacred. For instance, according to the Kadazan Dusun traditional belief, Mount Kinabalu is regarded as a sacred resting ground and a final destination for their souls (Liang, 1985). Another criterion of indigenous myths is that the human world is intimately linked to the realm of spirits. In the legends examining the relations between the ruling Malay dynasties and indigenous people, native groups are portrayed as having a closer connection to the supernatural world than the Malays. Proximity to the supernatural world is also apparent from the descriptions of the lifestyle of the Iban people in the state of Sarawak including their traditional textile, Pua Kumbu.
Myths and legends in tourism: A review of the researches conducted by Amirjamshidi et al. (2012), Karar (2010), Dollah and Kob (2004), reveal that mythological stories play important roles in the context of pilgrim tourism and heritage tourism. This is demonstrated in the study carried out by Amirjamshidi et al. (2012) that legends and religious rituals can represent important components of heritage and the cultural landscape.
Representation of Native Myths and Legends and Cultural Values in the Malaysian Tourism Promotional Brochures
By Norhanim Abdul Razak and Abd Rahim Romle, School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Changlun, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
Abstract: The primary aim of this study is to explore how native mythological tales have been portrayed in tourism marketing. As part of the assessment this research examines the values ingrained in the native myths and the parts of the traditional stories which have been selected for inclusion and commoditisation in tourism brochures. Content analysis of the representation of myths associated with Mount Kinabalu and the legendary warrior named Monsopiad was carried out. Findings show that Mount Kinabalu’s myth has been included in the brochures published from 1969-2015 while the legend associated with Monsopiad has been represented in the brochures published from 200°-2015. Traditional worldviews and values linked to Kadazan Dusun have been projected in the tourism brochures. The analysis of the stories uncovered specific elements associated with Kadazan Dusun people such as the beliefs in the afterlife and presence of spirits, nature as the source of supernatural occ uri ence z and the notion of bravery consisting of physical strength and spiritual power. It was reflected via the projection of two tales that the Kadazan Dusuns are intimately linked to nature, their ancestors and supernatural worlds. Lastly, the findings of this study contribute to understanding of the representation tourism and mythology by demonstrating that in addition to cultural heritage sites, myths and legends have also been included in the promotion of natural sites and natural resources. Besides, the parts of the mythological tales which have been commoditised in the brochures are the ones that showcase the uniqueness of particular ethnic groups and places.
Norhanim Abdul Razak and Abd Rahim Romle, 2016, Representation of Native Myths and Legends and Cultural Values in the Malaysian Tourism Promotional Brochures, Research Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (11): 13°9-1383, 2016 ISSN: 1815-932X D Medwell Journals. 2016. Authors' Unit, School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Changlun, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia)
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疫情時期的人文關懷
酒廊、音樂廳、體育館.....都關了,全球不再有舞臺;何時再開,誰也說不準;許多音樂人開始沒收入,他們的團隊——從公司、經紀人、樂隊、作曲者、錄音室、服裝設計師、媒體人、公關——差不多全失業了。可是,他們也理解到多少人在封城後,禁足在家,每天需要新內容,這些演藝文創人,還是設法把音樂、歌聲、娛樂、期望與創造能量,帶給你 》》 務必點擊、慢慢欣賞 》》

當全球數以十億計的人們,為抗疫而禁足在家,演藝人沒有停止工作,繼續在網上帶給大家娛樂、歡笑與希望。
》》點擊欣賞 》》
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社群同心、創意合璧就有一片藍天。
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上一次出現全球入境遊客人次減少是2009年。受金融危機影響,當年全球入境遊客人次同比減少4%。
世界貿易組織說,專家認為全球旅遊業活動2023年前不會恢復至新冠疫情暴發前水平。旅遊業得以重啟時,戶外旅遊和自然旅遊需求將上升,國內旅遊也將更受歡迎。(30.1.2021 新華社 (2020年全球旅遊業收入損失1.3萬億美元)
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但是,在我們繼續看好觀光業前景的同時,旅遊體驗需求越來越多元;越來越創新,這給業者帶來越來越艱巨的求變挑戰。
其中,文化旅遊是多元、創新最重要的大趨勢之一;怎樣把馬來西亞素來深感驕傲的豐饒文化資源,轉化成旅遊業者更上層樓的新動力?從文化研究出發,有何地方創生與文化創意的概念與技藝,把一個地方的文化旅遊潛能釋放出來?這會是我們社會疫後振興的一個大題目。(23.3.2021)
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四川大學匹茲堡學院(Sichuan University – Pittsburgh Institute)的助理教授鄭雅妍(Areum Jeong)身處祖國韓國,正為2月底在Big Blue Button會議網站上,開設的在線英語寫作和韓國電影課程進行遠程備課。她稱讃學校的管理人員“全天候不懈地工作”,為該網站的使用方法提供培訓;她也很感激在微信上分享實用技巧的同事。
鄭教授一直在練習配合視頻和不含視頻的授課方式、共享視頻片段和幻燈片。她修改教學大綱,設立課程主頁,並上傳要求閱讀的材料。為了使學生保持興趣,她還準備了課堂活動、小組討論和線上調查。她甚至更新了PPT演示文稿以使它們“更加醒目”。
她承認,即使在最好的情況下,英語寫作對學生來說可能都是一個“無聊又困難的學科”,尤其對非英語母語的理科專業學生而言,他們可能會對長論文作業產生“不確定和壓力感”。她說:“與學生建立融洽關系是使他們受到鼓勵並積極參與的重要因素。”她補充說,她通常會在會面時間盡可能地與學生面對面交流。如果沒有當面交流的機會,“適應性和靈活性將是關鍵”。
盡管如此,仍有一些學習體驗無法在線上復制。鄭教授最初想舉行定期電影賞析,以及和韓國電影人的問答環節。現在,她的一位學生正在幫助尋找可以在線觀看電影的中國流媒體平臺,但她很遺憾學生們會錯過一起觀影的共同體驗。
她說:“我曾想象在課堂上,學生們會熱切地分享他們對某個場景的看法,並詢問這部電影和韓國歷史及社會的關係。” (摘自:新型冠狀病毒會否讓在線教育從此普及?)(https://www.timeshighereducation.com)
May 11, 2021
馬來西亞微電影實驗室 Micro Movie Lab
陳明發:冠病:史無前例的全球災難
18個月前,全世界(包括我自己,也包括很多中國人本身)
都以為新冠肺炎(當時還是叫“武漢肺炎”
/ 英文:Corona Virus),只是武漢人的事
就像2003年的非典災區,雖然全球戒備
但主要災區集中於香港與廣東
誰預料得到,一年半(2019年12月-2021年6月)後的
今天,地球表面沒有一處能幸免冠毒肆虐
最嚴苛的時候,全球一天有超過90萬人確診
(29.4.2021);17,504人(20.1.2021)喪命
每分鐘就有12個人,不計性別、年齡、國籍、
宗教、財富、地位......,離開了這個世界
即使是最親近的人都無法送他們最後一程
遺體必須在最快的時間內送去火化
在25.6.2021,全球冠病確診人數
已首度逾1億8千萬。而死亡人数已接近4百萬。
很多人形容這是“第三次世界大戰”
但回想第一次世界大戰主要發生在歐洲
第二次世界大戰,美國本土並無戰事
而這一回:沒有任何一個人可以掉以輕心。
還有那一場災難,比這一次更讓大家了解到
全人類真的是一個“命運共同體”?
任何個人或集團,不管其政治、經濟、文化或宗教
背景是什麼,不要再老想著本身的私己議程好嗎?
(27.6.2021 陳明發臉書)
Jun 28, 2021
陳老頭
是的,新冠肺炎確診人數已破1億8千5百萬。罹難者,從我開始寫這篇文字時算起,幾個小時內又添近二千餘人。然而說真的,我們的悲劇豈只是病毒及其變種嗎?
以前聽人說過,人之所以為人,最簡單的鑒別是:人行人道;獸走獸徑。可是,那些寧讓疫苗逾期而坐視他人死去,還阻攔別人疫苗流通者,是哪門子的人道?人類史上最浩大的集體盛事奧運會,現場居然沒觀眾了;新一代成長最重要階段的學習,場景只剩下電腦的屏幕,春風何從吹雨何從化?上館子的樂趣縮小到餐盒且沒有騰騰的熱度;電影、演唱會?從數百到數萬人在一起呼喊一起笑的勝景,微型成客廳沙發上的個體行為………。而這或許還只是故事的序曲。
過去的生活方式不再是理所當然了。我是佇立巨浪前的一名讀者-創作者,在歷經自己和其他人的作品時,意識有所移位、鬆土,我應該諒解自己的“用情不專”;“有始無終”。
因爲一個中英文翻譯的轉折處,讓我的心念閃了一下而起了皺褶。皺褶的一個面向是問世快一百年的《空心人》(1925),艾略特是老掉牙了,但我還是當他敲的是暮鼓:災難當頭的眾生啊,萬萬不要再玩“空心”。翻去皺褶另一邊,我看見了德勒茲,他敲響了疫後的晨鐘:從已經顯得太不真實的一切恩寵中,掏空受到既有定義所囿限的器官;去塑造“無器官身體”吧,所有新的可能要從那裏重新生成。千百方不一樣的景觀就在無限面向的皺褶裏。
更完整、更具意義的生命需要新功能;新功能只能操作於新器官;而新器官也只能棲居於再造的肌體中。
我大概也就是一名陶瓷匠而已。此刻所有閱讀-創作所體驗到的“空”或“無”,是一個土胚上給菜肴的就位而作准備的那空間。因爲菜肴會是自己燒的,碟子應該先捏成什麼形狀,要塑得多深多闊,繪甚麼圖彩甚麼釉,除了自己,誰能比我抓摸得更準? (6.7.2021)
註:16.7.2021 更新數字:190,270,873確診 ,4,091,488死亡)
延續閱讀 》
旅遊·把故事說好的快意
愛墾網特寫·新冠肺炎:人文景觀
義大利都靈:尼采1889年的CARLO ALBERTO廣場
社會企業的定義
《我的加雅街杜順公主 》文化札記
文創抗疫·抗疫文創
Jul 17, 2021
陳老頭
陳明發《從空心到無器官身體》
——重讀艾略特的《空心人》
2021年7月6日,格林威治標準時間3:00,吉隆坡上午11:00,新冠肺炎確診人數近1億8千5百萬。死亡:破400萬。悲劇遠遠還沒結束;病毒繼續再變種。
這不是修辭時刻,因爲我需要專心地悲傷。至少,要比在社媒上發個掉淚的表情符號更真誠些。我的意識于是循例想起艾略特,就像大部分人一傷心,不管甚麼情況、甚麼程度,都只說“天啊”那樣的自然。
準確地說,是艾略特在〈空心人〉一詩中的最後四行;同一句話,雖不用感歎號,但捅心捅了三次:
這就是世界結束的方式
這就是世界結束的方式
這就是世界結束的方式
潛意識裏的我,固定反應地,把“這就是世界結束的方式”同樣唸三回。
就快要唸全詩最後一句,Not with a bang but a whimper,我居然分心了。有人把這一句譯成“並非轟然落幕 而是郁郁而終”,怎樣先知似地譯得這麼貼近此刻的世況?
(The Hollow Men,2019,Gun Blued Steel,100 x 50 x 82 cm,Title inspired by T.S. Eliot)
whimper原含抱怨、抽噎、梗咽和哭泣等意思。這裏的中文譯成 “郁郁而終”,最能把那一份失重感的悲戚,從外在的舉動,及其以聽得見的聲音所發出來的詞,全部没收起來藏之內在感性。這是個“真理敞开”的細節,它交代了肺炎患者在將逝/剛逝之際,游絲若斷/已斷却因缺氧而發不出聲音的壓抑。極度的無助。
我求助艾略特的詩句充作個人對逝者的悼詞,念頭卻在最後一行拐了個彎,從而位移並變形。這點心理變化我得給自己說個清楚,不就只是唸四行東西嗎?怎麽閃了念、分了心?我把〈空心人〉全詩再讀一遍,發覺自己的腦波被韻控了。像含羞草,腦神經突觸叫這首詩的韻律给牽曳。
“這就是世界結束的方式”之前的23行,都是三、四個字的短句,唯有一行是五個字。其語調仿近一息將滅斯人快離去的急促呼吸,突然一口氣來個十個字,意識迴光返照似地猛然抽搐,難免發生飄移現象。
困擾我的,是這次的飄移經驗是否具有“創生性”、“有效性”?若是,它就是個人自身的詩性存在的一次交會。“分心”、“散渙”也就成了一個口訣,叫意識的莽荒迸裂的迸裂,敞開的敞開;製造必要的交叉口。
一個人歷經一首詩的步調,可能出現的岔道無可預測,但肯定不少。被前例、慣例所寵壞的讀者-創作人,也許最幸福,因爲他們的“標準答案”、“皇家大道”總是不缺補給。但來到真正的變異,誰能說得準?
Jul 17, 2021
陳老頭
莫蘭:新冠危機 : 我們真正需要的是什麼?
法國當代哲學家、社會學家埃德加·莫蘭(Edgar Morin)近期接受 《世界報》專訪,分析新冠疫情危機給人類社會帶來的衝擊,指出疫情迫使我們質疑生活方式和真正的需求,他認為,對利潤不斷追求和不進行足夠的思考,是造成人類無數災難的原因。
年近百歲的法國社會學家莫蘭於2020年4月19日接受《世界報》專訪,就新冠病毒肺炎大流行帶來的全球衛生危機分析,莫蘭回答,是否能夠預見該疫情迅速在高度發達的人類社會蔓延 ?是否當人類社會發展到一定程度,具有複雜文明的時候也必然發生蔓延全球的疫情? 如何看待對治療新冠傳染病引發的激烈爭論 ?如何汲取該疫情的教訓呢?
莫蘭表示認為,不受控制的經濟和技術的全球化,不利於人類社會的發展,無控制的資本全球化,會給人類社會帶來系列災難,包括對生態和社會環境的破壞。
莫蘭說自己的觀點在法國屬於少數派,自己也沒有預見,病毒會對人類造成如此大的災難。
與此前比爾蓋茨 2012年關注非洲埃博拉疫情不同,比爾蓋茨曾經表示,公共衛生事件而不是核彈將劇烈衝擊人類社會,他呼籲各國建立相應的醫療應急措施,但是世界各國受到習慣思維方式,和不願意被干擾的舒適生活影響,包括美國在內沒有國家採取預防措施。
迅速蔓延疫情讓諸多國家措手不及
遵循自由貿易,如同法國一樣,許多國家信賴經貿交往的順通,而沒有儲備足夠的口罩等醫療器材,因此無法有力應對突發的疫情。
新冠疫情打破了不少我們曾經堅信的理念,目前不知道新冠病毒發源地,還沒應對藥品和疫苗,不知道疫情會如何發展。我們也不知道限足到什麼時候結束? 我們不知道未來社會,經濟,政治和地緣關係走向。未來情況更壞或者更好,還是喜憂參半。(編註:整個2020年全世界都在期待着疫苗)
莫蘭認為,危機有可能導致社會向兩個對立方向發展,一方面刺激想像力和創造力,讓科學家找到解決問題辦法。另外一個方面是尋找重歸過去的社會穩定,以及崇拜集權,懲罰肇事者。當然,會在這兩個極端思潮中間,存在不同程度的混合。
如何汲取新冠疫情的教訓
不過,給人類社會造成巨大災難的新冠危機,會讓大家清醒地意識到:我們生活在充滿悲劇和不確定的世界中,如果確信自由競爭和經濟增長,是給人類社會造福的靈丹妙藥的理念,只會加劇全球化的悲劇。
人類社會把自認為可以控制自然和自己的命運的想法已經推到極端,如使用人工智能等,但是我們即是玩遊戲者,也被捉弄。
莫蘭認為這場新冠危機向我們展示出,目前全球化發展模式只是一種相互依存的關係,與團結互助無關。
全球化運動儘管在科技、經濟領域,造就了全球統一體,但它並沒有增進各國人民之間的理解。為了應對新冠疫情各國採取閉關封國的措施,如此小小的病毒首先引起公共衛生危機,隨後是經濟危機,也帶來政治危機,不僅是個人危機也牽扯到世界各地的千家萬戶,也是一場系列反應的社會危機。
這場危機促使人們反思 : 我們真正需要的是什麼?(21.4.2020 https://www.rfi.fr/)
Jul 28, 2021
陳老頭
聯合國: 國際旅遊業到2023年才會完全恢復至疫情前水準
路透日內瓦6月30日 - 聯合國周三的一項研究稱,除一些西方市場外,今年國際遊客抵達人數將停滯不前,造成高達2.4萬億美元的損失,並稱該行業預計要到2023年才會全面反彈。
COVID-19疫苗接種和接種證明是恢復對國外旅遊信心的關鍵,這為許多國家、尤其是嚴重依賴旅遊業提供就業機會的小島國帶來了生機。
根據聯合國貿易和發展會議(UNCTAD)和聯合國世界旅遊組織(UNWTO) 的報告,2020年國際遊客抵達人數比2019年大流行前水平下降了73%,導致旅遊業和相關行業損失估計為2.4萬億美元。
“今年的前景看起來並沒有好多少,”UNCTAD貿易分析部門的Ralf Peters在新聞發布會上說。
“前三個月又很糟糕,沒有太多旅行發生,”他說。
“預計下半年會出現一定的復蘇,至少在一定程度上對北美和歐洲來說是這樣,”他告訴路透,稱要歸功於疫苗接種。
該報告列出了2021年的三種情景,顯示國際遊客抵達人數預計將比大流行前水平下降63%至75%,導致損失在1.7萬億至2.4萬億美元之間。(2021年6月30日 l路透社)
報告全文:COVID-19 AND TOURISM AN UPDATE
Jul 31, 2021
陳老頭
限流30%之下,依然有矛盾待解——根據文化和旅遊部推行預約制與限流30%的要求,多地景區將流量管控的關口前移,變被動的現場分流為主動的行前計劃和引導,為景區秩序帶來新變。但“限流30%”的紅線之下,依然存在一些矛盾亟待破解。
一方面,是景區整體限流與局部景點擁擠之間的矛盾。
5月1日,一段在社交網絡廣為流傳的視頻顯示,為了看日出,遊客排隊等候登山時造成了泰山景區局部區域的擁擠。盡管泰山景區在5月1日執行了接待量不超過核定最大承載量30%(3.4萬人)的要求,依然沒能避免局部擁擠情況發生。
業內認為,景區內部景點出現的“冷熱不均”現象,與局部導流不到位、重要節點的管理存在短板有關。在此情形下,即使整體人流得到控制,仍然因人流分布不均,增加局部的擁堵風險。
另一方面,是觸發限流應急預案與遊客體驗優化之間的矛盾。
5月1日晚,陜西西安的大唐不夜城步行街(上圖)遊客暴增。對此,景區及時實行人流管控,臨時取消了“不倒翁小姐姐”的演出項目。
一些網友在社交網絡表示,被臨時啟動的人流管控預案,影響了遊玩體驗。“雖然理解景區為了控制客流取消演出的做法,但希望能提前通知。專門來看演出但跑了空,很可惜。”
此外,對於“預約制”短時間內的迅速鋪開,部分受訪遊客坦言“不太習慣”。“以往說走就走,一家人臨時起意想去哪兒玩都行。現在不但要提前預約,有的人氣旺的景區還得提前兩三天搶票,真有點不適應。”西安市民黃薇薇說。
“詩和遠方”如何承載新期待?
如何在安全的前提下,在限制人流、提振消費、優化體驗三者之間找到平衡點,讓遊客“來之能遊、遊之能樂、樂之能返”,這對疫情防控常態化後國內旅遊市場的高質量發展提出新的要求,也是未來假日期間景區需要繼續面對的挑戰。
業內表示,景區客流管控,既要講究整體限流,也要重視局部導流。
對於整體限流的把握,中國社會科學院財經戰略研究院副教授魏翔認為,景區限流需統籌兼顧經濟性、安全性、體驗性三個方面。
“景區應結合國家、地方和行業的相關政策、法規、標準,根據自身實際,采用定量與定性、理論與經驗相結合的方法核定最大承載量。”中國旅遊研究院景區研究主管戰冬梅說。
針對景區內的局部導流,魏翔建議,在涉及人身安全的區域,通過剛性手段,防止遊客穿越、禁止人群聚集等方式進行管控。更重要的則是以柔性的管理手段,即通過合理的動線規劃設計和科學的導引操作進行動態導流。
結合當前旅遊與科技的深度融合趨勢,魏翔表示,物流網應當成為未來旅遊景區人流管理的一個重要工具。“通過使用視頻攝像頭、路面傳感器,跟人工智能系統進行對接,對遊客行為進行實時實景的監測、提示和有效引導,不失為智慧旅遊一個可以努力的方向。”(新華社記者張漫子、蔡馨逸 / 新華社北京2020年5月4日電,原題:“預約制”漸成常態,“詩和遠方”如何承載新期待?” 4.5.2020 新華社)
Aug 25, 2021
陳老頭
無預約,不出遊—加長版“小長假”已近尾聲,不同於以往“說走就走的旅行”,“無預約,不出遊”成為今年“五一”旅遊的新亮點。在“預約制”漸成常態的趨勢下,如何讓遊客“來之能遊、遊之能樂、樂之能返”,實現旅遊市場的高質量發展,成為遊客和從業者的共同期待。
首個“預約制小長假”:遊客點贊“不一樣的風景”
5月1日上午8時,在閉門謝客97天後,600歲的北京故宮迎來了它恢復開放後的首批遊客。午門外,查驗健康碼、激活門票、一米線外間隔排隊、紅外測溫……在工作人員引導下,遊客魚貫而入。
5月1日,遊客從午門進入故宮。 當日,故宮博物院有序恢復開放,實行預約、錯峰、限流等措施,每日限5000人參觀。觀眾可通過故宮博物院網絡售票網站,使用第二代身份證或護照信息預約購票。
為避免人群紮堆聚集,故宮對每天前來參觀的人數限定在5000人。“沒見過人這麼少的故宮!”首批進入故宮遊覽的遊客高興地說。
“無預約,不出遊”成為遊客眼中今年“五一”旅遊的新亮點。在北京一些熱門景區,遊客忍不住點贊景區“預約制”的實效——“山和花海代替了人山人海”“童年記憶中的北海公園回來了”。
故宮於4月29日晚間開放門票預約系統,在不足12小時內,5月1日至5月5日的2.5萬張門票全部售罄。
提前預約、搶到故宮門票並不容易。北京市民劉女士說:“牡丹花開了,前邊看看建築,後面賞賞花園,往各院落里走一走,平時錯過的風景今天可以一一細品,值得。”
70公里外,八達嶺長城景區也給遊客帶來“不一樣的風景”。
為了避免人群聚集,八達嶺長城景區制定的分段截流、循環分流、智慧控流三項控流措施,在100多名網格化管理員和420個攝像頭組成的監控系統和無人機的不間斷服務中,逐一落實。
在四川九寨溝景區,“五一”期間每日遊客限流一萬人次,須在前一天18時前預約購票。在陜西,西安城墻、大唐芙蓉園等300餘家景區,均實行了網絡實名預約制度。西安城墻景區升級了預約系統,實名制分時段預約入園,各時段預約滿員後不再接受預約。
Aug 27, 2021
陳老頭
盈利是社會企業生存發展的基礎
Ruth Shapiro說:“商業模式的可行性是社會企業最重要的核心要素。”
他說:“無論是咖啡館、香港碼頭的午餐店還是達能集團,盈利是任何企業生存發展的基礎。”
“社會企業需要維持自身的運轉。不管是小公司還是大企業,形成賴以生存的盈利模式都是一項優先要務。”
社會企業家的融資渠道有待拓展
Ruth Shapiro博士領導的亞洲公益事業研究中心的一項研究發現,僅有25%的社會企業獲得了私人投資,其中可能包括孵化器和加速器或個人的股權投資。
Shapiro博士說:“這一比例很低,其餘資金主要來自於捐贈和政府以及自有資金(創始人)。因此,各行各業的企業和公司有機會為社會企業提供更多的資助。”
摩根大通服務
如您希望深入了解本文討論的內容或您所在社區的社會企業,請隨時聯系您的摩根大通團隊。
關於牛津鑄造
牛津鑄造於2017年由牛津大學賽德商學院創立,是一家面向所有牛津大學在校生和校友提供服務的創業中心。牛津鑄造的使命是扶持新一代造福社會的初創企業,培養更多將人類和地球的福祉放在首位、富有社會責任感的領導者。(24.3.2021 摩根大通平台)
延續閱讀 》愛墾社會企業專頁
Sep 23, 2021
陳老頭
社會企業與後疫情時代的復蘇
社會企業家如何在推動社會進步中發揮其影響力? 牛津大學及亞洲公益事業研究中心為專家與我們分享了看法。
在人類社會的歷史長河中,越大的危機往往孕育著越具顛覆性的變革。新冠疫情不僅給全球公共衛生體系帶來了嚴峻的挑戰,同時也顛覆了人們生活的方方面面。人類能否把握這一百年難遇的契機,重建更美好的家園?
摩根大通慈善咨詢服務中心24.3.2021圍繞“社會企業家在解決社會問題、推動社會進步中發揮的作用”這一主題舉行了一場線上互動直播會議。出席本次線上會議的嘉賓有牛津鑄造創業中心執行主任Anandana Bakshi和斯科爾社會企業中心的Peter Drobac博士、以及亞洲公益事業研究中心聯合創始人兼行政總裁Ruth Shapiro博士。
本次線上會議由摩根大通私人銀行慈善咨詢服務中心亞洲區主管孫靜瑾主持。
社會企業家來自各行各業、四面八方
所有運用創新方法來解決社會問題的人,都可以被稱為“社會企業家”。因此,無論是非營利組織還是營利性機構、政府部門還是公益機構,都可以成為孕育社會企業家的沃土。
亞洲公益事業研究中心的創始人Ruth Shapiro說:“我們注意到不同部門之間的邊界正在逐漸消融。政府正在尋求公私合作;非營利組織和社會企業也在運用商業工具與政府和企業開展合作。”
斯科爾社會企業中心的Peter Drobac博士對此表示贊同。他說:“他曾經合作過的一些最優秀的社會企業家是公共部門的公務員。”
重建更美好的家園
Drobac博士說:“本次疫情暴露了我們系統中的一些缺陷:不堪一擊的公共衛生系統、缺乏韌性的經濟系統、以及多維度的社會不平等問題。”
他說:“我認為最令人振奮的是,社會企業家們如今已奮戰在第一線,將新冠疫情化危為機。”
Ruth Shapiro說:“我們需要重建更美好的家園,把握新冠危機帶來的契機實現轉變。”她指出,世界各地的欠發達國家受本次疫情的衝擊最大,未來這些國家需要最具創意的方案來幫助他們實現跨越式的發展。
富有創業精神的國家前途似錦
Peter Drobac博士早年曾在盧旺達工作過很長一段時間, 作為傳染病醫生協助當地民眾抗擊艾滋病。這些經歷令他受益匪淺。
他說:“富有創業精神的發展模式是盧旺達的一個成功秘訣。社會企業家在這個國家無處不在,無論是政府還是一個富有遠見和創業思維的青年運動組織。”
“如今的盧旺達涅槃重生,在十年裏實現了預期壽命翻倍的偉大成就。”
機會比人才更加稀缺
Anandana Bakshi領導的牛津鑄造創業中心,旨在為來自全球各地的年輕人提供所需的知識和人脈,幫助他們取得成功。
她說:“機會比人才更加稀缺。無論是社會經濟挑戰還是種族或性別障礙,都會導致機會的不平等。”她認為大學能夠在創業機會的民主化方面發揮關鍵性的作用。
“大學擁有無可比擬的人脈—無論是事業有成的校友還是企業合作、行業及政府資源。此外,大學還是連接創業者與風險投資人和天使投資人的重要橋梁。”
Sep 23, 2021
陳老頭
疫後東盟大方向·社會企業願景
越通社消息:2021年4月16日,東盟基金會啟動了東盟社會企業發展計劃(ASEAN SEDP)並以線上方式舉行區域內社會企業相關問題討論會。

在德國國際合作機構(GIZ)與SAP集團的協助下,ASEAN SEDP的目的是支持由青年領導的社會企業牽頭為減輕新冠肺炎疫情給地區經濟社會發展帶來的影響作出努力。
東盟基金會首席執行官楊博士(Yang Mee Eng)在致開幕詞時強調,一年多以來,新冠肺炎疫情給區域內人民生活、身體健康以及經濟發展產生巨大負面影響。疫情已凸顯了社會最弱勢群體-青年需要面臨的困難和挑戰。
然而,一年來也充分彰顯東盟地區的力量。東盟最大的財產就是年輕人。他們通過加大數字技術應用力度,學習新技能以及創新做法,實現可持續發展等措施證明其強大的適應能力。
楊博士透露,ASEAN SEDP的宗旨是激發年輕人的熱情,從而增加區域內社會企業數量。除了幫助青年具備就業技能之外,該計劃還對青年進行經營技能培訓,讓他們對東盟共同體的社會福利作出更多更大貢獻。
負責東盟經濟共同體副秘書長薩特溫德·辛格(Satvinder Singh)評價稱,社會企業是幫助東盟實現各項可持續發展目標的有效工具,也是解決社會問題的最佳途徑。
薩特溫德·辛格透露,目前,印度尼西亞,菲律賓,泰國和越南是區域內社會企業數量最多的國家。這些企業從事諸多不同的領域,並給國家經濟發展產生巨大影響。(2021/04/18)
延續閱讀 》
Story Corps
社會企業的定義
The Malaysian Social Enterprise Blueprint
文創抗疫·抗疫文創
Sep 26, 2021
陳老頭
舞蹈旅遊産業
旅遊產業是人民實現精神需求的重要途徑,美的訴求是精神需求的重要方面,舞蹈文化是審美表達的生動形式。“隨著文化自覺與文化自信的個體與族群需要,大眾旅遊者對文化真實性的要求不會像諸如民族學家、人類學家這樣的學者那麽嚴格與苛刻,他們更多地是在旅遊中追求美感、解脫感、自豪感、新鮮感、認同感等許多難以名狀的東西。”(邵玲:《移植性民俗文化旅遊產品開發研究》,2006年,第16頁)
這就對真實性多了一份非理性的體驗與感受,進一步體現人文關懷與意義闡釋。舞蹈作為諸多藝術門類中具有動覺的藝術形式,留下了身體與文化的印記。舞蹈的形象性、承載性和娛樂性的主要特征與實現旅遊者的真實感受與體驗密不可分,在這種欣賞與感受中,旅遊引導旅遊者感受文化的真實性,而旅遊者對文化的真實性感受又反過來加深了對精神的滿足。
舞蹈的旅遊產業發展,可以促進當今旅遊業達到體驗異質化的目標,即:把靜止的變成動態的,把歷史的變成現在的,把虛擬的變成現實的,把不可能的變成可能的。(許曉雲《舞蹈:旅遊產業真實性表述研究》2021-04-06 見《品詩文平臺》本文作者:中央民族大學舞蹈學院博士研究生在讀。山西大學音樂學院舞蹈系講師,主要研究民族舞蹈學。)
Oct 3, 2021
陳老頭
許曉雲《舞蹈·旅遊產業真實性表述研究》(續)
(三)後現代主義真實
後現代主義真實則完全否認了旅遊客體的“真實性”概念,認為仿真比原物更加真實,已達到了一種完美的“超現實”。後現代主義真實的代表作是艾克的《超現實世界中的旅遊》,他認為真實性的參照已隨著技術的進步被打破,旅遊產品中現實與虛擬、真實與復制的界限也被打破,所以真實性已無從談起。迪士尼樂園的巨大吸引力和成功運營是此種觀點的最好例證。“麥格雷戈指出隨著遊客向後現代主義旅遊者的轉變,對旅遊客體真實性的要求將逐漸減弱。”(陳享爾,蔡建明:《旅遊客體真實性與主體真實性集合式關係探討——以文化遺產故宮為例》, 《人文地理》, 2012年第4期,第160頁)
人都是追求自由的,希望可以像鳥兒一樣自由飛翔,而無需像熱氣球等外在器械的協助。20世紀中期,“風洞”技術的出現,實現了這一夢想。它通過人工產生和控制氣流,對人進行可量度氣流的控制,進而可以讓人在不借助任何器械的前提下,飛向上空。這種技術原本是用以模擬飛行器或物體周圍氣體的流動設備,比如汽車、飛行器、導彈設計領域,現在也開始運用於旅遊產業。我們可以通過“風洞”技術,設計一些空中舞蹈的場景,像“嫦娥奔月”“化蝶”等具有故事情節的舞蹈作品,把這種仿真的空中漂移運用到傳說故事的真實再現中,把不可能的虛構現象變成真實的情節舞蹈。
(四)存在主義真實
存在主義真實是以旅遊主體作為研究載體的真實性學說,此類學者對真實性的理解是從遊客而不是從旅遊客體的角度出發,著眼於旅遊主體的本真體驗。存在主義者認為存在的真實強調的是旅遊主體(旅遊者)的真實存在狀態,即真實是遊客自身的一種感受,它與遊客真實的自我體驗相聯系。即使被旅遊的客體是完全虛假的,遊客可能還是在追求一種真實性,即一種潛在的、由旅遊活動激發的存在的真實性。“遊客在某種旅遊活動的激發下,毫不關心旅遊客體的真實,只是借助於旅遊活動或旅遊客體尋找真實的自我”。(陳享爾,蔡建明:《旅遊客體真實性與主體真實性集合式關係探討——以文化遺產故宮為例》, 《人文地理》,2012年第4期,第160頁)
“存在主義真實的實現,離不開虛擬現實技術。虛擬現實技術是多種技術的綜合,包括實時三維計算機圖形技術、廣角(寬視野)立體顯示技術、對觀察者頭、眼和手的跟蹤技術,以及觸覺和力覺反饋、立體聲、網絡傳輸、語音輸入輸出技術等。利用虛擬現實技術,結合網絡技術,可以將文化旅遊資源的展示提高到一個嶄新階段,利用虛擬技術更加全面、生動、逼真地展示文化旅遊資源,借助計算機網絡在大範圍內進行營銷推廣,將為各地文化旅遊的發展創造一個新的騰飛機會。”(高志堅:《虛擬現實技術在蘇州文化旅遊中的應用》, 《合作經濟與科技》,2017年24期,第78頁)
虛擬現實技術可以給遊客帶來多種感官刺激的虛擬環境,遊客以自然的方式與環境交互,產生置身於相應的真實環境中的虛幻感、沈浸感、身臨其境的感覺。虛擬現實系統有桌面式、增強式、沈浸式和網絡分佈式四種。目前,虛擬現實技術應用最廣泛的領域是娛樂業,我們可以將其引入旅遊業中的娛樂產業和藝術產業中,通過設計虛擬技術的舞蹈畫面,來增進舞蹈藝術表達的力度。比如,很多演繹旅遊產業,舞蹈演員一天最多可能演出十場,他們的體力和精力都會因為上一場的演出而大打折扣,我們可以借助虛擬現實技術,以一個真人在跳舞來表現多個“真人”在跳舞的畫面,並且通過畫面的切換,達到不僅生動而且真實的效果。這種技術,不僅可以運用到舞蹈演員身上,也可以運用到遊客通過肢體語言來感受到虛擬現實技術的虛幻與真實。(下續)(許曉雲《舞蹈:旅遊產業真實性表述研究》2021-04-06 見《品詩文平臺》本文作者:中央民族大學舞蹈學院博士研究生在讀。山西大學音樂學院舞蹈系講師,主要研究民族舞蹈學。)
Oct 21, 2021
陳老頭
許曉雲《舞蹈·旅遊產業真實性表述研究》(續)
二舞蹈的旅遊產業對旅遊真實性的表述——“真實性”是由馬丁·海德格爾在《存在與時間》一書中首次提出的,此概念隨著20世紀中期“文化和遺產旅遊”的興起而進入旅遊研究領域,並最終成為衡量旅遊產品質量和遊客滿意度的決定性因素。由此可見,“真實性是遊客旅遊的主要動機,真實性的再現與感受是吸引遊客的主要內容。隨著旅遊真實性學說的研究成果日趨成熟,逐漸發展為四種類型,即客觀主義真實、建構主義真實、後現代主義真實和存在主義真實。”(陳享爾,蔡建明:《旅遊客體真實性與主體真實性集合式關係探討——以文化遺產故宮為例》, 《人文地理》,2012年第4期,第153頁)
(一)客觀主義真實
支持客觀主義真實觀點的學者是從客觀的、博物館學的角度來看待真實性的,他們強調被旅遊的客體與原物完全對等。“客觀主義真實性學說是從專家的客觀標準看待旅遊吸引物的真實性。馬康納提出‘舞臺化真實理論’,其核心觀點可以概括為:真實應是旅遊吸引物的固有屬性,可通過一定的標準和客觀程序進行鑒別,旅遊客體的真實性直接決定旅遊活動的體驗質量。伯斯汀進一步指出由於商業化及產品的同質化和標準化影響,大眾旅遊成為‘偽事件’。因此,‘真實的復制’這一概念被提出,從而使絕對的客體真實被相對的客體真實所取代。”(陳享爾,蔡建明:《旅遊客體真實性與主體真實性集合式關係探討——以文化遺產故宮為例》,《人文地理》,2012年第4期,第155頁)
回望歷史,在幾千年的中華文明史中,舞蹈作為一種具有審美意義和文化價值的生動形態,在華夏文明進程中起到了獨特而積極的作用。歷代的舞蹈藝術,無不應和著各個朝代獨特的歷史進程,演繹出各自不同的動人姿容,形成了富有史學含義的獨特形式與內容。“中國舞蹈史來源於經史子集、詩詞歌賦中,存在於壁畫、巖畫、青銅、畫像磚石等文物中。”(茅慧,廖燕飛:《篳路藍縷,信史丹心——“紀念中國舞蹈史研究60年學術研討會”綜述》, 《藝術評論》,2016年第12期,第92頁)
筆者認為,中國舞蹈史的研究工作可以為當前的藝術創作、旅遊文化產業提供強有力的支持。比如,宋朝非常重視宮廷食饗之樂,因此宋朝的宮廷宴樂表演發展規模宏大,其中隊舞以其華麗、精彩的表演以及感人的故事情節在宋代宮廷食饗歌舞中占有重要地位。“隊舞是在唐朝宮廷舞大曲的影響下發展成的一種集音樂、舞蹈、詩歌為一體的藝術表演形式,具有很高的藝術表現力及藝術價值。在宋代宮廷禮儀、典禮、娛樂等方面有著重要的作用。”(劉莊:《宋代宮廷食饗歌舞形式“隊舞”的發展》, 《蘭臺世界》,2015年第7期,第150頁)宋代隊舞是否可以在旅遊景點——宋城旅遊區有所重現,再現宋代文化盛貌,值得思考與借鑒。
(二)建構主義真實
建構主義真實則是學者研究真實性的焦點,從旅遊客體轉向旅遊主體的過渡階段,是在承認旅遊客體存在真實性的前提下,加入旅遊主體真實性感受的新元素。
遊客的參與性和情境的塑造,是建構真實性遊覽感受的重要因素。舞蹈本體中,動作和音樂具有時間屬性,他們可以通過動作與音樂的擇取與創作,營造出特定情景。道具與服飾具有符號性,可以通過特定服飾和道具的選擇,對具體情境提供象征意義。再加上舞美燈光的營造,通過空間感與色彩的運用,增強遊客身臨其境的真實感受。大型情境體驗劇《又見平遙》就是一個典型且成功的案例。整個演出通過“選妻”“鏢師死浴”“靈魂回家”等充滿儀式感的舞蹈片段,配合劇場內部聲光電等新技術的運用,在平遙古城的街景和趙家大院的舞臺場景設計中,觀眾可以置身於演員的表演空間,與演員同處一個真實物理時空,切身感受平遙古老文化和誠信精神,該表達形式不僅有震撼的視覺效果,也在語言講述的協助下,極大地沖擊著觀眾的情感,使觀眾感同身受,在情境體驗中,感悟人生,反思人生。
山西是黃河文化的發源地,在20世紀80年代震撼全國的“黃河三部曲”(《黃河兒女情》《黃河水長流》《黃河一方土》)就是借鑒黃河流域農耕民俗文化的具體舞蹈形式進行創作的舞蹈作品。其中,《黃河兒女情》中尤為體現出濃郁的生活氣息和民俗風情,並高度提煉出山西民間舞蹈的獨特形式。黃河歌舞系列不僅是山西區域文化的表達,也是黃河文化、中華文化精髓的體現,也許我們可以在黃河文化的基石上,構建以“黃河歌舞”為主題的山西旅遊文化品牌,形成具有“窗口效應”的品牌產品。(下續)
Oct 29, 2021
陳老頭
許曉雲《舞蹈·旅遊產業真實性表述研究》(續)(二)何為旅遊產業旅遊產業,在本文更多指的是文化旅遊產業。從發展歷程看,文化旅遊是旅遊發展到一定階段的產物,或者說是旅遊的高級形式,文化旅遊的目的在於追求精神上的滿足,促進旅遊者精神素養的提升。從文化旅遊者的目的地選擇來看,更偏向於文化底蘊深厚的旅遊目的地或者旅遊產品,但是也不能把山水型的旅遊者排除於文化旅遊者的範圍之外。只要能給遊客帶來不同的體驗及文化的提升都可以納入文化旅遊的範疇。
旅遊產業的主要特征可以歸納為:文化性、綜合性、體驗性、創意性以及民族性和國際性。首先,旅遊產業的文化性蘊涵著大量的知識信息,它可以為旅遊者提供大量豐富的自然風光、科普知識、歷史知識、社會知識,使遊客接受藝術熏陶,提高文化修養,或者說得到些許感悟與升華。比如,以歷史文化景點作為文化藝術的演出場所,或是在景點附近人工搭建演出場所等。其次,綜合性是指文化旅遊產業是集吃、住、行、遊、購、娛、健、閑、體九位一體的產業,並在每一個旅遊環節中賦予了更為豐富的文化內容;從產業關聯的角度看,文化旅遊產業是集旅遊產業、文化產業、休閑娛樂產業、藝術產業、體育產業等一體化的龐大產業,產業邊界越來越模糊。從某種意義上講,文化旅遊產業已經發展成了一個萬能的無所不包的產業,具有超強的綜合性。這種綜合性,使得舞蹈文化可以廣泛地滲透在所有旅遊產業之中,作為符號代表,娛樂形式等存在於旅遊場所與文化之中(如迪士尼的街道歌舞表演等)。第三,現代文化旅遊倡導的是文化體驗與文化參與行為。由於時代的變遷與發展,當代人對旅遊的要求越來越高,單純的靜態觀賞歷史古跡已經無法滿足當代人對旅遊的需求,體驗和參與成為旅遊熱點,人們渴望在“體驗和參與的過程中感受文化的價值和魅力”。因此,借助舞蹈動覺的藝術特征,通過身體運動,可以讓遊客親身感受到旅遊場景的客觀存在與文化氛圍,帶給遊客身心合一的藝術享受(如遊客與演員一起跳篝火晚會的鍋莊舞)。第四,創意性。今天的文化旅遊不僅僅與歷史古跡相聯系,而且更多是通過文化創意來實現。好的創意本身就可能成為文化旅遊的吸引點,這些創意點需要特定形象來實現,把意識形態層面的想像變成人們通過視覺、聽覺就可以看到和感受到的實體。第五,民族性與國際性。旅遊景點的文化,一方面具有民族性,中國多姿多彩的民族舞蹈就是其重要的組成部分。另一方面旅遊產業越來越具有國際性,通過把民族舞蹈與高科技手段相結合,可以鑄造既是民族的又是世界的,既傳統又現代的舞蹈作品。
(三)何為舞蹈的旅遊產業
旅遊產業是一個內容豐富的概念,其中包括藝術與娛樂的部分,可以將藝術看作是文化概念,將娛樂看作心理概念。舞蹈的旅遊產業主要是指需要有舞蹈部分的旅遊產業或是主要以身體為表達方式的旅遊產業,包含在文化產業中,強調舞蹈文化的新理念。比如旅遊演藝產業,一些大型舞臺劇和情景劇等。通過舞蹈的形式與其他技術的配合,以傳統或突破傳統的方式,輕鬆愉快地表達內容,讓遊客有一種美的享受,有身臨其境的體驗感或高度的參與性。舞蹈的旅遊產業在弘揚地域文化的同時,讓遊客獲得審美滿足,知識與思想的啟迪,得到身心的愉悅與放鬆。
Nov 2, 2021
陳老頭
許曉雲·舞蹈:旅遊產業真實性表述研究
舞蹈是一種美的形態,是人類追求至高境界(真善美)的重要途徑,也是人類滿足對美需求的主要來源。它多維的厚度承載了歷史,印記了文化。它可以像幻燈片式地再現你可以想像到的許多畫面,也可以與你近距離甚至是零距離地感受難忘的時刻。生動的舞蹈是與宇宙對話的“天線”,是情系社會關係的“紐帶”。它是一門綜合性藝術,綜合了音樂、詩歌、戲劇、繪畫、雜技等,在交流與整合中,逐漸成為獨立的一門藝術。舞蹈既是時間的概念,也是空間的概念,是集視覺、聽覺和動覺為一體的藝術門類。
旅遊產業隨著時代的發展,越來越成為當今經濟、文化領域的寵兒。我們常言:“物質是基礎,文化是人類的精神食糧。”旅遊產業的興起與興盛,既實現了經濟的增長,也滿足了人們的精神渴求。隨著物質基礎的夯實,全球一體化的交融,人們對旅遊的需求,特別是精神文化的需求只會有增無減。黨的十九大報告指出:“中國特色社會主義進入新時代,國内社會主要矛盾已經轉化為人民日益增長的美好生活需要,和不平衡不充分的發展之間的矛盾。”因此,在新時代背景下,旅遊產業的發展前景不可估量。它應該像藝術一般,充滿著文化氣息和對美的追求,對重新認識人的本來價值有一種積極的啟發作用。
在創新意識的推進下,通過旅遊產業真實性的發展和舞蹈獨特的言語表達,結合數據時代背景下多元的技術,進而促進旅遊產業對人民大眾日益增長的精神需求,在保證經濟效益的同時,對文化的自覺與自信、文化軟實力的提升及文化復興起到積極作用。
一、何為舞蹈的旅遊產業
(一)何為舞蹈
舞蹈概念有廣義與狹義之分。狹義的舞蹈指的是舞臺藝術舞蹈;廣義的“舞蹈”不僅包括舞臺藝術舞蹈,也包括存在於民眾之中的旨在自娛、健身、祭祀及娛人的一切舞蹈文化。廣義舞蹈是在特定的自然環境和文化環境中產生,是一種主要以身體為表達媒介的行為藝術。本文的舞蹈概念不僅指舞蹈本體形態要素(動作、音樂、服裝、道具、舞美燈光等),也涵蓋了舞蹈的文化內涵。
舞蹈主要具有形象性、承載性和娛樂性的特征。首先,形象性是舞蹈最重要的表達方式。通過開發身體與其他媒介的可能性,進而生動地塑造出各種形象,包括具有生命的形象,比如人物形象、動物形象,還有無生命的形象,比如山石、廢墟等。形象性使得旅遊產業的發展更加多元化,也增添了具象的審美表達。把當地抽象的文化,通過舞蹈的方式栩栩如生地表達出來,既滿足了遊客對真實再現的體驗,也通過形象具體的方式,使遊客享受到了文化的熏陶與美的享受。承載性,更多指舞蹈所表達出的文化現象和文化內涵。“一方水土養一方人”,一方水土也孕育著一方舞蹈。蒙古族舞蹈,作為符號,是蒙古族文化的代表,作為文化,是蒙古族民族屬性的體現。比如“勒馬手”“馬步”都是屬於遊牧民族的象征符號,蒙古族舞蹈所體現出的豪放、大氣的動作風格與舞蹈氣質,也都是蒙古族歷史文化的體現和民族性格的表達。娛樂性,使得舞蹈成為雅俗共賞文化中的重要組成部分,尤其傳統民間舞蹈,成為中華民族非物質文化遺產的代表,是人民大眾喜聞樂見的藝術形式,具有堅實的群眾基礎與精神休閑娛樂功能,是遊客旅遊的主要動機。(下續)(許曉雲《舞蹈:旅遊產業真實性表述研究》2021-04-06 見《品詩文平臺》本文作者:中央民族大學舞蹈學院博士研究生在讀。山西大學音樂學院舞蹈系講師,主要研究民族舞蹈學。)
Nov 3, 2021
陳老頭
旅遊是一種生活方式,更是一種學習方式和成長方式
“詩和遠方”的旅遊本質解讀
文化和旅遊融合,不少媒體將其稱作“詩和遠方”走到了一起。“詩”代表文化體驗的深度,是一種深層次的精神審美追求;“遠方”代表時空的廣度,是旅遊活動所進行的時間過程和空間位移。“詩和遠方”走到一起,生動地反映了旅遊者在旅遊過程的時空轉換中,實現對文化和精神世界的深度觀照。“詩和遠方”,本質上都是一種美化的生活方式和對美好生活的追求,是一種高級的精神需求,是“以人民為中心”發展理念的集中體現。在文旅融合的背景下,旅遊已經成為一種生活方式、學習方式、成長方式,因而更加有必要從旅遊本體論的角度,對“詩和遠方”的旅遊本質進行深度探討。
“詩”來自心靈自由的最深處。“詩”亦即“詩意”,“詩意”可以理解為人的身心自由體驗。旅遊與詩都追求“美”,因為它們都是人生的美學散步,使人生更富有詩意。旅遊是審美的詩意對話,是人對“詩意棲居”生活方式的追求與向往。旅遊的本質是人對生命自由和諧的追求或異地身心自由的體驗,是一種“詩意地棲居在大地上”的生活狀態。
旅遊與詩是相通的,在許多方面有著共同之處。旅遊與詩都是休閑的產物,注重精神追求;旅遊與詩都追求“真”,使我們觸摸到內心不敢作假的人性,因為它們都追求身心自由的體驗;旅遊與詩都追求“善”, 因為它們都是凈化心靈的藥方,使人對大自然和生活寄予無限的深情,並用一種藝術的眼光來看待人生;旅遊與詩都追求“美”,因為它們都是人生的美學散步,使人生更富有詩意;旅遊與詩都追求“意境”,因為它們都追求主客交融、物我同一,精神與自然融為一體,由“在場”洞見“不在場”;旅遊與詩既是人生的一種奢侈品又是人生的一種必需品,在物質生活豐裕和生活節奏加快的今天,我們都需要休閑與詩意。既然旅遊與詩是相通的,因此我們在旅遊中就需要用一顆“詩心”去觀照大自然與世界,與旅遊審美對象進行詩意的對話。
“遠方”實際是指旅遊具有“異地性”特征。旅遊活動一般是旅遊者離開常住地到異地發生的一種旅遊體驗行為,旅遊活動的發生要以行為主體的空間移動為前提。旅遊源於人們“遠方崇拜”的天性和異地向往的心理情結,旅遊是人類轉換生活空間的理想途徑,是使人詩意棲居在大地的另類生活方式。“異地”主要是指與日常生活和工作場景相區別的特殊空間場所。旅遊異地性內涵豐富,既包括地理上的區別,也涵蓋文化與心理上的差異。正是異地的陌生與神秘,才使旅遊具有誘人的魅力。常言道:“熟悉的地方沒風景。”說的就是這個道理。旅遊是“見異思遷”的社會實踐活動,以新奇或新異為核心的刺激追求是旅遊的主要動機之一。
異地是相對於日常生活與工作環境而言的,不僅是地理空間的概念,而且是心理的、社會的、感性的概念,不可能精確地、理性(或量化)地定義。筆者曾經提出用“樊籠理論”闡釋旅遊的本質。“樊籠”比喻受束縛而不自由的境地。將小鳥關在鳥籠裏,小鳥囿於鳥籠的束縛,總是向往著飛向可以自由翺翔的藍天,一旦打開鳥籠,鳥兒就要飛出去。這正是陶淵明所說的“久在樊籠裏,復得返自然”。人也是一樣,慣常生活與日常工作環境像樊籠一樣對人具有束縛作用。
從日常時空特征來講,日常生活是一個相對凝固、刻板、封閉的世界,而“遠方”的旅遊世界是活潑、變化、新奇的。這種窒息人類生命自由的日常生活世界,韋伯稱之為“理性鐵籠”。正是慣常生活與日常工作單調乏味、狹隘封閉的時空局限,束縛了人類崇尚身心自由的本性,由此埋下了旅遊的種子並孕育萌發了旅遊動機。特別是現代社會的生活程式化、精神空虛化、人際關系異化等,對大眾旅遊的興起產生了巨大的助推力,促使人們衝出“理性鐵籠”,到日常生活與工作環境以外的地方尋求身心自由的體驗。
“遠方”或異地是旅遊的重要屬性特征,它代表了人們對於空間的無限性與時間的永恒性的一種深層次內在追求。當然,我們對“遠方”不限於“異地性”的科學解讀,“遠方”也是一種詩意的文化想象,可以從旅遊哲學的視野對“遠方”進行詩意的闡釋。那就是,真正的旅遊應該目視“遠方”,仰望星空,努力創造一個“理想的旅遊世界”,讓旅遊實現促進人的自由全面發展與社會文明進步的強大功能與遠大目標。
“詩”和“遠方”之於旅遊,二者缺一不可。僅有“遠方”而無“詩”(意)可能只是人的空間位移的事務性旅行,僅有“詩”(意)而無“遠方”可能只是人的日常性的就地休閑。“詩與遠方”,其根本在“詩”;心中有“詩”,就有“遠方”。心中沒有“詩”的時候,只在茍且。心中想起“詩”的時候,自然就成就“遠方”之夢。總之,只有“詩” 和“遠方”有機結合,才是真正體現旅遊本質——“異地身心自由體驗”的旅遊。
(2021-07-21 來源:中國旅遊報作者:曹詩圖 鐘晟註:本文系國家社科基金藝術學重大項目“促進文化和旅遊融合政策創新研究”[20ZD01]階段性成果。)(作者單位:武漢科技大學恒大管理學院,武漢大學國家文化發展研究院)
Nov 8, 2021
陳老頭
(Con't) The myths are also close to the supernatural world as is evident through tales involving magic and supernatural occurrences. Besides, the conceptual aspect of bravery associated with past warriors such as monsopiad includes not only physical strength but also a spiritual component. The source of their strength and powers is directly and revealed that the worldview of Kadazan Dusuns involved a belief in spirits and the afterlife.
Furthermore, myths and legends have featured in several categories of brochure published by the Malaysian national tourism organisations over a long period. These include brochures produced to promote national, state, specific destination and thematic attractions. Although, only a small number of the mythological stories are presented here, this still shows that myths and legends play an important part of tourist attractions in Malaysia. Not only have they featured in the different categories of brochure mentioned above but there is also a specific brochure for Malaysian myths and legends called "Treasured Malaysian Legends".
The findings of this research support the argument of previous scholars, that myths and legends are mostly employed in the promotion of cultural and heritage attractions and that their incorporation can accentuate the image of these attractions and sites. However, the findings
of this study demonstrate that in addition to cultural heritage sites, myths and legends have also been incorporated into the promotion of natural sites and natural resources.
Overall, the findings of this study extend our understanding in the area of tourism and mythology. It has been shown that the types of myth selected for inclusion in Malaysian tourism brochures and the parts of the myths featured, complement the tourism attractions.
Based on the myths assessed in this study, it is apparent that the parts of the myths which have been commoditised in the brochures are the ones that illustrate the uniqueness of particular ethnic groups and sites.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this research has analysed the portrayal of native myths in promotional tourist brochures published by Malaysian tourism bodies from 1969-2015, through the assessment of two traditional tales: Mount Kinabalu and Monsopiad, using a content analysis technique. Overall, findings show that Mount Kinabalu's myth has been incorporated into the brochures published from 1969-2015 while the legend of Monsopiadhas been included in the brochures published from 2007-2015. The findings demonstrate that there are specific attributes associated with the Kadazan Dusun people presented as part of their myths in the brochures. The analysis of the myth of Mount Kinabalu demonstrates that the values of the Kadazan Dusun people have shifted over the years.
The representation of indigenous myths featured in tourism brochures reflects that the Kadazan Dusuns are intimately linked to their ancestors, nature and the supernatural world. Finally, it is evident that places associated with fascinating mythological stories including native myths and legends can be commoditised to attract tourists.
(Representation of Native Myths and Legends and Cultural Values in the Malaysian Tourism Promotional Brochures, by Norhanim Abdul Razak and Abd Rahim Romle, School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Changlun, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia, in Research Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (11): 13°9-1383, 2016 ISSN: 1815-932X / D Medwell Journals. 201-6)
Nov 10, 2021
陳老頭
(Con't) In the context of tourism, the analysis of the representation of myths shows not only that Mount Kinabalu has a significant meaning to local people, spiritually and culturally; it has also been one ofthe main attractions promoted to visitors from the 1960s to the present day. Although, Mount Kinabalu and its myth has been incorporated into various categories of brochure, they were mainly featured in city brochures whichrepresent the earliest material used in the promotion of tourism in Malaysia. Over the years, the myth of Mount Kinabalu has come to be included in thematic brochures promoting the main mountains and hills in Malaysia and state brochures advertising Sabah.
Legend of Monsopiad: Another indigenous tale included in the brochures is story of the legendary Kadazan Dusun warrior, Monsopiad. This myth is mostly told as part of the promotion of the monsopiad cultural village in Sabah.
It reflects one of the traditional practices of the Kadazan Dusun people, headhunting. Overall, this legend is represented in 15 brochures. The tale first appeared in the brochure published in 2007 which claimed that "some 300 year ago in a village in Penampang, Sabah, there lived a great kadazan warrior named monsopiad. So, great was his power that no enemy could defeat him. During his lifetime in order to protect his village, Monsopiad took the heads of 42 enemies". A longer version of this tale is included in another brochure which states that.
Long ago, Kizabon, the daughter Of the kuai village's headman was blessed with a baby boy named Monsopiad. During her pregnancy, her husband, Dunggou, realized a sacred Bugong bird had nested and laid aggs on the roof of their house. Such a good omen was a sign that their child would possess extraordinary abilities. When their child was born, the Bugang eggs hatched.
The inclusion of the myth associated with Monsopiad and the headhunting tradition reveals several key aspects relating to the Kadazan Dusun people. First, this myth highlights that Monsopiad was a very bravwarrior who possessed supernatural abilities. His courage as awarrior was also evidentthrough his ability to kill and cut off many enemy heads. In fact, traditionally the Kadazan Dusun strongly encouraged their young men to participate in this practice as it symbolises adulthood and bravery(Liang, 1985). Further more,followingthe narrative of Monsopiad myth, some brochures stated that his direct descendants constructed the cultural village dedicated to him in order to commemorate him and share their stories with others. This shows that modem Kadazan Dusun people are proud of their ancestor's bravery and they are even willing to be the guardians of this tourist attraction.
Monsopiad's bravery was intimately linked to the traditional practice of headhunting. In the context of tourism representation, myths depicting such an unusual traditional practice can help to project images of Otherness which is regarded as a reputable strategy to attract tourists in destination marketing. This view is also supported by Gingging (2007) who argues that headhunting can further accentuate Kadazan Dusun people as other as this traditional practice is regarded as peculiar and brutal. However, the positive perspective of headhunting is that it is unique and can highlight the distinct identity of this particular ethnic group. The importance of this tradition to tourism in Sabah is reflected through images of human skulls commonly exploited as part of the cultural images of Kadazan Dusun people and their longhouses. The myth depicting Monsopiad's past headhunting practice either directly or indirectly demonstrates a close connection to nature.
Nov 15, 2021
陳老頭
(Con't)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION—Mount Kinabalu’s Myth. Mount Kinabalu’s myth is incorporated in brochures published from 1969-2015. As part of the description of Mount Kinabalu, 21 brochures mention that the myth of this mountain is closely linked to the Kadazan Dusun people. The myth first appears in the city brochure published in 1969 and subsequently in three other brochures published in the 1970s. However, there is no mention of it in any of the brochures published in the 1980s.
It is generally as part of the description of the natural attractions in the state of Sabah. The Kadazan Dusun people believe that Mount Kinabalu is a sacred site as it is the resting place for their souls when they die.
For example, two of the earliest brochures featuring the Mount Kinabalu myth claim that "to the Kadazan people, Mt. Kinabalu is known as Akinabalu meaning the revered place of the dead, for Mt. Kinabalu is considered by them to be the final resting place of their spirits when they die".
The narrative included in these brochures is actually only part of the Kadazan Dusun mythology linked to Mount Kinabalu. Liang (1985) says that the souls of dead people will climb to the summit of this mountain which is their last destination. However, again according to Liang (1985), other components of the mythology which include details of the sites their dead spirits will pass through and stop at before reaching the final destination and what is going to happen afterwards are not included in the brochures.
There is a significant increase in the inclusion of this myth in the brochures published from 2000-2007. The assessment of this myth over the years identified a slight alteration in the description of this tale as represented in the brochures published from 1990-2007.
It is added in these brochures that "no wonder long ago" or "the older folk believe that". This modification implies a change in values of the Kadazan Dusun people over the years.
Although, only a few words have been added, it suggests an important message to readers that younger generations of the Kadazan Dusun people may not maintain their traditional beliefs. This finding is supported by who states that in the past, Dusun people would not climb this sacred mountain because of their traditional belief; if they really did have to go up the mountain, offerings and rituals had to be made and taboos complied with in order to avoid misfortune. As visitors are allowed to climb Mount Kinabalu today, encouraged by promotions in the brochures, it shows that traditional beliefs are not strictly adhered to.
In the context of tourism representation to be able to convey this message to tourists is regarded as crucial, particularly for native peoples who are commonly portrayed as being backward. Four other brochures use a similar statement in describing the myth associated with the mountain: "no wonder that long ago, the Kadazan Dusun named it Aki Nabalu or home of the spirits of the dead". However, it is depicted in the brochures published relatively recent that.
The mountain itself has long been regarded as sacred to the local Kadazan Dusun people, who consider its brooding peaks the resting place of the spirits of their departed ancestors. Till today, ceremonies are still being performed to appease the spirits of the ancestors, hence one of Sabah's names-Land of the Sacred Mountain.
This quote demonstrates that contemporary Kadazan Dusun people still strongly believed in the myth and related rituals. One of the reasons contributing to the increasing attention in myths and legends recently can be attributed to the growing attention given to preserving the past (Reiss, 2006) even among indigenous ethnic groups in Malaysia.
Nov 15, 2021
陳老頭
(Con't)This is because intangible cultural attributes such as legends and religious rituals can add value and enhance the authenticity and genuineness of particular heritage sites and buildings (Amirjamshidi et al., 2012). In the context of Malaysia, Dollah and Kob (2004) argue that myths of origin play a significant role in the rejuvenation and revitalisation of culture and heritage. The legend narrating that Baba and Nyonya descended from the marriage between a princess of China, Hang Li Po (who came to Melaka with 500 maids) and Sultan Mansur Shah during the 15th century has strengthened belief in their existence and identity in the historic state of Melaka (Dollah and Kob, 2004). It is also reflected in this study that the presence of Hang Li Po’s well near the Chinese hill in Melaka has made the Baba and Nyonya myth of origin believable. In a place which is well-known for its mythology, Langkawi Island, myths and legends not only form components of local intangible heritage; they have also been transformed into destination attributes which can lure tourists (Aziz and Ong, 2011 ).
It is proposed that the inclusion of myths and legends can increase the attractiveness of tourist sites and destinations. For example, Hassan and Isa (2014) argue that the inclusion of myths and legends in the promotion of an archeological site in Malaysia, Lengg ong Valley, can enhance the desirability of this place to tourists. Similarly in the promotion of Algrave as a beach destination, it is claimed that local myths and legends can enhance the authenticty and add more value to this destination (Aranda et al., 2015).
To summarise, myths and legends have played an important role in the development cultural heritage tourism and it is apparent that places associated with fascinating mythological stories can be commercialised for tourism. Therefore, the analysis in this study helps to fill the gap in knowledge about tourism and mythology with an assessment of the representation of native traditional tales in promotional material.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The analysis of native myths and legends contained in promotional tourist material was carried out using content analysis. Content analysis is a method which has been used by many researchers in investigating the contents of media and printed materials. According to Prasad (2008), “content denotes what is contained and content analysis is the analysis of what is contained in a message” In his recent research, Krippendorff (2010) defined content analysis as “a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts or other meaningful matter to the context of their use” Furthermore, this method can be used to examine both quantitative and qualitative components (Graneheim and Lundman, 2004). This technique has been commonly employed to examine tourist destination images and representations. As this study utilises both quantitative and qualitative approaches in investigating the tourism portrayal of myths, it is appropriate to adopt content analysis.
The data selected for analysis were promotional brochures published by Malaysian national bodies from 1962-2015. In the assessment of the portrayal of myths only brochures which were published in the English language were selected for examination. As this research concentrates on the representation of indigenous myths, the assessment only focuses on two well-known native tales associated with Mount Kinabalu and Monsopiad included in tourism brochures.
Nov 17, 2021
陳老頭
(con't)INTRODUCTION
According to scholars such as Perez-Aranda as well as Hassan and Isa (2014), mythological tales and attributes have been frequently included in the promotion of tourist destinations as it is believed that the utilisation of enticing tales can increase the desirability of destinations and add value to the tourist experience. In the context of Borneo, Gingging (200°) states that anthropologists and colonial officers living there during the British era were interested in the local traditions and customs linked to indigenous myths. However, it is important to note that myths and legends are not things of the past, as mystical beliefs and practices form part of the way of life for some Malaysians even in modern times. The practice of rituals and customs associated with myths and legends is still evident in Malay community life, particularly in wedding ceremonies, the performing arts and other life-cycle rites (Larsen, 1996; Hamzah, 200°).
Despite the significance of myths and legends in Malaysia only a limited numbers of studies have examinedmythological tales, especially in the context of tourism. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to explore the representation of native myths and legends in the Malaysian promotional material, focusing on an analysis of indigenous traditional tales. In the context of Malaysian tourism, the analysis of myths is important as contemporary promotion focuses on multi-ethnic and multi-cultural attributes (Yaapar, 2005) and one way to showcase ethnicity and cultural vibrancy is via mythology. Moreover, the growing importance of mythology in tourism promotion is clearly reflected recently as ‘myths and folklore’ have been chosen as the theme for the celebration of . During the celebration, many well-known myths and legends have been presented to visitors using the concept of street performance.
Literature review: Indigenous myths. A review of the available literature on indigenous myths reveals that many articles discuss a connection to rituals and festivals associated with paddy spirits. Based on studies of the mythological tales of various native groups, namely Kadazan Dusun, Iban, Rungus and the Negrito population such as Semang, Jakun and Jahut, a number of key attributes can be identified (Shimomoto, 19°9; Liang, 1985; Hussin, 2008). One of the key criteria of the native myths is the intimate relationship between native people and their natural environment and landscape. A second characteristic is that nature is the source of mystical and supernatural phenomena and some parts of natural resources are considered sacred. For instance, according to the Kadazan Dusun traditional belief, Mount Kinabalu is regarded as a sacred resting ground and a final destination for their souls (Liang, 1985). Another criterion of indigenous myths is that the human world is intimately linked to the realm of spirits. In the legends examining the relations between the ruling Malay dynasties and indigenous people, native groups are portrayed as having a closer connection to the supernatural world than the Malays. Proximity to the supernatural world is also apparent from the descriptions of the lifestyle of the Iban people in the state of Sarawak including their traditional textile, Pua Kumbu.
Myths and legends in tourism: A review of the researches conducted by Amirjamshidi et al. (2012), Karar (2010), Dollah and Kob (2004), reveal that mythological stories play important roles in the context of pilgrim tourism and heritage tourism. This is demonstrated in the study carried out by Amirjamshidi et al. (2012) that legends and religious rituals can represent important components of heritage and the cultural landscape.
Nov 20, 2021
陳老頭
Representation of Native Myths and Legends and Cultural Values in the Malaysian Tourism Promotional Brochures
By Norhanim Abdul Razak and Abd Rahim Romle, School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Changlun, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
Abstract: The primary aim of this study is to explore how native mythological tales have been portrayed in tourism marketing. As part of the assessment this research examines the values ingrained in the native myths and the parts of the traditional stories which have been selected for inclusion and commoditisation in tourism brochures. Content analysis of the representation of myths associated with Mount Kinabalu and the legendary warrior named Monsopiad was carried out. Findings show that Mount Kinabalu’s myth has been included in the brochures published from 1969-2015 while the legend associated with Monsopiad has been represented in the brochures published from 200°-2015. Traditional worldviews and values linked to Kadazan Dusun have been projected in the tourism brochures. The analysis of the stories uncovered specific elements associated with Kadazan Dusun people such as the beliefs in the afterlife and presence of spirits, nature as the source of supernatural occ uri ence z and the notion of bravery consisting of physical strength and spiritual power. It was reflected via the projection of two tales that the Kadazan Dusuns are intimately linked to nature, their ancestors and supernatural worlds. Lastly, the findings of this study contribute to understanding of the representation tourism and mythology by demonstrating that in addition to cultural heritage sites, myths and legends have also been included in the promotion of natural sites and natural resources. Besides, the parts of the mythological tales which have been commoditised in the brochures are the ones that showcase the uniqueness of particular ethnic groups and places.
Norhanim Abdul Razak and Abd Rahim Romle, 2016, Representation of Native Myths and Legends and Cultural Values in the Malaysian Tourism Promotional Brochures, Research Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (11): 13°9-1383, 2016 ISSN: 1815-932X D Medwell Journals. 2016. Authors' Unit, School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Changlun, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia)
Nov 21, 2021
陳老頭
吳青科·詩性空問與體驗危機
客觀上,體驗危機的生成不僅取決於詩性空間的營造,即其生成不止是偶然性的個人化的事件。就當下而言,隨著社會物質性力量的強勁發展,體驗之危機已經成為一種極為普遍的現象且深入人心,並以整體的隱秘性的巨大作用力左右著人們,使之徹底困囿其中。這樣的結果是,從文藝的審美角度而言,詩意的創作在其最本質的基礎上受制於內心的危機而表現出病態而離奇的特征,無論在形式上或內容上。在這一過程中。創作者們憑借自身頑強的意志試圖使自己的作品盡最大程度地體現出一種新穎的特征來掩蓋這種病態。
這種隱藏的動機成為文藝現象紛繁復雜的根本原因。毋庸置疑,卡爾.馬克思的關於生產力與生產關係、經濟基礎與上層建築的理論仍舊發揮著巨大作用,社會的基礎性的力量從源頭處便無形中發揮了足夠而持久的影響力,其中自然也包括部分自然的人性的原因。人類的情感體驗仍然受制於物質、生理等根本性力量的絕對影響。如胎記、傷疤等生理缺陷往往在潛意識的支配下被具有相似屬性的客觀物象所代替或遮掩等,類似用具有個性的造型、優美的圖集作為補丁,遮擋衣服的破洞,為了體驗的安全性需求而選擇帶有明顯灰暗色彩的文字、圖像、物體等其他客觀性物體。
在外部龐大而深不可測的脅迫力面前,人們的臆想症會得到更淋漓盡致的發揮,從而想像力和詩性空間形成強烈反差並朝著截然相反的方向發展。想像力愈是逼真,詩性空間愈是狹隘,在這種強烈對比力量的作用下,反而可以見出體驗危機的真實面目。一個真實的事例和現象就是,人們會在陰暗而狹隘的空間內而產生更為逼真的病態而恐怖的幻想,如被偷窺、監聽諸如此類的臆想症。由此或許在一定程度上可以見出詩性空間與審美體驗的某種質的蛻變。
主體內部體驗危機的發生與消解的需要,為主體提供了某種病態、虛幻、逼真的詩性空間,以此彌補現實生活體驗的致命缺陷。真實被虛構所取代,虛構空間取代現實生活為情感體驗以及藝術想象力的發生提供了場域保障。通過個體性的主觀臆想企圖達到體驗的合理性。在這一過程中。審美體驗對於生活化細節特征的需求遭遇到了空前危機,被病態的癲狂的臆想予以填充,從而製造出類似鏡子影像的假象。本質上,這反而無形中進一步加劇了體驗的危機。詩性空間與體驗危機相互作用的內在機理,同樣為危機的化解提供了有效的方法論指導,即基於真相洞察、還原的由內而外的危機化解途徑。
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[5】宗白華.美學散步[M】.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[6】南帆.文學性、文化先鋒與日常生活[J】.當代作家評論。2010(2):6—7.
[7] 赫伯特.馬爾庫塞.單向度的人— — 發達工業社會意識形態研究【M】.上海:上海譯文出版社,2008
(吳青科,2015,詩性空問與體驗危機,閩南師範大學學報 [哲學社會科學版]2015年第2期
[總第97期])
Nov 22, 2021
陳老頭
(續上)
在這樣的文學場域裏,不止蘊含著審美意識形態的深刻變化,更多的是關於生命本體的種種思考的顛覆性變化在暗中起著作用。由於將生命過度的透視致使整個審美基調陷入徹底的悲觀和絕望之中。因此.借助文藝實現對外部世界的表達本質上乃是一種無意識的連續性的記錄過程,其記錄的性質永遠停留在外部世界所呈現出的最淺顯的表層,試圖借助表象— — 生命主體活動的真實跡象,達到對世界的完整理解和把握。甚至連這樣一種類似功利性的動機都根本性缺乏。於是,不免會令人產生這樣的疑問:是人的內心在退化?或是整個世界在蛻變?這樣的疑惑恰巧正發生在當下的世界當中。內心與世界的遊離地帶成為諸多學者探討的寬闊場域。
內心與世界的遊離不僅意味著審美意識的變化,更根本的乃是對人之內心造成的極度壓抑和吞並,在變化萬千的外部世界面前。人性卻困囿在El益狹小的抽象空間之內,並不停地督促著自我的壓抑。盡管文藝者們試圖以獨特而尖銳的手段突破這種壓抑,實現人與人、人與世界的交流,然而,換來的結果反而只是自我畸形的膨脹而已。「真正的先鋒派文學交流的是交流的斷絕。」[7](P56 不僅如此,人與世界的脫離造成的後果遠遠超越想象.其中一種El漸顯著的危險現象乃是隨著自我空問的封閉和擠壓,人的內心的敏銳性卻異常地發達起來。這種敏銳性在為人們提供更強大的幻想力的同時也自然而然地呈現出更多的負面性,這種負面性在某種意義上甚至達到了極端的程度,其中一個典型而普遍的現象乃是人的心理的多樣化的變異。事實上。在同樣的生存背景下,詩意的想象力同心理的病態是同等急速而怪異地發展著,種種體驗危機也就隨之而生。
四、體驗危機的發生及征兆事實上,危機與想象力幾乎是同時並軌前行的,危機加深的同時想象力也在旺盛地蔓延,想象力作為虛無的載體承受著雙重復雜的意義,即與現實的本質背離以及自我的無助與拯救。關於危機產生的最原始的根源的思考在很大程度上顛覆著以往統治性的觀念,理論家們開始對那些習以為常的真理性觀念產生了根本性的質疑,但卻仍舊受製於某些堅不可摧的意義因素,如生產力、意識形態等,很明顯,質疑之聲逐漸四起,然而無法對現狀進行實質性的改良。甚至就連那些頭充滿智慧、目光高遠的智者們也難逃現實巨大的影響力,一邊自我誠懇地呻吟、一邊陷入現實的漩渦之中— — 在物質性的發達以及理性的無限蔓延中,人們無形中失去了真正的自由,合理而詩性的幻想蛻變為病態的想象力的無限瘋長— — 現實與想象二者之間沒有了必然的聯系,人性根本的合理性的需求因此被阻斷。盡管如此,呈現於表面的仍舊是絢麗多彩、眼花繚亂的某種並不靠譜的富足感和幸福感,並以各種各樣復雜、詭秘的手段使之深人人心。
這樣一種看似完好的局面卻忽視了一種需冷靜審視的涉關人性對客觀現實的情感體驗。面對發達的理性的無形壓迫,人性的情感體驗非但沒有妥協、萎縮反而愈加瘋狂地伸張開來。只不過是以一種較之以往不同的隱秘而畸形的方式—— 即便這種病態的方式被人們隱約察覺,但在理性的指使下,人們往往在一種類似誤區和錯覺的場域中對此進行合理性的分析,繼而對病態的誘因毫無察覺地進行轉移,從而試圖達到抑製的目的。事實表明,這一普遍的充滿科學和理性的現象相反地成為其無形而強大的助推力.形成了惡性的無盡循環。我們可以嘗試想象,當夜深人靜之時,面對深邃的夜空和皎潔如銀的月色,在夜色營造的錯覺中,人們突然醒悟似地體驗到某種清醒久違的單純美妙的詩意,得以暫時擺脫白晝世俗力量的困囿,仿佛一瞬間清醒地意識到整個世界的真相並生機勃勃地生存其中時,內心體驗與想象之間的關系是充斥著緊張抑或完美合一呢?我想這是一個十分具有挑戰性的嚴肅問題。隨著危機的產生,想象力的無限蔓延程度的加深,隨之而來的便是夢魘性質的內心封閉的壓抑體驗。這一體驗甚至可以輕易達到癲狂而極致真實的程度。此時的心理體驗已不只是特征上的征兆而成為了一種顛覆性的決定力量。(下續)(吳青科,2015,詩性空問與體驗危機,閩南師範大學學報 [哲學社會科學版]2015年第2期 [總第97期])
Nov 28, 2021
陳老頭
三、詩性空間象征意義的蛻變
事實上.隨著以工業技術為核心動力的社會的全面發展。作為生產力基礎之上的意識形態開始產生了超乎傳統思維的本質變化,這種變化同樣如影隨形地發生在文藝領域。傳統的所謂「詩性空間」也已無形中出現了大規模的「逆叛」。綜合起來,主要表現為文藝生產者的審美心態的轉變,當然,這一轉變同樣發生在普通大眾懾於生產力作用下的思維變化。在變化方向上卻如同安逸的平庸人性一樣,文藝的審美同樣喪失了以往精致而健康的狀貌。即便如此。富有天賦秉性的文藝者們最終尋找到了符合實際狀況的突破路徑,在審美和詩意的表達上走向了極端。至此,「詩性空間」實現了自身功能的大幅度轉移,具體的表現是:一方面,傳統審美的神秘性開始逐步淡化,外在刻畫的精致開始變得模糊,狹小而封閉的「空間」被動地失去了吸引力,反而被采取了更為大膽的魯莽的處理手法。常見的場景被空洞而冷漠的荒涼現象所替代,世俗人性遭遇普遍性的邊緣化而讓位於生命體驗的荒蕪。一方面,采取了截然相反的審美立場,甚至對基於第一方面的處理手法也予以了全然摒棄,投人到了徹底的世俗的瑣碎之中,從宏大之中搖身一變為日常凡俗的迷醉——在文藝作品中的體現即是私語性的以及現實主義的表述。以上兩種具體的表現無疑成為當前文藝審美方向的兩大趨勢——在這一點上.不少先鋒文學的刻意陌生化和疏離化都已經顯得多少有些自作聰明了。結合文藝的實際情況來看。第一種表現某種程度上又與傳統的審美存在藕斷絲連的關系,在傳統審美的範疇內做了更深入、更細微的探索和表現。與文中所提到的三個類別的「詩性空間」的區別在於,後者顯得更為的深邃、抽象、平淡。這樣的審美同樣可以在傳統相關的作品中找到典型例證。一種常見的文藝現象即是作品中貌似毫無寓意的審美情景的敘述。另外一些普遍的審美現象同樣可以對此予以佐證,如中國古典文學中純粹寫景的詩詞、日本的物哀文學等。在具體的描寫中有關人物的言行舉動、情感活動等基本予以整體排斥,呈現出來的卻是客觀的諸多物象,這一現象是與上面所謂的特征鮮明的「詩性空間」有著顯著區別。「詩性空間」所體現出來的某種鮮明的象征、隱喻、對比等均被稀釋和弱化,呈現出的卻是極為平淡的審美場景,這種場景不再依靠某種傳統審美慣性予以表現——甚至失去了對主觀性表現的興趣——而是僅僅在於一種無目的性的客觀呈現而已。但不可否認的,就在這種無目的性的客觀呈現中,無形中又能夠憑借整體的描述賦予一種審美體驗。這種區別和轉別類似於後現代主義對於現實主義、現代主義的反叛,它沒有了主觀性的主動表現欲。似乎其全部描述永遠停留在膚淺的表面性的東西。然而,誰又有足夠的勇氣和智慧去否定這種表現的方式呢?誰又能明確地認為這樣的表現沒有深刻的審美意義呢?文學因此而再度陷入復雜的糾紛和矛盾之中。如唐朝詩人王昌齡一首題為《初日》的純粹寫景的詩(這首詩在性質上幾近於圖片一樣單一):初日凈金閨,先照床前暖;斜光入羅幕,稍稍親絲管;雲發不能梳,楊花更吹滿—— 這首詩仍未達到更加純粹、徹底的地步。其中的「雲發不能梳,楊花更吹滿」一句無形中在客觀景物中影射了人物特征的存在,憑借「雲發」、「梳」這兩個詞在景物和人物之間隱約地建立某種聯系,「詩裏並沒有直接描繪這金閨少女(除非雲發二字暗示著)。然而一切的美是這看不見的少女的。」[5](P¨ 這種「最後點題」的手法在傳統詩詞中普遍存在——隨著表現功能發生變化,「詩性空間」的審美隱秘性漸漸發生轉移,集中體現為對時空局限性的突破以及情景的「去智化」。作者們普遍表現出對人為寓意的審美疲倦,認為那些所謂的詩意從本質上是根本不靠譜的,於是出現了這樣一種審美的局面。即作品創作的本身面目在很大程度上成了自身審美的呈現,美感基本依靠客觀的非人為的表象來維系,而且這些承載著審美意義的表象缺乏看似必要的深刻意義,更多地只是毫無意識的瑣碎的客觀呈現而已。它所描述的與其說是一種意識性的東西,倒不如說更像是一種純粹客觀的事實。創作實踐和審美體驗證明以上這種現象絕非不可能的。
需要重點闡釋的是第二個方面(與第一個方面截然相反,甚至全然予以摒棄)審美的取向再次投入到繁瑣的現實之中。並徹底沈迷於類似於世俗瑣事的憂慮與迷茫的描述——通過描述對象的日常化、瑣碎化傾向來取代傳統的審美活動並以此以整體的形式呈現出新的美感。「文學對於日常生活持久的正面注視是一個意味深長的轉向⋯ ⋯文學的『真實』必須納入日常生活範疇。」(下續)
Dec 2, 2021
陳老頭
(續上)「詩性空間」與創作主體之間的互動關係並非是單純的一方作用於另一方的關係,而是彼此之間時刻處於相互作用的過程。一方面「詩性空間」源於創作主體基於潛意識的虛構和營造— — 這種行為往往是非刻意人為的.具有先驗性和原始性—— 在宏大磅礴的故事建構中作為「精彩的瞬間」以一種平淡的方式漸人其中。為創作主體在故事建構體中提供真實而隱秘的棲息場所。因此,在對文藝作品進行深入地品鑒時.客觀上需要鑒賞者憑借自身的藝術修養敏銳地意識並察覺到此類棲息場所,並為之投注巨大的情思和精力來完成鑒賞活動。同時,這種涉及鑒賞者、文藝作品、創作主體的審美活動在本質上並不受限於現實社會、文化背景等的影響,文藝的恒久魅力恰恰體現於此。也只有通過對「詩性空間」的充分把握才能夠充分領會文藝最本質的精神。正是文藝作品的「詩性空間」確保其能夠突破時空、審美、文化的變遷而始終保持征服人類靈魂的力量。
另一方面。「詩性空間」雖然本質上依賴於創作主體的主動性創作活動,從根本上離不開創作活動這一實踐本身。這一點理解起來是毫不費力的。然而,在創作活動具體執行的過程中,「詩性空間」並非始終處於一種被動生成的狀態,其同樣隨著創作活動漸漸呈現出越來越鮮明的主動性,因為創作主體在通過創作活動試圖抵達自身審美境界這一意圖本身需要「詩性空間」為之提供必不可少的活動場域及棲息場所,以避免創作主體處於徹底的茫然無從的狀態或者難以通向最終的審美境地。
事實上,若實際而細致地考察創作活動本身,「詩性空間」無疑體現出創作主體鮮明的個性化、情感化、真實性、審美性等特征。「詩性空間」本身就能夠充分地表達出作者性情的靈活、情感變化的真切以及審美傾向和風格特征等,自身具有很鮮明的獨立性。同樣,如若再度客觀冷靜地審查「詩性空間」,其本身在體現出以上諸多特征的同時,也會呈現出普遍的、鮮明的「陰暗」的一面。這一「陰暗面」同樣涉及創作主體的個性、情感和審美等,如缺陷的特征,場所的封閉、心靈的陰暗,行為的荒誕等。因此,「詩性空間」通過創作主體的塑造自動地呈現出一種「聚集」現象,正如前面對之進行的相對清晰的分類一樣,呈現出輻射性的立體化特征。這也正是統稱其為「詩性空間」的意圖所在。
二、「詩性空間」的典型性分析
正如前面的分類一樣,「詩性空間」在文藝作品中普遍存在,通過對文藝作品的細致考察可以大致對之進行相對合理的歸類。在此基礎上有對其進行具體分析闡述的必要。第一節所例舉的賈雨村與丫鬟嬌杏的偶遇以及芥川龍之介一系列短篇小說題材可以大致歸為第一類的「詩性空間」,即單純的動作、特征等。至於第二個分類:封閉而隱秘的空間、行為,同樣可以普遍地在文藝作品中找到比較典型的例證。需要說明的一點是,無論作為單維度的動作、特征、持續的行為,還是多維度的空間,「詩意」都已不滿足於平淡的表述方式而往往趨向於極端。這一涉及情感、審美的表述方式在某種程度上可以為文藝自身的特征起到有力的輔證作用,即文藝在深度的表述上是陰暗的、隱秘的,而非簡單的、輕鬆的。此種極端而消極的審美觀在「詩性空間」中得到了最為精彩的體現,因此在屬性上兩者可謂是達到了本質上的高度統一。此種動因促使了此類情節在文藝作品中得到了典型的體現,如在封閉而潮濕、陰暗而充滿惡臭的廁所裏,當周圍的環境陷入死亡般的沈寂,人們都已陷入死亡般的睡眠,主人公卻異常清醒地實施著自身設計周密的自殺計劃。在這樣的情節設計中,作為「詩性空間」的弱小主體與周圍環境形成強烈的反差對比,對比的雙方有時盡管在性質上比較相似(如夜的漆黑與死亡的陰森恐怖),但其中必然包含某種極端而強烈的一面(在上面的情節中表現為主人公自身異常的清醒與客觀世界的麻木、冷靜),這種即相似又衝突的關係為「詩性空間」注入了濃郁的審美意味。但整體而言,在這種人物與環境對比的關係中,人物在自取毀滅的道路上始終處於一種被動的無助地位。
另一方面則呈現出了截然相反的審美感受,在情節的設計上則是具有主體性的人物擁有了絕望的主動而侵佔性的權勢和地位。此時的「詩性空間」雖然同樣是隱秘而封閉的,卻充滿了暴力性的恣肆和狂歡。
在人物的恣肆和狂歡面前,周圍環境的設置則顯得不堪一擊。在情節上的一個典型體現是一對青年男女為發泄自身的愛慾躲在公共廁所(或者I晦時搭建的簡易、狹小的密閉空間)懷著極為興奮而警惕的情緒以怪異的、高難度的姿勢在馬桶上做愛。此種情形下主體與客體的對比結果並非總是以完滿的結局收場.但人物卻一度達到了自身所追求的生命體驗的狂熱。於此同時的諷刺是。在廁所的墻壁上或者封閉空間的隔壁或門縫裏,有人在悄無聲息既羨慕又膽怯地偷窺,廁所簡易的墻壁一不小心轟然倒塌,「詩性空間」也同樣隨之土崩瓦解。
有一點需要注意的是,無論「詩性空間」中人物與環境的對比關係以何種具體形式呈現,審美的效果的遺留物采取主動冒犯的狂妄行為。
Dec 7, 2021