1. Its success lies in: breaking the limitation of revolutionary historical theme blending plenty of commercial elements satisfying the audience's "horizon of expectation" and expanding the scope of creation該劇的成功秘訣在於: 突破革命歷史題材的局限融合眾多商業元素滿足觀眾的"期待視界"拓展了創作空間。
2. A Translator’s Position under the Notions of Fusion of Horizons & Horizon of Expectation;「視界融合」和「期待視野」概念下譯者地位的彰顯
3. Choices of Fiction Translation in the Late Qing Dynasty from the "Horizon of Expectations"; 從「期待視野」透視晚清小說翻譯的選擇
4. ANALYSIS OF SONG OF SOLOMON FROM THE ANGLE OF HORIZON OF EXPECTATIONS從期待視野的角度透視《所羅門之歌》
5. Expending "Expectation View" and Discovering "Meaning Blankness"; 拓展「期待視野」發現「意義空白點」
6. On Reportage Creation in Reader‘s Horizon of Expectation; 試析讀者期待視野中的報告文學創作
7. Cultivation of Students’ Expectation Horizon in the Teaching of Reading; 閱讀教學中學生「期待視野」的培養
8. "Horizons of expectations" to Middle-school Teaching Inspiration;「期待視野」對中學語文教學的啟發
9. Horizon of Expectation and the Artistic Charm of Lin Shan s Films;「期待視野」與林杉電影的藝術魅力
10. The Embodiment of Reader's "Horizon of Expectation" in the Advertisement Translation讀者「期待視野」在廣告翻譯中的體現
11. Study of Reading Expectation Horizon in the Manuscript Examination of Academic Journal Edition; 學術期刊編輯審稿中的閱讀期待視野簡論
12. Study on University Female Students Horizon of Expectation about Converting Athletics Movement into Teaching Material; 競技運動教材化中大學女生的期待視野研究
13. This paper begins with two key concepts in theory of reception aesthetics:one is meaning indeterminacy and the other is horizon of expectation. 本文從接受美學理論的兩位主要創始人伊瑟爾和姚斯的意義不確定性理論和期待視野理論入手。
14. Both "the reader‘s horizon of expectation" and "the evocative structure" are important concepts in the theory of reader’s reception aesthetics. 作為接受美學理論的兩個重要概念,“期待視野”和“文本召喚結構” 為文學研究提供了新的解讀視角。
2. In the act of reading as to the same literary work usually exist the disparities in readers‘ expectation horizon which are mainly brought about due to the differences in readers’ individual life experiences and the fuzziness of the original text.因為文學作品的模糊性及讀者生活經歷不同,人們會對同一部文學作品產生不同的期待視野。
3. The acceptance of the readers to the text can be achieved through three levels: expectation horizon,aesthetic distance and appealing feature. 讀者不是被動者,而是能動的參與者。一篇微型小說沒有讀者接受,只能算作文本。讀者對文本的接受要通過三個層次來完成期待視野、審美距離與召喚結構 。(原載:X技术)
(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)
結論:李彥宏的評論在一定程度上提醒業界和用戶,沒有一個 AI 系統能夠全面覆蓋所有應用需求,每一款產品都有其專注點與改進空間。DeepSeek 目前所面臨的技術瓶頸和市場挑戰,其實也是整個人工智慧領域正在努力解決的共同問題。隨著技術的不斷進步,未來這些系統無論是專注文本還是跨模態,都可能逐步克服目前的局限,真正做到多元而穩定的智能應用。
3. Google Bard發佈錯誤天文資訊(2023年) Google Bard在產品發表會中被問到「詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡的發現」。Bard回答:「該望遠鏡拍下了第一張系外行星的照片」,事實上那是歐洲南方天文台(ESO)在2004年拍的。因回應錯誤導致Google母公司股價一度暴跌7%。詳細新聞:[Reuters報導]
4.Bing Chat捏造餐廳評論(2023年)
微軟新版Bing AI(基於GPT-4)在推薦餐廳時,生成了不存在的評論文字與用戶心得。有記者查證後發現,Bing列出的好評全是自己虛構的,而非來源於真實顧客評論。詳細新聞:[The New York Times報導]
Larry McEnerney 指出,專業寫作者最常犯的錯誤,是誤把寫作當作表達自己的工具,而忽略了讀者需求。「你不是不會寫,而是學會了錯誤的寫法。」在〈濾思場〉271中,陳明發提供的不是對情境的描述,而是一種「設計了不穩定世界」的語言方式——從「雅人敬酒」到「瓶破情碎」,從形式到失衡,從完整到破損。
(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],第10章,第6節,[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)
敘事者強調「有心就該去爭取資源」「申請經費買書是學術的基本」,展現了明顯的內控傾向(internal locus of control):相信成功來自於個人努力。然而,這樣的觀點也可能隱藏一種對失控的恐懼:當退休後失去話語權與制度資源掌控時,轉而貶低仍在場者的貢獻,或許正是他對失去學術掌控感的心理回應。
愛墾APP:Erik Erikson是德裔美國心理學家,他的《心理社會發展理論》(Psychosocial Development Theory)是理解人類一生心理發展過程的重要框架之一。此理論主張:人在一生中會經歷八個發展階段,每個階段都涉及一個核心的「心理社會衝突」,其解決方式將深刻影響個體的心理健康與人格特質。
根據心理學家 Erik H. Erikson 的心理社會發展理論,人類在生命晚期(約 65 歲以後)面臨的核心心理任務,是在「自我整合」(ego integrity)與「絕望」(despair)之間取得平衡。成功整合的人,能坦然面對自己的人生歷程,即使有遺憾,也能接受生命的有限性,發展出一種智慧與超越感。反之,若無法肯定過去的選擇與貢獻,則可能陷入後悔、焦慮與否定,最終走向絕望。這一階段的挑戰不只是個人的心理課題,也常在公共語言中投射為對他人選擇的評價與批判。
註腳格式(適用於學術文章、報導、報告底部註解)
Erik H. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1982).
在《身份的焦慮》(Status Anxiety,2004)中,阿蘭·德波頓(Alain de Botton)深入探討了現代人如何在尋求社會地位與他人認可的過程中,感受到焦慮與不安。這與我們在社群媒體上對留言、讚數、關注者數目的過度關注密切相關。德波頓的分析和建議提供了一些有力的視角,幫助我們面對這種「為虛幻的認可而受傷」的現象。 以下是他書中核心觀點與應對建議的整理:
《心靈捕手》(Good Will Hunting)是一部由格斯范桑特(Gus Van Sant)於1997年導演的電影,取景地點是馬薩諸塞州的波士頓。影片講述了一個名叫威爾杭汀 (Will Hunting,Matt Damon飾演)的麻省理工學院的清潔工的故事。威爾在數學方面有著過人天賦,卻是個叛逆的問題少年,在教授辛馬奎爾(William Robin飾演)和朋友查克(Ben Alfred)的幫助下,威爾最終把心靈打開,消除了人際隔閡,並找回了自我和愛情(女主角Minnie Driver)。
在《心靈捕手》(Good Will Hunting, 1997)中,辛恩·馬奎爾(Sean Maguire,由羅賓·威廉斯 Robin Williams 飾演)是威爾的心理治療師,他的對白常常帶著溫柔的犀利與人生智慧,除了你引用的那段極為著名的長篇獨白外,電影裡他還有一些非常值得一提的經典名句──以下整理幾句核心精華(中文翻譯為意譯):
2.「你不完美,她也不完美,但你們很適合彼此。」 You're not perfect, and let me save you the suspense: this girl you've met isn't perfect either. The question is whether you're perfect for each other.
辛恩談起自己亡妻的趣事,用來教威爾:愛情不是尋找完美的人,而是接受彼此的缺點,並願意相互扶持。
3.「小事才是最棒的回憶。」 People call these things imperfections, but they’re not. That’s the good stuff.
Although this is sometimes the case with ordinary photoshoots as well, it is usually much more present in bodypainting due to the greater difference. This becomesparticularly clear when the painted model represents something non-human or even abstract.
"It feels like I can be anything, literally anything. "(Leonie).
"When I look at the pictures, I can barely recognise my body, yet I feel a strong connection to the photograph, as important and vivid memories are linked to it. "(Laura) [57]
Bodypainting has become a second-level work of art through photography: the painting is an artwork already, and together with the photographic process, it becomes yet another kind of art also.
Almost all models confirm that they experience it as an uplifting feeling to perceive themselves as art. Photography manages to detach the painting from its context and make it durable.
Furthermore, the resulting picture hides a lot: photographs are taken in front of a background paper or in a set, maybe even lights are mounted - in most cases, however, the result shows something that does not fully correspond to the memory of the shoot. This is already the case because one cannot perceive oneself "in real life "from the outside, but it is reinforced by the fact that the photographic result is based on staging and is probably retouched.
This way, the model has the chance to merge into the painting and the resulting photograph and leave her body behind, to identify with something that at first glance has a lot to do with her body.
Still, at second glance, it makes the actual body secondary. She can enjoy the artwork without necessarily relating it to her body, but understanding it as teamwork between herself – her physical and psychological qualities – the painter, and the photograph: the body as canvas as picture as art.
The Body as Canvas as Picture: Body painting and Its Implications for The Model by Maja Tabea Jerrentrup, Ajeenkya DY Patil University of Pune, Pune, India & University of Trier, Trier, Germany. In: International Journal of Cultural and Art Studies (IJCAS) Vol. 04, No. 1, 2020 | 9 – 23
[57] M. DeMello, Inked. Tattoos and Body Art around the World. Volume 1: A-L. Santa Barbara, Denver and Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2014, 63.
A two-dimensional image becomes something three-dimensional on the body and then, through photography, again, something two-dimensional. In the process, the living canvases "change the contextual interpretations of the original painted images in integral ways" [56] and so does the photograph. In addition to bodypainting, photography also offers a new experience of oneself, comparable to the mirror experience.
"It gives me the opportunity to see myself from an outside perspective without judgment, which often appears whilst looking into the mirror "(Lucy)
"I am in the photo, but somehow it's not myself. "(Alisa)
Due to the lack of similarity, it is easier to appreciate the pictures as works without immediately bringing one's person into play, to look at them detached from oneself. When looking at the process, there is an absolute dichotomy, as, on the one hand, the body is in focus, on the other hand, it is overcome in two ways: to become a "living canvas ", the model has to endure the process of getting painted – this can be emotionally and physically challenging. In addition, the model is transformed into something else. The painting "transforms the wearer into a (temporary) work of art "[57].
[56] E. K. Katic, “The Living Canvas: Bodies that Serve and Simulate art, “ The AmericanJournal of Semiotics, vol. 25, no. 1/2, pp. 77-101,2009, 77.
The intention to photograph or to have the painting photographed already influences its creation. If the photoshoot is the main reason for the painting, the paintings are often created differently than for competitions. It is less about showing mastery and thus optimally using flat surfaces such as the back, but rather about designing the body as good as possible for the camera. Posing options and light settings are also considered: if the model is to be photographed from the front, elaborate back paintings make no sense. If the light is to be set from high up or to the side, shadow casts must be considered. "Even as a painter, you have to learn to understand the possibilities of photography in order to create paintings that can be photographed well. "(Peter)
When bodypaintings are photographed, a staging takes place, just like in a normal fashion or portrait shoot. The photographic stage in the narrower sense sees the two-dimensional picture as the "defined objective "[49]. However, my experience and other studies [50] have shown that for many people, the image result is not the most or the only important goal of photography: Mindfulness plays a role when taking pictures [51], as does the joyful feeling of being active and being truly involved in something, which has been characterized as "flow" [52]. The opportunity to collect new experiences through photography also plays a role, as does the expression of creativity, which is associated with empowerment and personal development [53] and can lead to pride, self-esteem, and mental health [54].
Just as the painting situation, the photography situation is characterized by communication, the model and the painter must articulate their ideas. Personal information is often communicated here – not surprising, since portraiture is considered to be closely interwoven with the person portrayed [55]. As with bodypainting, there is also a close connection to identity. Through bodypainting, the person has become something else and poses as such in front of the camera. The posings and movements are adapted to this new being. "When I'm fully painted, I am different, I behave differently. Funnily enough, this seems natural to me." (Jenny) So bodypainting and photography enter into a symbiosis and resemble each other in some aspects with regard to the model. Consequently, the assumption is that the effects can be intensified.
[47] H. Morphy, “Moving the body painting into the art gallery – knowing about and appreciating works of Aboriginal art,” Journal of Art Historiography, vol. 4, pp. 1-20, 2011, 17. [48] M. DeMello, Inked. Tattoos and Body Art around the World. Volume 1: A-L. Santa Barbara, Denver and Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2014, 67. [49] M. Weiss, “Was ist ‚inszenierte Fotografie‘? Eine Begriffsbestimmung.“ In: Lars Blunk: Die Fotografische Wirklichkeit. Inszenierung. Fiktion. Narration. Bielefeld: Transcript, pp. 37–52, 2010, 50. [50] M.T. Jerrentrup, “Kein Fokus auf das Foto. Fotografieren als Aktivität“,kommunikation@ gesellschaft 21, 2020. [51] Eberle, Thomas, Fotografie und Gesellschaft. Phänomenologische und wissenssoziologische Perspektiven. Bielefeld: transcript, pp. 11-72, 2017. [52] Fischer and Wiswede, Grundlagen der Sozialpsychologie. München: Oldenbourg, 2009, 100 [53] C. Mundt, “Neurobiologische Aspekte kreativer Therapie“, in: R. Hampe, P. Martius, D. Ritschl, F. von Spreti and P. B. Stadler: KunstReiz. Neurobiologische Aspekte künstlerischer Therapien. Berlin: Frank & Timme, pp. 91–104, 2009, 97. [54] M. Schuster, Alltagskreativität. Wiesbaden. Springer, 2015, 50. [55] R. Barthes, Die helle Kammer. Bemerkungen zur Photographie. Stuttgart: Suhrkamp. 1989, 89.
As a non-permanent art form bodypainting presents the team members with the problem that their works cannot be stored, traded, or presented over a longer period of time. Unlike paintings, onecannot sell or exhibit bodypaintings. They only exist in the context of the situation for which they were created. Yet, the fact that art cannot have its effect without a certain context is easy to overlook: "However it would be a great mistake to move from that position to one in which it is argued that the only way art can be appreciated is on the basis of form alone untrammeled by art history or free from the knowledge and expertise of the creator […] Except in certain experimental situations, curatorial experience about the works and their significance has always been vital "[47].
No matter for which purpose it is painted, taking pictures is almost always an integral part of the painting. At festivals, "once complete, the model poses for photos or, if he or she is acting in a film, will complete their scene "[48]. Commonly, extra sets and lamps are installed so that the paintings can be photographed in the best possible way. Photo tickets at the World Bodypainting Festival, therefore, cost extra. Photographing the works also plays a central role outside of festivals: painters who practice can record their progress and create a chronicle of their paintings. Often bodypaintings are explicitly done for the camera, as it offers exciting and diverse motifs to people who are into staged photography.
Identity can be understood as a self-understanding, understanding who you are, what your plans are, etc. [44].
"One general line of consensus in […] recent social theory is that – in conditions of intensive globalization – individuals are increasingly required or called upon, to become the 'architects of their own lives', to engage in continual do-it-yourself identity revisions and to plot and re-plot individualized solutions to wider systemic social problems "[45].
In this general situation "the body becomes a guarantee for unity and individuality, a bastion of autonomy and self-determination. This is also an inheritance of the Enlightenment: Because the awareness of permanent change has become part of the modern attitude towards life and the construction of identity par excellence, the idea or hope remains of physical continuity (such as stopping aging processes) as one of the few stability refugees "[46].
"It is great to witness the transformation of the own body. "(Elli)
"It seems like anything can be done! Its amazing to be a living painting myself. "(Analía)
With bodypainting, the model slips into a new skin, so to speak, and can become not just someone, but even something completely different – a non-human creature or just a concept. Consequently, a particular tension arises: The model is not "costumed ", but also not recognizable and not "herself. "
Identity has been discussed for a long time in a multitude of disciplines. For our context, identity must concern the "self-image as a coherent being with certain characteristics and a history "[43].
Identity can be understood as a self-understanding, understanding who you are, what your plans are, etc. [44]. "One general line of consensus in […] recent social theory is that – in conditions of intensive globalization – individuals are increasingly required or called upon, to become the 'architects of their own lives', to engage in continual do-it-yourself identity revisions and to plot and re-plot individualized solutions to wider systemic social problems "[45]. In this general situation "the body becomes a guarantee for unity and individuality, a bastion of autonomy and self-determination. This is also an inheritance of the Enlightenment: Because the awareness of permanent change has become part of the modern attitude towards life and the construction of identity par excellence, the idea or hope remains of physical continuity (such as stopping aging processes) as one of the few stability refugees "[46].
"It is great to witness the transformation of the own body. "(Elli)
"It seems like anything can be done! Its amazing to be a living painting myself. "(Analía)
With bodypainting, the model slips into a new skin, so to speak, and can become not just someone, but even something completely different – a non-human creature or just a concept. Consequently, a particular tension arises: The model is not "costumed ", but also not recognizable and not "herself. "
[44]T. Henning, “Personale Identität und personale Identitäten – Ein Problemfeld derPhilosophie“, In H. G. Petzold, Identität. Ein Kernthema moderner Psychotherapie –Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, pp. 19-38, 2012, 21.
[45] A. Elliott, Identity Troubles: An introduction. New York: Routledge, 2016, 17.
[46] N. Degele, Sich schön machen. Zur Soziologie von Geschlecht und Schönheitsidealen.Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2004, 16.
Bodypainting's okay for me because it's like a different skin. But I don't like nudes. "(Lou)
Astonishingly, many models are not confident about their bodies, yet get naked to be painted and pose without clothes once the painting is done.
"I never liked my body. However, both body painting and photography have given me a new outlook, to understand my body as raw material which can be designed. It's a freeing feeling. "(Katharina)
A mutual adjustment of painter and model is necessary during the painting process. The painting idea is usually coordinated with the model beforehand, possibly also (further) developed by both.
This is mostly done via the internet, i.e., without real-life meetings. When painting, the idea must be adapted to the model's body, its bumps, strengths, and weaknesses. The posing or acting skills of the model also matter, as does her persistence and patience. Painted images are "copies of natural forms that have been reinterpreted in new 'living 'forms, as they are painted onto and in relation to a living body "[38]. The painting process itself was sometimes described as a kind of sensual relationship and thus resembles descriptions of hairdressing [39].
"I love the feeling of the brushes on my skin "(Lucy)
However, this should not hide the fact that standing still for a long time is tiring and that the wet color on the skin often feels cold, that being painted can be exhausting. For both the model and the painter, bodypainting also includes flexibility, as it contains uncontrollable factors - not only because the painter may not know the model's body or the model cannot assess how persistent she is, but also due to the time pressure: with a bodypainting one cannot – quite literally – postpone the work until tomorrow. There is often a special time pressure at festivals, and the clock also ticks for paintings that are done for photoshoots:
"Bodypainting demands talent from the artist and patience from the model. A full body piece can take up to 14 hours to complete, time that the model must spend entirely still and, usually, completely nude "[40]. For the model, being painted is in the area of tension between tactile enjoyment and emotional and physical effort.
"Interaction in photography accepts the power of the photographer's status. That status always has the edge over that of the subject" [41]. Is this comparable to bodypainting? First of all, from a photographic point of view, I would not support Beloff's statement. Depending on the topic of the photoshoot, the team composition, and the daily form, different power structures can arise. For the artist, the model's body is used as an inspiration [42], but it is also important that the model agrees to the painting, especially because the models are almost never paid (well), so they must be driven by intrinsic motivation. At this point, the question of the model's identity gets in focus: Why doesn't she just want to enjoy a painting, but rather experience it on her own body, in a way become the art?
However, a symbol having a strong meaning seems to be devalued by people sharing it for a completely different purpose. The discussion gets more sensitive if styles or inspiration is taken from another cultural context that has been or continues to be oppressed.
However, if one looks at the bodypaintings of the scene, there are seldom clear similarities to the traditional paintings of indigenous groups.
In the "western" context, bodypainting was carried out by the Hippies of the 1960s and 1970s in order to demonstrate their closeness to nature, as well as their imagined closeness to tribal cultures. Also, "New York's East Village punks paint their bodies in multicolors, and European Goths paint their bodies white and their lips and eyes black "[33]. So bodypainting appears as an expression of specific cultural scenes, not of society as a whole.
In most cultures, bodypainting is an element but not the central part. This aspect distinguishes the bodypainting scene from other contexts in which it occurs. The scene gathers in internet groups and meets for workshops or festivals. The first festival was held in Austria in 1998, so we look at a relatively recent trend. In Europe, the art enjoyed more public appreciation than in the US [35]. But there are now also other significant festivals, e.g., a festival has been taking place in Daegu in Korea since 2009.
4.The Bodypainting Situation
Bodypainting starts with the naked body - this implies that the model either must be somewhat exhibitionistic or that she has to build up a special relationship of trust to the painter. Here, bodypainting is similar to photography: When a (hobby)model takes off her clothing, often a process begins in which she also undresses emotionally, and it quickly leads to very personal communication [35]. Here, this may be enhanced by two aspects: the painter and the model are physically closer than the photographer and his model, and bodypainting can take a lot of time.
The silence is usually filled with small talk, and soon, personal topics emerge. A kind of reflection is conceivable: if one is already naked, one is already exposed in front of the painter, one can also take off the social mask and undress emotionally. In return, the painter answers in an emotional, trusting way that reminds of talk therapy. Even for anatomical bodypainting, Nanjundaiah and Chowdapurkar found out that it encourages communication, that "the students felt that the bodypainting method was fun and that lots of peer learning happened "[36]. Physical interaction also seems to facilitate verbal communication.
Yet, being naked in front of strangers may feel strange: "When we dress, we do so to make our bodies acceptable to a social situation "[37]. There are certain social situations where nudity becomes the norm – in the sauna, on the nudist beach – but being the only person to be undressed is an unusual situation. However, many interviewees emphasized that they did not feel naked when painted or at least once the painting was in process.
"I actually never feel I'm naked. "(Analía)
"Once some paint is put on, it does not feel like being naked. "(Daniela)
As it seems, a layer of paint helps to feel no longer undressed. This corresponds to the fact that numerous (hobby)models are happily available for bodypainting but exclude the photo genre "fine art nude" - which may be surprising at first glance. Perhaps one reason is that the models feel less recognizable and therefore feel less "themselves."
Identity has been discussed for a long time in a multitude of disciplines. For our context, identity must concern the "self-image as a coherent being with certain characteristics and a history "[43].
3.3 A short look at bodypainting in different cultures
An examination of bodypainting would not be appropriate if one did not briefly consider some historical aspects of bodypainting and its relevance in different cultures.
Bodypainting "has been practiced worldwide as evidence from Paleolithic burial sites has revealed "[20].
Hence, it can be considered as one of their prime means of artistic expression [21]. Also, bodypainting appears in numerous different cultures, e.g., among the Rapa Nui on Easter Island [22], among the indigenous people of Australia, Polynesia, Melanesia, and parts of Africa, and many Native American tribes once practiced it as well [23]. In India, it is typical for Sadhus, who cover their bodies in ashes, but also for dance performances such as the Kathakali dance theatre from Kerala [24].
Today, bodypainting traditions are continued in some cultural contexts: "Bodypainting is a common form of self-expression in many indigenous cultures. Nuba men of Sudan paint their bodies white on one side and black on the other. In New Guinea, the women paint their faces red, blue and white, while young Trobrianders use black and white vegetable dyes to paint designs on their faces and rub charmed coconut oil into their skin to make it shine in an attempt to appear more attractive tot he opposite sex "[25].
The Surma, the Mun/Mursi, and the Bumi have a long tradition of bodypainting and regard their skin as a meáns to express personal meanings. There are also patterns using warriors in order to frighten enemies and decorations into attracting the opposite sex. To make paint, local plants and fruits are used [26]. Mun clay bodypainting is described as a "unique way of engaging with the environment, for the Mun have an earth-centered habitus "[27]. Matike et al. looked at the Xhosa bodypainting practice and found out that there are certain minerals in the clay that can be beneficial [28].
Often, bodypainting signifies major events or stages in life [29], "it is commonly used in rites of passage, such as initiation rituals marking the passage of boyhood to manhood "[30]. Although this is not explicit in the bodypainting scene, several interview statements indicate that receiving a bodypainting can be a significant moment.
"For me, bodypainting initiated a process to accept my body. "(Sarah)
"[It feels] great! Quite liberating. "(Hannah).
In various cultural contexts, bodypaintings can communicate mythologies, values, and beliefs [31]. This leads to the question of whether cultural appropriation comes into play: "There may be instances […] where ritual face or bodypainting or tattoos are used out of context by outsiders in a cruel way "[32]. In general, cultural appropriation has always occurred in history; consequently, it is nothing new or extraordinary. In the process of inspiration and appropriation, often, new meanings arise.
Let us take a closer look at the canvas: In recent decades, the body has been exposed to increased social science interest. While in critical theory, the body was ridiculed as something inferior, and at the same time, desired as something forbidden or alienated, "the body seems to be increasingly staged and presented in the transition from modernity to reflective modernity. Phenomena such as bodybuilding, body shaping, body painting, body piercing, wellness and beauty, jogging and walking, but also the spread of Asian relaxation and martial arts clearly speak for increased body awareness" [13]. The body is understood as malleable, and some scholars even claim that there is an imperative to control and change it [14].
There is also an increased focus on physical aspects during leisure activities [15]. As a foundation of this article, I distance myself from dualistic categories such as mind versus body or self versus body. "The body is not viewed as an object, entity, or vessel for the self, but as an active and mutating form that permits and restricts particular modes of being-in-the-world "[16].
The body is situated in structures of power, and some of them can be shaped, infiltrated, accepted or ignored by its owner. Just as Joanne Entwistle sees the dress as both a social and personal experience [17], bodypainting may seem like something superficial at first glance. Still, for the model, it is ultimately an embodied experience.
3.2 The back, the chest, etc. While figurative paintings mostly shape the body respectively accentuate its shape, this is not necessarily the case with conceptual illustrations. Conceptual paintings sometimes only become understandable when the recipient learns the title or the subject of the painting. Bodypainting competitions are often about implementing abstract themes in an original way.
Camouflage describes a fourth type: bodies are painted in a way that they become invisible in a certain setting. This can be thought of as a funny effect, but sometimes, a message of integration is intended: camouflage paintings in nature, for example, are often meant to communicate that humans are part of their natural environment [19].
Action bodypainting describes a technique than a result preferably: The models, which are mostly naked or primed with a monochrome paint, are sprayed with color so that there are splashes on the skin. This often takes place as a performance.
These categories show different relationships of the paintings to the body and its staging. The painting in which clothes are painted on is still quite close to the body, while the other types change the appearance of the body considerably. In monochrome and camouflage paintings, the stagings play a more integral role than in conceptual paintings. Monochrome and camouflage paintings do not unfold their effects so much on their own but require a certain pose or a corresponding location.
An expression that almost always pops up when it comes to bodypainting is "the body as a canvas". A classical artistic touch is introduced with the term "canvas". The bodypainting scene is fighting for recognition as a "real" art form, which is also evident in expressions such as "bodypainting is an art", which was chosen as the name of a Facebook group.
The expression also means that something three-dimensional, dynamic and lively is compared to a two-dimensional, rigid material. This already points to one of the challenges that bodypainting poses. The association "blank paper "is close to the term "canvas": The body appears as a blank paper, which must be designed. However, the painting also has to be adapted not only to the model's body but also to the person and her character, e.g. how well she can endure the process.
Creativity finds its limits with regard to reality – a fact that makes invention actually relevant: the creative product has to be made, the idea has to be transformed into reality.
This is called the problem-solving ability of creativity compared to unlimited creativity that cannot relate to everyday life [9].
3.1Defining bodypainting concerning the scene
The first thing to consider is the extent to which bodypainting is a fundamentally different quality than clothing. "Dress is a basic fact of social life, and this […] is true of all human cultures that we know about: all cultures' dress 'the body in some way, be it through clothing, tattooing, cosmetics or other forms of bodypainting "[10].
Entwistle gives examples of how differently dress is understood depending on the culture or on the situation: A bikini might be enough to ensure that a woman is decently dressed on a beach, but not in the boardroom. In the broad definition of "dress," bodypainting therefore certainly falls into this category. More narrowly defined, the color applied to the body is an important criterion. Therefore, it can be concluded that bodypainting is both the process of applying paint on the skin and the result of a non-permanent painting that goes beyond typical make-up. "It is similar to tattooing in that it colors the wearer's skin, but it's very different […] in that bodypainting is intended to temporarily transform the wearer into a different person, animal, or even spirit. Tattooing, on the other hand, is generally used to mark a permanent or semipermanent status or identity onto the body "[11].
Different than make-up, bodypainting affects the entire body or more extensive parts of it. Also, it is usually not used to move the body towards an ideal of beauty. Nevertheless, the term "bodypainting "can also be used to include make-up for special occasions. The art of mehendi or henna can also be understood as a kind of bodypainting. However, it lasts a bit longer and is at its decorative peak of saturation on the day after its application [12].
My research is based on a long-term participant observation both in the bodypainting and the photography scene (for the term "scene" see [4]). To a certain extent, both scenes are delocalized and the internet plays an integral role in connecting, discussing, and planning.
Body painters need photographers to capture their art, and photographers find an exciting subject in bodypainting. Moreover, the models, mostly amateurs, are often the same within both scenes.
I have repeatedly carried out bodypainting shoots, was a jury member at festivals, got painted myself, and assisted body painters which enables me an emic perspective. To give the models engaged in bodypainting a voice, 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted by the Australian body painter Wing Sum Diana Chan and by myself.
The sample consists of women between 18 and 38 years and two men, ages 26 and 32, mostly from Europe and Australia. The number may not be high, but, considering the very similar answers, clear tendencies can be seen. Most of the interviewees also model in other genres such as fashion or fantasy. Five of the bodypainting models are also body painters themselves.
Concerning ethical aspects, I got the impression that the interviewees themselves are interested in research—nobody attached importance to anonymity.
"I hope my interview helps other people to discover bodypainting as a source of inspiration to experience bodypainting themselves. "(Katharina)
The answers given were clustered with the help of content analysis, "a method for identifying and analysing patterns of meaning in a dataset" [5], which suits the topic as it not tied to a particular theory and serves as a useful tool to highlight the process of social construction (see [6].
Various patterns of meanings could be identified by the use of similar words and expressions. When drawing such categories, it is undeniable that – being at the same time being a participant observer [7]– there were some preconceived assumptions but also a general openness to new information. Thus, the method matches David Altheide's "ethnographic content analysis", which "consists of reflexive movement between concept development, sampling, data collection […] and interpretation. […] Although categories and 'variables' initially guide the study, others are allowed and expected to emerge throughout the study" [8]. The focus was placed on the qualitative side rather than on the quantity, as the research question is qualitative.
The Body as Canvas as Picture: Body painting and Its Implications for The Model by Maja Tabea Jerrentrup
About the Author: Professor (Associate) at Ajeenkya DY Patil University Ajeenkya DY Patil University of Pune, Pune, India & University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
Abstract. Body painting turns the body into a canvas. This frequently used phrase illustrates the challenge that body painting faces: It uses a three-dimensional surface and has to cope with its irregularities, but also with the model's abilities, likes, and dislikes. After giving an introduction to the art and categorising its various types and contexts, the article focuses on the European body painting scene and on the role of the model within the scene.
Although body painting can be very challenging for her – she has to expose her body and to stand still for a long time while getting transformed – models report that they enjoy the process and the result, even if they are not confident about their bodies.
A reason is that the "double staging "– becoming a three-dimensional work of art and then being staged for a photograph – remotes the body from the model and gives her the chance to see her painted body detached from herself. On the one hand, body painting closely relates to the body; on the other hand, it can help to overcome the body.
Keyword: Body Painting, Identity, Model, Participant Observation, Well-Being
1.Introduction
Bodypainting is a form of design or art that is neglected in many respects: If you are looking for articles on the subject of bodypainting, you will mostly find them in the medical section, where it is used as a tool for teaching clinical anatomy [1, 2, 3], or works that treat bodypainting along with make-up, tattoos, hairstyles, etc. Further, as it is difficult to exhibit, it also does not easily find its way into museums or galleries. Thus it seems like a marginalized kind of art. Yet, there is a very vivid scene purely devoted to bodypainting with events such as the World Bodypainting Festival, with workshops, courses, blogs, and Facebook groups. An estimation based on the experience of former world champion Peter Tronser is that alone in Europe, far more than 100 000 people have either practiced it already or a strong interest to do so.
People take on different roles in the scene, as painters, models, workshop leaders, and photographers – and most of them do so not to earn money, but as it increases their well-being.
In this article, I want to highlight the role of the model that is particularly interesting because it undergoes atransformation through both painting and photography and wants to find out why models characterise bodypainting as a psychologically beneficial activity.
Zenkov
实际上,作品与作品的文本是不能分离,也无法分离的,所谓两极之说实属强设之辞;说“作品实际位置是在本文与读者之间”,“看不到两极之間的联系,他也就看不到实际存在的作品”,无论怎样曲为其说,也难以成立,更无实践意义。
诠释者诠释一部作品,面对的就是作品本文,就其语言结构一 “图式化视野”进行诠释,并不必定去看别的读者的理解、诠释,接受理论家自己亦是如此。伊泽尔意识到他的这种基本观点会受到传统观念的质疑,又从文学诠释学的角度作了具体的论述。
他说:“虚构的本文构成它们特有的客体对象”,“因此它们不具有真实客体对象的全部确定性”, 而“正是它们的这些不确定性成分使本文能够和读者‘交流’起来”,“它们引诱读者既参与作品意向的形成,又参与对作品意向的理解”④。
然而,“本文的结构永远不可能完全控制读者的理解”,“读者对本文的体验产生于相互作用”,“读者把本文结合到他特有的经验宝库之中”,“审美效果导致了一 种对经验的重新建构”④,“一个文学本文包含了关于产生意义的可证实的指令”,“但是通过阅读而实 现的意义却可能引起读者体验的全部多样性,以及由此形成的主观判断”⑤。
“文学本文激发了意义的表演,而不是引起它们自身对这些意义的系统表述。它们的审美特性就存在于这种‘表演’的结构 之中;我们显然不能把这种结构和最后的产物等同起来。”
他还不无武断地认为:“文学文本不可或缺的一种特性,是它产生了某种非它们自身的东西。”“审美响应理论关心的‘表演’的结构”,就不必问 “这个文本意味着什么”了⑥。
这样,他费了许多周折,终于还是和费什一样,把本文抛到了一边。 伊泽尔颇遭人议论的是他提出的“隐含的读者”说。接受理论以读者接受问题为核心,自然都要论及读者,而不能停留在没有任何规定性的抽象概念里。
姚斯比较简单,直接与作品的期待视野挂起钩来,称作“预定读者”;费什强调读者生成作品意义的能力,提出了“有知识的读者”;此外还有人
① 参见[波]罗曼·英伽登:《对文学的艺术作品的认识》,陈燕谷、晓未译,北京:中国文联出版公司,1988年,第 10—12页。
② [德]w·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究——一阅读活动:审美响应理论》,霍桂桓、李宝彦译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1989年,第 27—28页。
③ [德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究⋯ 一阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第 31页。
④ [德]w ·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究——阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第 32页。
⑤ [德]w·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究⋯ 阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第 33页。
⑥ [德]w·伊泽尔:《审美过程研究 阅读活动:审美响应理论》,第 35页。
提出“超级读者”、“有意向的读者”等概念。伊泽尔对它们作了辨析,认为它们都:是从一定的意向出发而“假设”出来的,因而也“承担了某些限制条件”,不具有“普遍有效性”①。
于是,他提出了这个他认为可以融合“文学作品产生的效果和引起的读者响应”为一体的名称。 伊泽尔解说他提出的“隐含的读者”是:“它存在于本文的结构之中”,“体现了一部文学作品发挥 其效果必不可少的所有的那些部署”,“它是一种本文结构的读者角色”。
但是,“只有当它在读者那里引起构造性活动时,它的完成才能充分”,它又是“一种构造活动的读者角色”②。
伊泽尔赋予“隐含 的读者”兼有两种功能内涵,显然不是现实的读者。说它是本文结构中的读者角色,就近似姚斯的 “预定读者”;说它是本文效果构造活动的读者角色,就等同于费什的“有知识的读:者”;说它兼有两种功能,便又和他自己的“召唤结构”混为一义了。
这种生造的术语,实际上既不能指称本文结构“部署”,又不能指称读者响应(接受)情况,实在令人难以捉摸,没有任何实际意义。 伊泽尔论“隐含的读者”,曾对美国布斯《小说修辞学》中提出的“隐含作者”问题提出异议,不同意布斯所说“作者创造了他自己的意象和他的读者的另一意象”,“最成功的阅读”中,“作为被创造的 自我,作者和读者,都能发现他们之间的完全一致”。
他认为两者是不完全一致的,“如果本文提供的角色被读者全盘接受,那么它还能适当地发挥作用吗?”④在这一点上,伊泽尔是对的,但却与他的“隐含的读者”的概念不一致:如果本文结构中的读者角色与读者构造活动中的读者角色不一致,又怎么能够构成一个和谐统一的“隐含的读者”呢?
布斯此处的意思固然不正确,最成功的阅读也不意味着读者和作品的完全一致。然而,布斯的“隐含作者”却比伊泽尔的“隐含的读者”更实在,更容易理解, 更有实际意义。伊泽尔自己就多次用到过“隐含作者”这个词。布斯的《小说修辞学》专论小说创作问题,认为小说叙述什么,怎样叙述,一切取决于作者的选择,即便是第一人称的叙述者“我”,那也是 作者选择的一种角色。
这样,作者写出一篇小说,也就“创造出一个‘他自己’的隐含替身”,或日“第二自我”,他特别称作“隐含作者”。“隐含作者”就是作者创作一部作品时“他自己选择的东西的总和”,更明白地说就是决定着一切选择的思想规范和意旨。
Aug 27, 2024
Zenkov
费什把其读者反应批评理论中的读者限定为具有语言、文学能力的读者,是出于其以读者接受为核心的理论的要求,因为只有这种“有知识的读者”才能够“善于作出反应”,“精选意义”,生成意义。这也符合常识,有一定的道理。
没有古文的“语义知识”便读不懂古文,没有一定的文化文学知识素养也难以很好地理解、诠释作品。然而,费什的读者反应理论从这里便发生了裂痕,受到另一个方向的质疑。如果本文真的没有确定性,“意义生成与否都取决于读者的头脑”,又何必请出“有知识 的读者”,须知不充分具有文学知识素养的读者在阅读中也会生成有某种意义的反应的。
需要“有知 识的读者”是由于具有充分的“语义知识”,通晓“文学特性”,能够破解文本中的那些含糊、多义、隐喻、暗示之类的语句、作法,生出合理的反应。那么,文本的所谓“不确定性”,也就只能是对那些缺乏 “语义知识”和不甚熟悉“文学特性”的读者而言了,对他所说的“有知识的读者”,便不存在或者说不是不确定性了。
费什预设的前题,亦即他建构读者反应批评理论的基石,也就被不知不觉地消解了。 依照费什的理论,他所做的是把作品的确定性由文本转移到读者阅读反应、经验中。而取决意义生成的是进入读者头脑的“语义知识”和“文学特性”,用他的话说是“内在化的规则体系”,它们是群体性的,“既制约语言生产品(作品)⋯⋯也必然会限制反应的区域甚至方向”②,“阅读经验存在着 某种程度的一致(共同性)”。
“一位有知识的读者所得到的反应(或者说在阅读这部作品对所遇到的情况)会在阅读同一作品的另一个读者身上发生”③。对同一部作品在不同读者反应中的一致(共同) 性,不就缘于那部作品本身就存在着那样一种规定性吗? 他虽然不能作这样的回答,——因为承认这一点便背离了甚至颠覆了他的读者反应批评理论,然而事实却是掩盖不住的。
所以,简 ·汤普金斯在《从形式论到后结构时期的反应批评 ·序言》中说:费什“对本文意义的独立性的批驳,不但驳倒了他矛头所指的实证——形式主义的观点,而且也驳倒了他自己的那种旗号的读者反应理论的观点,并进而摧毁了其他的大多数以读者为研究方向的著作的理论基础”④。
三、伊泽尔的“审美响应理论’’
与姚斯以文学史研究的角度走向接受理论、费什径直放逐作品本文建构读者反应批评方法不同,伊泽尔(W.Lser)着重研讨的是作品与读者的相互作用。他们三人虽然同为接受理论的代表人物,理论倾向一致,但因研究的路数不同,论述内容亦有所差异。
伊泽尔最初的论文《文本的召唤结构》,顾名思义,是认为作品文本是先于读者的结构,而这种结构只是一种框架,其中包含着有待读者补充的“空白”、“否定”。框架是既定的,“空白”、“否定”是未定的,而正是“空白”、“否定”对读者具有引发接受活动的召唤功能,能够引发读者的阅读活动,达到作品的最后完成。
[美]斯坦利 ·费什:《读者中的文学:感受文体学》,《读者反应批评:理论与实践》,第 165页。
[美]斯坦利 ·费什:《读者中的文学:感受文体学》,《读者反应批评:理论与实践》,第 160页。
[美]斯坦利 ·费什:《读者中的文学:感受文体学》,《读者反应批评:理论与实践》,第 168—169页。 转引自张廷琛编:《接受理论》,成都:四川文艺出版社,1989年,第 236页。
伊泽尔的“召唤结构”论,并非完全新创,明显是借用了波兰哲学家英伽登论文学作品的基本结构的基本观点;一些术语,如“未定点”、“具体化”等,都是从英伽登的《论文学的艺术作品》书中借来的①。
然而,伊泽尔是套用了英伽登的理论框架,却抛开了英伽登理论的另一个基本点——文学艺术作品是一种独特的存在,一种纯意向性客体,而突出了作品本文中“未定点”的意义、功能,将论述的重点转移到作品与读者的互动关系上,建构他的“审美响应理论”的基本原理。
伊泽尔论述其审美响应理论的基本原理,纯属思辨性的,时有变换术语,强词夺理的成分。他首先说“阅读是所有文学解释过程必不可少的先决条件”,“阅读过程的核心,是发生作品的结构与作品的接受者之间的相互作用”,自然是不说自明的道理。
他继而提出:“文学作品具有两极”,“艺术极是作品本文,审美极是读者完成的对本文的实现”,“作品本身既不能等同于本文,也不能等同于读者对本文的具体化”,“如果看不到两极之间的联系,他也就看不到实际存在的作品”②。
这里便有许多问题。伊泽尔所谓的“艺术极”,无疑是指作品的文本结构,如他文中引用的英伽登所说“图式化视野”, 而用“艺术极”称之便模糊化了。说“审美极是读者完成的对本文的实现”,应当是指读者阅读的“响应”、接受。这实际上也就是伽达默所说的文学作品完成于读者阅读的“视野融合”的“此在”论。
读者的响应产生于阅读过程中,别人是无法感知的,即便一位读者诠释所读作品的文章,那也不等同 于所读作品。
Aug 28, 2024
Zenkov
二、费什的“读者反应”说
美国接受理论家费什 (S.Fish) 比姚斯、伊泽尔走得更远。作品文本与读者接受的关系问题,姚斯、伊泽尔还在一定程度上顾及到两者的相互作用,费什则完全倒向了读者接受一方,认为“文本的 客观存在是一种幻象,而且是一种危险的幻象”。按照他的说法,文本中的字词、句子、段落,乃至一 篇,意义都是不确定的,“一行字,一页书是一种确定的存在——可以被触摸,被拍照,或者被放置一 边——似乎成了我们与之相联系的一切价值与意义的唯一储藏库”①,而实际上,“意义是话语的一种 功能”,“话语的成分,既可以被认为是它们彼此之间的联系,又可被视为是与外部世界所发生的事态有关,还可把说话人一一作者的心态考虑进去。
在任何或所有这些不同的情况下,意义蕴藏于(或者 被认为是根植于)话语之中,因之,对于意义的理解是一种精选意义的行为”④。所以“意义产生与否都取决于读者的头脑”⑨。费什的这种说法,与法国萨特的存在主义美学十分相近。萨特说:“文学对象是一只奇怪的陀螺,它只存在于运动之中。为了使这个辩证关系能够出现,就需要一个人们称为阅读的行为⋯⋯除此之外,只剩下白纸上的黑字。”④
萨特将作品文本比作只有旋转中才有意义的陀螺,费什将作品文本说成是“幻象”,只有在读者阅读中才成为真实的存在,所不同的只是费什将萨特所说的不含有任何意义的“黑字”改换为意义有待读者“精选”的“黑字”,而否认文本的确定性,将意 义的发生推到读者身上,“取决于读者的头脑”,文本被抛到了一边,则是一致的。
所以,霍拉勃《接受理论》一书中评论费什的一小节,标题就是“消失的文本”,行文中称之为“反文本理论”⑤。 费什以读者心理反应为中心的理论,并非完全没有合理性,在某种限度上是合理的,但超越了那 种限度,就变成不合理的了。
譬如,他说文本不具有确定性,是就文学作品文本中存在着复义、隐喻、 反讽等修辞现象而言,但夸大了它们在文本中的地位和意义,否认它们蕴含的意义,就不正确了。说 “意义产生与否都取决于读者的头脑”,归功于读者的阐释,也有一定的道理。自然科学家对所研究的对象的性质、功能获得认知,有发明之功;文学批评家对作品的独到的诠释,也应认为是一种贡献。
但不认为自然科学家研究的对象就具有研究者所认知、发明的那种性质、功能,就是错误的了。文学批评家对文学作品文本的诠释,尽管具有主观的发挥,但也还是有所本,不全然是从读者头脑中分泌出来的。
如果文本真的对读者阅读没有作用,一切取决于读者的头脑,那么文本岂不就只是一页页白纸,成了中国古代《西游记》小说中所说的那种蒙骗取经人的“无字经”! 试问读者阅读的是什么, 读者的“反应”又是由什么引发的? 读者阅读必然有阅读的对象,没有阅读对象也就不会有阅读行为。
谈论读者阅读抛不开阅读的文本,就像姚斯论述他心造的“期待视野”还要借助文本一样,费什论述他所标举的以读者心理反应为中心的批评方法,也始终没有离开文本,而且还强调读者要放慢阅读速度,像他所扬弃的以文本为中心的新批评一样,要逐字逐句地细读文本。
所不同的只是将人们通常说的对作品的理解、诠释,改换为读者的“反应”、“心理效果”、“阅读经验”,将重心转移到阅读者的效果方面来。这种术语(概念) 的转换,固然可以支撑起“意义产生与否都取决于读者的头脑”的命题,但也留下了有待回答的问题: 读者怎么能够如他所说的“精选意义”的呢? 或者说,读者“不断加深的反应”何以会构成这个文本而不是别个文本的意义的呢?
① [美]斯坦利·费什:《读者中的文学:感受文体学》,《读者反应批评:理论与实践》,文楚安译,北京:中国社会科学出版社 i998年 ,第 158页。
② [美]斯坦利·费什:《读者中的文学:感受文体学》,《读者反应批评:理论与实践》,第 139页。
③ [美]斯坦利·费什:《读者中的文学:感受文体学》,《读者反应批评:理论与实践》,第 150页。
④ 施康强选译:《萨特文论选》,北京:人民文学出版社,I991年,第 iI6页。 ⑤ [美]霍拉勃:《接受理论》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第44o页。
费什在论述读者不断加深的“反应结构”中,讲到了语言学家所讲的语言规则、“语义能力”对读者反应的规范作用,顺此,也就提出了“读者是谁”的问题,将他所说的“读者”限定为一种“有知识的读者”,并明确规定“有知识的读者”的条件是:
1.熟悉作品本文的那种语言;
2.掌握必需的语义知识, 包括成语、方言、行话之类知识;
3.通晓文学话语特性,也就是懂得比喻等手法、技巧,以及风格、体裁等等①。
这就是他的理论中的读者,而不是一般读者的泛称,更不是读者大众。有的论者以为费什的 “把读者当作一种积极地起着中介作用的存在而予以充分重视”的读者反映批评理论,与我国重视读者的传统,强调把是否为人民群众所接受喜爱作为文学批评的重要标准,是相通的,实为望文生义的疏忽、误解。
Aug 30, 2024
Zenkov
姚斯提出期待视野的对象化,就是要使之成为可以被感知、描述的对象;所提出的三条途径,都是要用归纳法完成的,并且要防止主观任意性。依正常的理解,具体化应该是化虚为实,揭出期待视野的实际内容,就是作品的类型、作法、风格、语言的特征。姚斯提出的建立文学的历史性三个方案, 也都有实践意义。拓展文学史的维度,增入过去不为研究者重视的作品被接受的情况。
现在许多考论名著的接受史的论文,就是由之引发出来的;由接受的情况,可以具体地发现文学作品改变人们审美意识和道德观念的社会功能,这也应该是文学史研究的题中应有之义。
他对福楼拜《包法利夫人》小说由被冷落到大受欢迎,以及中间发生的一段公案的分析,就是他论文中的一大亮点。然而,他却不肯从预定的读者接受之维中走出来,论述期待视野的具体化始终守护在自身的框 架中,便不能不出现颠倒悖理、自相抵触的情况。
譬如,作品与读者的关系,他说:“并不仅仅是每部作品都有其自己的特点,它历史地、社会性地决定了读者;每一个作者都依赖于他的读者的社会环境、观点和意识,文学成就预先假定作品是‘表现了群体所期待的东西’的书,是‘以它自身的形象表现了群体’的书。”④
这是他标举读者“期待视野”的根据,也是接受理论的根本。另外的接受理论家伊 泽尔的读者预存于作品本文中的“隐含读者”、费什的“意义生成与否都取决于读者头脑”说,都是以 此为前提的。然而,姚斯的这段表述却明显地留下了受质疑的把柄:作者难道是无头脑的木偶,只会 充作传声筒了,自己不能“依赖于社会环境、观点和意识”,非得依赖于“他的读者”吗?
关于作品与期待视野的关系,姚斯认为一部作品的期待视野可以“根据它对于预先假定的读者发生的影响的种类和等级来决定艺术特性”。通俗娱乐作品“根据流行的趣味,实现人们的期待”, “接受不需要视野的任何变化”。古典名著的“古典主义特征”,“不证自明的美丽的形式,和它们似乎无疑的‘永恒意义"’,“具有不可抵抗的诱惑力”,情况与通俗的娱乐作品相似,却需要努力阅读,逐渐去适应它②。
一部新作品诞生之初,对它的第一读者就存在着既定期待视野与新作品不一致的审美距离,“或满足、超越、失望、反驳”,“接受就可以通过对熟悉经验的否定或通过把新经验提高到意识层次,造成‘视野的变化”’。
“期待视野与作品问的距离,熟识的先在审美经验与新作品的接受所需求的视野的变化之间的距离决定着文学作品的艺术特性。”④.‘正由于视野的改变,文学影响的分析, 才能达到读者的文学史。”④ 不能简单地认为姚斯这种距离说依然承认作品有与期待视野不一致性的审美特征、价值,与接 受理论虚化、放逐作品本文的基本观念相违,他的论述本身就存在着令人难以捉摸的地方。他认为 一 部作品的期待视野对预先假定的读者的影响,人们可以根据其“种类和等级”决定其“艺术特性”。
所谓“种类和等级”,依照他举出的事例,指的是读者阅读接受的冷热情况和难易程度。美国理论家 霍拉勃曾对此作了驳议:娱乐性的通俗小说容易满足读者的期待和古典名著要努力去读,逐渐去适 应它们的视野,这种“距离”的差异,只是作品效果的表象,“并不足以成为决定文学价值的标准”⑨。
更为重要的是姚斯对作品与期待视野之“距离”的表述,措词屡易不定,其中就有与前提不相合的乖误。前提是一部作品的期待视野就是预先假定的读者的期待视野,在这里却使这“既定期待视野”独立化,“距离”是与新作品之间的不一致,读者也就不是“预先假定的读者”了! 说“新作品的接受就可以通过对熟悉的经验否定或通过把新经验提高到意识层次,造成视野的变化”,那么“新经验” 就应是新作品具有的、预定的“熟悉经验”,或日“先在审美经验”,也就应当是存在于读者头脑中。
依此,说接受中既有对熟悉经验的否定,又有对新经验的提高,造成视野的变化,是合乎常情常理的。 但姚斯的表述却是语意含糊,似乎是把“熟悉经验”或日“先在审美经验”放在作品本文之外,成为了前出作品的东西。
[德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美3R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第32页。
[德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,
[德]H· R·姚斯、
[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 31—32页。
[德]姚斯 :《走向接受美学》,
[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第31页。
[德]姚斯 :《走向接受美学》,
[德]H·R·姚斯、
[美]R·c·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第33页。
[美]霍拉勃:《接受理论》,
[德]H·R·姚斯、
[美]R·c·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 344页。
Sep 1, 2024
Zenkov
姚斯虽然还竭力保持其接受之维的角度,但却不得不借助作品本文。从而使他陷入勉为其说、顾此失彼、意旨悖出的境况。 他说读者的“期待视野”是“从类型的先在理解、从已经熟识作品的形式与主题、从诗歌语言和实践语言的对立中产生”,“由传统的流派、风格或形式形成”②,所以可以用语言描述,也就是对象化。
即便是“在历史中轮廊不清的作品”,“缺少明显的标志”,也可以通过三个途径来达到:“首先,通过熟悉的标准或类型的内在诗学;其次,通过文学史背景中熟悉的作品之间的隐秘关系;第三,通过虚构和真实之间、语言的诗歌功能与实践功能之间的对立运动来实现。”④
这种对“期待视野”的生成、对象化的表述,文学理论圈子里的人,都是可以理解、认同的。他所谓的“由传统的流派、风格或形式形成的期待视野”,其实就近似于通常所说的文学思潮、文学类型特征。
姚斯便是这样使用的,譬如他说: “塞万提斯或许喜爱骑士小说的期待视野,因而引起人们对《堂 ·吉诃德》的阅读⋯⋯在《幸运者雅克》中,一开始他就唤起了对“流浪”这种通俗小说图式的期待视野(通过读者对叙述者的虚拟的提问),以及对浪漫传奇和浪漫传奇的独特的特征的期待视野⋯⋯”④
可见,他是从读者接受之维,把文学思潮表现的文学类型特征,改换个名称,装进读者的头脑中,作为建构他设想的以读者接受为中心的新的文学史模式的核心。 姚斯提出的“期待视野”的对象化的三个途径,是很实际的,文学理论家、文学史家大都是这样归纳一个时期的文学思潮下的文学类型特征的,虽然他们并不完全具有这样明确的方法论的意识。
他还进一步指出这样做可以避免阅读的心理学陷阱,“根据这类本文的流派和风格的特殊规则”,接受便“绝不仅仅是一种主观印象的任意罗列,而是在感知定向过程中的特殊指令的实现。感知定向可以根据其构成机制和触发信号得以理解,也能通过本文的语言学加以描述”⑤。
可见姚斯的理论并没 有丢开文学作品的类型、流派、风格的客观性,及其所要扬弃的经验主义的方法,只是把它们放进读者的感知中,通过感知才能显现出来。所以作品本文绝不能与接受分割开来,文学史家只能在“期待视野的变化”中,而不能在本文稳定状态中去把握作品;文学史不能是“文学事实”的编组,而应该是 以读者接受为中心的文学史。这样,他就陷入正人悖出而终不能掩正的境地,难为他煞费苦心。
[德]姚斯 :《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第26页。
[德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美JR·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第28、3O页。
[德]姚斯 :《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 31页。
[德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美3R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 3o页。
[德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 29页。
Sep 3, 2024
Zenkov
袁世硕〈接受理论的悖论〉
摘要:西方接受理论,又称接受美学,对中国的文学理论、文学研究影响甚大。姚斯的以读者接受为中心的文学史模式的核心概念“期待视野”、费什的读者反应批评理论、伊泽尔的“审美响应理论”等均放逐 作品本文,过度抬高读者接受的地位,理论上难于自圆其说,他们的论证中又离不开作品本文,便不自觉地回到传统的文学批评的路子,造成了理论与实践的悖论。
当代西方文学理论,在我国传播最广泛、影响最深巨者要算是20世纪六七十年代轰动一时的接受理论(又称“接受美学”),代表性的论著有多种译本,一边倒地阐扬其理论的论著颇多;依其理论研究中国古典文学接受问题的论文著作甚多,影响之大似乎远远超过了西方。
但是,西方接受理论的一些基本命题和论断,存在着无法自圆其说的难题,由重视读者接受走向无视、抹煞作品本文的客体性,就是一种比传统的重作者和作品文本更大更为根本性的偏差。接受 理论家忽视、排斥作品本文的客体性,而为了论证其偏颇的命题和论断,又不得不求助于他们抛到一 边的作品本文,去建构他们推重的“读者”和所标举的“期待视野”。
这样,他们的理论便都逃不脱自相龃龉的两难境遇:作品文本终究是无法放逐出去的。
一 、 姚斯的“期待视野” 德国接受理论大家姚斯 (H.R.Jauss) 的重头讲演《文学史作为对文学理论的挑战》,是从批评现有的文学史著作人手,认为仅仅依编年史的方式把对一些作家作品的缺乏审美判断的评述堆积起来,缺乏文学的历史本质内容,“绝不是历史,而是伪历史”①。
他把造成这种情况的原因,归咎于马克思主义教条化的文学反映理论,忽略了文学之所以为文学的表现形式的功能;形式主义理论注重文 学作品的结构,用“陌生化”的观念,建构了结构形式自动演变的历史模式,却割断与社会历史的联 系。
如何解决文学史的问题? 他认为:“文学作品的历史生命如果没有接受者的积极参与是不可思议的。因为只有通过读者的传递过程,作品才进入一种连续性变化的经验视野。在阅读过程中,永远不停地发生着从简单接受到批评性的理解,从被动接受到主动接受,从认识的审美标准到超越已往的新的生产的转换。”
所以,文学史研究应当转向过去两派理论忽略的“文学的接受和影响之维”, “摒弃历史客观主义的偏见和传统的生产美学与再现美学的基础”③,以读者的“经验视野”的不断变化、修正、再生产为核心建构文学的历史性。姚斯对于已出之文学史著作的不满,对传统理论的指摘,其中不无一定的根据和道理,但断然摒弃,另起新炉灶,产生了轰动效应,也遭致了众多的质疑、 驳斥。
文学和文学史研究增加读者接受的维度,是应有之义,但丢开作者生产和作品表现的维度,就由一种片面性走向另一种片面性,而且是更大的片面性,一系列的问题便由之发生出来。 姚斯建构其以读者接受为核心的文学史模式,设置了一个核心——。“期待视野”。
① [德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·c·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,周宁、金元浦译,沈阳:辽宁人 民出版社,1987年,第 27页。
② [德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·C·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第24页。
③ [德]姚斯:《走向接受美学》,[德]H·R·姚斯、[美]R·c·霍拉勃:《接受美学与接受理论》,第 26页。
这个术语是从前人的哲学论著中借来的,他的论文中还有与之相近的“经验视野”、“视野结构”、“视野变化”等语词,联系起来可知指的是读者头脑中先在经验对文学作品的特定的期望。他接受了历史不具有历史 客观性,所有的历史都是效果史的理论,认为“文学的历史性并不在于事后建立的‘文学事实’的编 组,而在于读者对文学作品的先在经验”①,在于“期待视野”的变化。依此,文学接受之维的文学史就 是要把握、描述读者“期待视野”的变化的历史。
姚斯自然不能只是提出这种文学史的形而上的理论模式,“期待视野”的“对象化”(有的译文作 “客观化”、“具体化”)的问题,就成了他的《挑战》一文论述的中心内容。阅读行为是由阅读主体(读 者)和阅读对象(作品)构成的,读者接受之维是指把观察的角度放在阅读主体的效果方面,谈“期待 视野”对象化,就是使它成为可以观察、描述的对象,这便无法避开作为阅读对象的作品。
(袁 世 硕〈接受理论的悖论〉原載:中国 [山东大学]办《文史哲》2013年第1期 [总334期]第5页至13页,作者简介:袁世硕,山东大学文学与新闻传播学院终身教授(山东济南 250100。关键词:接受理论;期待视野;读者响应批评;审美响应理论;生产与消费 )
Sep 6, 2024
Zenkov
情動與情緒在敘事中的表現方式
情動的隱喻與象征:在敘事中,情動往往難以直接表現,它更多通過象征、隱喻和氛圍來體現。例如,文學作品中的自然景物描寫或電影中的色彩和光影設計,常常表達的是人物尚未覺察到的情動。一個即將發生沖突的場景,可能通過灰暗的天空、刺耳的音效或略顯僵硬的對話來表現情動的潛在影響。
情緒的語言與行為表現:相比之下,情緒更容易在敘事中通過語言、行動和表情來表現。例如,人物的對話、獨白、哭泣或微笑都直接反映出他們的情緒狀態。在小說中,作者可以通過內心獨白揭示人物的情緒,而在電影中,角色的面部表情和肢體動作則常常是情緒的直接體現。
敘事反過來如何影響情動與情緒
敘事重構情動與情緒體驗:敘事不僅傳遞情動和情緒,它還能夠重新塑造這些情感體驗。通過講述或重構某個事件,人們的情動和情緒體驗可能發生變化。例如,經歷過創傷的個體通過講述他們的故事,可能會重新理解和感受過去的情動和情緒。這在治療敘事學(narrative therapy)中尤為顯著,通過講述和再敘述,情感體驗被重新框定和解讀。
集體敘事影響集體情動與情緒:在更廣泛的社會和文化背景下,敘事對集體情動和情緒也有著深遠的影響。例如,國家敘事、歷史敘事和民族敘事往往塑造集體的情感氛圍。一場運動或革命的敘事,可以激發集體情動(如希望、憤怒或團結),並最終轉化為集體的情緒反應和社會行動。
情動、情緒與敘事在文化創意中的應用
情動與情緒作為敘事驅動:在文化創意產品中,尤其是電影、廣告和互動藝術,情動和情緒是敘事的重要組成部分。例如,一則廣告可能通過視覺和音樂傳達強烈的情動,迅速引發觀眾的情感反應,而這些情感隨後會被轉化為具體的情緒,如懷舊、幸福或渴望,從而推動觀眾與產品建立情感聯系。
多感官敘事:隨著技術的發展,敘事不僅僅依賴於語言和視覺表達,而是通過多感官的方式(如聲音、觸覺和氣味)來觸發情動。這種通過觸發情動來構建情緒和敘事的方式,在虛擬現實、互動展覽和沉浸式藝術體驗中越來越常見。
情動是敘事的潛在能量與動力,它通過非語言、非線性的方式影響著敘事的發展。情緒為敘事提供了明確的情感框架,幫助結構化敘事的內容,使讀者或觀眾能更清晰地理解人物與情節。敘事不僅是情動和情緒的表達工具,它還能通過故事的講述與重構,影響和改變個體或集體的情動與情緒體驗。通過情動、情緒與敘事的動態互動,敘事不僅僅是對事件的描述,更是情感體驗的複雜過程,能夠深刻影響個體與集體的感知、行為和文化意義的建構。
Oct 10, 2024
Zenkov
愛墾APP:在情動與情緒視框中叙事~~情動(affect)、情緒(emotion)和敘事(narrative)三者之間存在複雜而動態的關係,尤其是在文化研究、心理學和敘事學等領域中,它們可以彼此影響、相互塑造。它們的互動關係不僅關乎個體情感體驗的表達,還涉及集體文化、社會情感模式和意義的生產——
情動、情緒與敘事的基本定義
情動(Affect):一種未被認知或語言化的、潛意識層面的情感能量,通常是身體性的、直接的、即時的反應。它先於具體情緒,處在體驗與認知之間的狀態。
情緒(Emotion):情動經過認知和解釋後所形成的有意識、可識別的情感狀態,具有明確的對象、因果和文化背景,可以通過語言和行為表達出來。
敘事(Narrative):指有序的事件、經歷或情節的講述或描述,通過語言、圖像或符號系統構建,賦予人類經驗以意義。敘事不僅僅是文字上的講述,還包括視覺、聽覺和行動上的表達。
情動、情緒如何與敘事相連
情動作為敘事的基礎與動力:情動往往是故事情節的驅動因素,甚至是敘事生成的初始動力。在許多敘事中,人物的行為和情節的發展是由他們難以言表的情動推動的。例如,角色可能因為一種模糊的焦慮感、興奮感或吸引力而采取行動,而這種情動可能並未被角色意識到,但卻成為推動敘事的關鍵要素。情動帶來一種不可預期性和能量,影響著敘事中的事件和情節。
情緒塑造敘事內容和人物發展:情動經過認知和社會文化加工後轉化為情緒,而情緒為敘事賦予了具體的形態。例如,小說或電影中的角色通常會在遭遇事件時產生特定的情緒反應,如悲傷、憤怒或喜悅,這些情緒決定了角色的行動和故事的進展。情緒使得敘事的內容更加具體化,並讓敘事中的人物更具人性,觀眾或讀者也可以通過情緒與敘事產生共鳴。
情動、情緒如何影響敘事結構
情動的非線性與敘事的可能性:情動的瞬間性和非線性性質往往打破傳統敘事的線性結構。在電影、文學或戲劇中,情動可以通過鏡頭、節奏、音效、文字的節奏等元素體現出一種非線性的情感流動,使觀眾或讀者體驗到突如其來的情感震動。例如,法國電影中的「情動片段」(affective moments)往往不是為了講述情節,而是為了讓觀眾體驗一種無法用語言解釋的身體和情感反應,這種時刻通常是非線性敘事的核心。
情緒的線性敘事發展:情緒往往與傳統的因果敘事結構密切相關。情緒通常是隨著敘事的發展而演變的,比如悲劇或喜劇的情節起伏會通過人物情感的轉變表現出來。情緒提供了敘事發展的動力,同時也是敘事的邏輯構建工具。人物的情緒變化可以使故事情節變得更加可預期或有條理,幫助觀眾或讀者理解故事的發展軌跡
Oct 10, 2024
Zenkov
期待視界horizon of expectation
1. Its success lies in: breaking the limitation of revolutionary historical theme blending plenty of commercial elements satisfying the audience's "horizon of expectation" and expanding the scope of creation該劇的成功秘訣在於: 突破革命歷史題材的局限融合眾多商業元素滿足觀眾的"期待視界"拓展了創作空間。
2. A Translator’s Position under the Notions of Fusion of Horizons & Horizon of Expectation;「視界融合」和「期待視野」概念下譯者地位的彰顯
3. Choices of Fiction Translation in the Late Qing Dynasty from the "Horizon of Expectations"; 從「期待視野」透視晚清小說翻譯的選擇
4. ANALYSIS OF SONG OF SOLOMON FROM THE ANGLE OF HORIZON OF EXPECTATIONS從期待視野的角度透視《所羅門之歌》
5. Expending "Expectation View" and Discovering "Meaning Blankness"; 拓展「期待視野」發現「意義空白點」
6. On Reportage Creation in Reader‘s Horizon of Expectation; 試析讀者期待視野中的報告文學創作
7. Cultivation of Students’ Expectation Horizon in the Teaching of Reading; 閱讀教學中學生「期待視野」的培養
8. "Horizons of expectations" to Middle-school Teaching Inspiration;「期待視野」對中學語文教學的啟發
9. Horizon of Expectation and the Artistic Charm of Lin Shan s Films;「期待視野」與林杉電影的藝術魅力
10. The Embodiment of Reader's "Horizon of Expectation" in the Advertisement Translation讀者「期待視野」在廣告翻譯中的體現
11. Study of Reading Expectation Horizon in the Manuscript Examination of Academic Journal Edition; 學術期刊編輯審稿中的閱讀期待視野簡論
12. Study on University Female Students Horizon of Expectation about Converting Athletics Movement into Teaching Material; 競技運動教材化中大學女生的期待視野研究
13. This paper begins with two key concepts in theory of reception aesthetics:one is meaning indeterminacy and the other is horizon of expectation. 本文從接受美學理論的兩位主要創始人伊瑟爾和姚斯的意義不確定性理論和期待視野理論入手。
14. Both "the reader‘s horizon of expectation" and "the evocative structure" are important concepts in the theory of reader’s reception aesthetics. 作為接受美學理論的兩個重要概念,“期待視野”和“文本召喚結構” 為文學研究提供了新的解讀視角。
2. In the act of reading as to the same literary work usually exist the disparities in readers‘ expectation horizon which are mainly brought about due to the differences in readers’ individual life experiences and the fuzziness of the original text.因為文學作品的模糊性及讀者生活經歷不同,人們會對同一部文學作品產生不同的期待視野。
3. The acceptance of the readers to the text can be achieved through three levels: expectation horizon,aesthetic distance and appealing feature. 讀者不是被動者,而是能動的參與者。一篇微型小說沒有讀者接受,只能算作文本。讀者對文本的接受要通過三個層次來完成期待視野、審美距離與召喚結構 。(原載:X技术)
Oct 24, 2024
Zenkov
愛墾APP:後現象學如何影响敘事學~~後現象學對敘事學產生了影響,尤其在以下幾個方面促成了敘事學的新發展:
具身化敘事:後現象學強調認知和感知活動的具身性,即個體通過身體與周圍環境互動,從而在具身體驗中生成意義。這種視角在敘事學中催生了「具身化敘事」理論,認為敘事不僅是抽象的語言建構,還源於身體對情境的真實體驗。這樣,敘事不再僅僅是言辭或文本,而是依賴講述者與聽眾的身體參與。比如,「具身化敘事」特別關注沉浸式體驗,如在虛擬現實(VR)或增強現實(AR)敘事中,故事通過技術讓讀者或觀眾親身體驗角色的視角。
技術中介與多層次敘事:後現象學家如唐·艾德(Don Ihde)提出了技術中介的概念,說明技術不僅改變了認知,也影響了我們與世界互動的方式。這種技術中介觀念擴展了敘事學的視野,使其可以包含各種多層次、多媒介的敘事結構。
敘事學在後現象學的啟發下,更加關注技術所帶來的多重敘事視角,例如在互動式敘事、電子游戲敘事或跨媒介敘事中,技術中介讓故事呈現出不同的路徑與結局,使讀者和觀眾能在多層次的情境中生成自己的意義。
敘事的非還原性:後現象學強調現象的非還原性,認為所有體驗都是獨特且不可還原的整體。同樣,敘事學在後現象學的影響下,發展出一種「不還原的敘事觀」,認為敘事無法被還原為單一視角或單一含義。
後現象學對非還原性的重視,啟發了敘事學更加關注複雜的敘事結構。例如,通過多重視角敘事、開放式結局等方式,後現象學視角下的敘事學鼓勵讀者在情節中自己建構含義,而非被動接受一個「唯一正確」的解讀。
情境化與「物-人」互動敘事:後現象學中的「物-人」關係研究影響了敘事學,尤其是在「物體敘事」或「事物性敘事」中有所體現。此類敘事方法關注物體在情境中的影響,研究人如何在物體的存在和功能下生成情感體驗和敘述方式。例如,科技設備在現代敘事中不僅是背景道具,更是敘事的主動元素,可能影響角色的決策與情感。後現象學的「物-人互動」觀念幫助敘事學深入探討角色與環境之間的複雜關係,使得敘事更加情境化和動態化。
沉浸與生成敘事:後現象學強調技術和具身性的結合,這對沉浸式、生成式敘事的研究影響深遠。在這種敘事中,讀者或觀眾通過技術體驗成為敘事中的一部分,並以具身感知來探索故事情節。例如,人工智能與生成性文本技術的結合,能夠在文學和娛樂領域創造出即時互動、動態生成的敘事內容。
在這種敘事體驗中,後現象學的影響體現在技術如何增強或塑造體驗者的知覺,使得敘事情境的生成更加符合個體化需求和環境變化。
後現象學為敘事學帶來了技術與身體、情境互動等方面的研究視角,使敘事學在複雜敘事結構、沉浸體驗、多重視角等領域得到了全新發展。這種影響幫助敘事學從靜態文本敘述拓展到動態、具身、互動的敘事情境,形成了新型的敘事體驗模式。
Nov 2, 2024
Zenkov
刺山楂
「這是棵刺山楂,但它是桃紅色的,比白色的更美。它也穿了一身節日盛裝,是真正的節日盛裝啊!只有宗教節日才算真正的節日,不像世俗節日隨便由誰胡亂指定在某一天⋯⋯它那身打扮更富麗,因為層層疊疊綴滿枝頭的花朵,使滿樹像洛可可風格的花哨的權杖,沒有一處不裝點得花團錦簇。⋯⋯看到這些山楂花,我除了更加驚喜之外,同看到白色的山楂花一樣,分明地感覺到它的喜氣洋洋中並無絲毫的矯揉造作,沒有人為加工的痕跡,全是大自然自發的流露,那種天真可掬之態,可與村中為在街旁搭一張迎聖祭台而奔忙的女商人,把滿樹堆砌,弄得既豪華又有鄉土氣的顏色過於嬌豔的花朵相比。⋯⋯這株信奉天主的、嬌美可愛的小樹啊!」。
讀書入迷
讀得入迷就跟睡得很實一樣具有神奇的魔力,我的耳朵像中了邪似的失去聽覺,寂靜的蔚藍色表盤上的金色的鐘點也抹得了無痕跡。
(摘自:《追憶似水年華》[法語:À la recherche du temps perdu,英语:In Search of Lost Time: The Prisoner and the Fugitive],[法国]馬塞爾·普魯斯特 [Marcel Proust ,1871年—1922年] 的作品,出版時間:1913–1927,共7卷)
Nov 22, 2024
Zenkov
藝術源起·郭紹虞:興觀群怨~~王夫之(编註:王船山,明末清初,1619—1692),衡陽人,字而農,別號薑齋,明亡後隱於湘西之石船山,學者稱船山先生。事見《清史稿》四百八十六卷。生平著書甚多,其論詩之著有《詩繹》與《夕堂永日緒論》二種。丁福保即據以輯入《清詩話》,合稱為《薑齋詩話》。
船山論詩頗多精辟的見解。他同黃梨洲一樣,本儒家的見地,闡詩道之精蘊,而所見比一般道學家為高。尤其船山之說,似乎更勝一籌。
黃梨洲也曾以興、觀、群、怨論詩。他根據孔安國、鄭康成之註,以「興」為「引譬連類」,故後世詠懷、游覽、詠物之作也是興;以「觀」為「觀風俗之盛衰」,故後世吊古、詠史、行旅、祖德、郊廟之什也是觀;以「群」為「群居相切磋」,故後世公、贈答、送別之類也是群;以「怨」為「怨刺上政」,故後世哀傷、挽歌、遣謫、諷諭之篇也是怨。於是再本此以論後世之詩:「謂古之以詩名者,未有能離此四者,然其情各有至處。其意句就境中宣出者,可以興也;言在耳目贈寄八荒者,可以觀也;善於風人答贈者,可以群也;悽戾為騷之苗裔者,可以怨也。」(見《南雷文定四集》一,《汪扶晨詩序》)這固然較經學家的訓詁為通達,然而猶把興觀群怨看成四個物事。
而在王船山則不然。他說:「可以云者隨所以而皆可也。於所興而可觀,其興也深;於所觀而可興,其觀也審。以其群者而怨,怨愈不忘;以其怨者而群,群乃益摯。」(《詩繹》)這樣講,興、觀、群、怨四字,便成活看,不是呆看。蓋梨洲所講的是作詩者之興、觀、群、怨,而船山所講的乃是讀詩者之興、觀、群、怨。所以說:「作者用一致之思,讀者各以其情而自得。故《關雎》興也,康王宴朝而即為冰鑑;『稺謨定命,遠猷辰告』,觀也,謝安欣賞而增其遐心。人情之游也無涯,而各以其情遇,斯所貴於有詩。」(《詩繹》)此說極妙。假使由作詩者之興、觀、群、怨言,便不易脫經學家的見解。他說:「經生家推《鹿鳴》、《嘉魚》為群,《柏舟》、《小弁》為怨,小人一往之喜怒耳,何足以言詩。」(《夕堂永日緒論》)所以他要由讀詩者之興、觀、群、怨言,才與文學批評有關。於是又說:「總以曲寫心靈,動人興、觀、群、怨,卻使陋人無從支借。」因此,《論語》之所謂「可以」,船山之所謂「動人」,都應著眼在讀者的方面的。可以興,是使讀者興,可以觀,也是使讀者觀,推之群與怨,莫不如此。所以說:「作者用一致之思,讀者各以其情而自得。」
明白這一點,然後知梨洲之與船山,同樣本於儒家的見地,以闡詩道之精蘊,而所得各有不同。梨洲所言處處在指示人如何作詩,如何學詩,所以要說明什麼是詩。船山所言則異是,他處處在指示人如何讀詩,如何去領悟詩,所以只說明詩是怎樣。
然而指示領悟的方法以使「讀者各以其情而自得」,這便不是很容易的事。訓詁家不能領悟詩趣的,評點家也一樣不能領悟詩趣。拘於字面以解詩則失之泥,拘於章法以解詩則失之陋,拘於史跡以解詩則失之鑿。明人以《詩經》作文學作品讀,不作經學讀本讀,這眼光本是不錯的。不過如孫月峰、鍾伯敬一流以評點批尾之學當之,則要不得。要不得,所以招錢牧齋之詆訶。王船山的《詩繹》實在也是同此眼光,同此手法,而說來卻高人一籌。他沒有訓詁家、道學家的習氣,只用文學的眼光,所以說來精警透澈。他又不如評點家這般膚淺;他所說的仍本於儒家的見地,所以又覺其切實。以文學眼光去讀詩,則於詩能領悟;本儒家見地以論詩,則於詩能受用。《詩繹》中說:「藝苑之士不原本於三百篇之律度,則為刻木之桃李;釋經之儒不證合於漢魏唐宋之正變,抑為株守之兔罝。」像他才能打通經學與文學之間的一條路。真的:「漢魏以還之比興,可上通於風雅:檜、曹而上之條理,可近譯以三唐。」這樣,所以我說王船山的詩論是偏重在讀詩。
Dec 29, 2024
Zenkov
桂琳·作為語言喜劇之一種的脫口秀何以成功?精致高效的現實哈哈鏡和社會融合劑~~《脫口秀大會》在2022年來到了第五季,這也是在熱度和爭議度上同時達到高潮的一季。一方面是圍繞著這屆脫口秀節目的上百個話題,在節目上線後頻頻登上全平台熱搜,足以說明其熱度之高,收看人數之多。但另一方面爭議聲也一直伴隨著節目的播出,比如某些段子讓一些觀眾感覺受到冒犯,還有一些資深觀眾詬病內部梗和離婚梗的反復使用等問題,其豆瓣評分更是一度創下了該系列最低的4.9分。
以上圍繞著脫口秀第五季的這種熱度和爭議度同時創新高的現象,恰恰說明脫口秀作為一種國內最近一些年才興起的新喜劇形式,其影響力真正地在擴大。而且不可否認,已經有相當數量的觀眾喜歡看脫口秀,實實在在感受到它所帶來的歡樂,對脫口秀的欣賞能力也在逐漸提高。脫口秀的魅力到底在哪裡?它為什麼讓觀眾愛恨交織?評論界對這種新喜劇形式展開認真的研究並引導它向更健康的方向發展變成了一件刻不容緩的事情。
脫口秀魅力之一:和影視藝術相似的擬公共空間
脫口秀是語言喜劇的一種。但與同為語言喜劇的相聲有所不同之處在於,一是脫口秀主要是單人表演;二是創作者與表演者合而為一;三是創作內容更短小精悍,每個節目基本是5分鐘以內的表演時間;四是創作內容更新速度非常快,更強調新段子、新題材,陳舊內容會被迅速淘汰。從第一和第二個特點來說,一段好的脫口秀表演就是在塑造某個人物形象,講述這個人物形象的生活和經歷。脫口秀演員周奇墨在一檔訪談節目中談到他的創作,一定是自己熟悉的生活才會寫入作品之中。從第三和第四個特點來看,脫口秀的表演形式更符合當代社會更快節奏的生活方式;而且因為非常強調新段子,所以脫口秀的內容非常鮮活和具有時代特征,不同的生活狀態會快速地呈現在節目之中,讓觀眾可以很迅速地接觸到自己之前完全不了解的人群和生活。
我們在已經播出的脫口秀節目中認識了各行各業不同生活狀態的人物。其中有銀行櫃員、工廠女工、海軍士兵、進城打工的農民工、網紅博主,也有名校畢業生、海歸白領、拆二代,甚至包括殘疾人、退休大媽。他們在創作和表演時一定會帶入自己的生活素材,從而塑造出不同的社會形象。比如毛豆用自己的幽默表達讓觀眾了解了維和部隊的日常生活;邱瑞講述了在大城市租房的年輕人的無奈和痛苦;鳥鳥讓人看到了社恐女孩的某種狀態;童漠南和黃大媽則分別展現了英語培訓教師和退休大媽的生活。
有一些從業時間長的脫口秀演員甚至能夠讓觀眾看到他們人生狀態的起伏和變化。比如農村男孩何廣智,從初到大城市乘坐地鐵的卑微心態到憑借脫口秀表演改善生活條件之後能夠租住更大的房子。又比如龐博少年得志,在第一季就成為大王,但在第二季和第三季則陷入創作瓶頸,而到第四季和第五季又絕地反擊,創作和表演方面都上升到一個新台階,讓觀眾在他身上看到了個人通過堅持和探索而完成的成長與蛻變,所以在第五季舞台上他才可以創作出將搞笑與感動融為一體的十分獨特的情感脫口秀。
當各行各業不同的表演者通過脫口秀大會聚集在一起進行表達時,客觀上讓不同的人群有一個共同表達的機會。脫口秀舞台由此就構成了一個和影視藝術相似的擬公共空間,我們能夠在脫口秀舞台上看到與我們生活狀態完全不同的人。當他們講述自己的生活狀態時,我們也能夠在聽脫口秀時進入他們的生活狀態。而且因為脫口秀節目短小精悍,更新速度更快,所以能夠在非常短的時間將更多不同的鮮活生活狀態呈現在觀眾面前,如一面社會哈哈鏡展現人生百態,這可能就是脫口秀的魅力之一。
脫口秀魅力之二:相互理解的可能
脫口秀作為語言喜劇的實質其實是價值觀的表達。演員在創作和表演時,通過講述自己的生活必然就會體現自己的價值觀。如此多不同的價值觀集中展現在觀眾面前時,必然有人因為不同意其中的某些價值觀而覺得被冒犯。這是目前脫口秀引發爭議的原因之一,但也恰恰是脫口秀作為一種藝術形式的魅力所在。
哲學家柏格森提出,笑是一種社會姿態,它把人和事的某種特殊的心不在焉的現象強調指出,並予以制止。所以笑並不屬於純粹美學的范疇,它追求改善社會關系這樣一個功利的目的。笑必須適應共同生活的某些要求,必須具有社會意義。當脫口秀表演將各種固執和自以為是的思想和行為,包括很多需要矯正的社會刻板印象呈現出來時,反而有機會促進社會群體展開思考和討論,並帶來相互理解的可能,從而成為一種高效的社會融合劑。
周奇墨創作和表演的精髓就在於他超強的觀察和模仿能力,總是能夠精准地將生活中人已經變成機械和物的滑稽狀態模仿出來。他同時對那些固執地只生活在自己世界中的人非常敏感,他們就是滑稽的人。比如他模仿過在餐館點菜困難的人、嚴重依賴手機的人、在飛機上不講公德的人等等。當我們從他的表演中意識到人在很多時候已經變成了機械和物,不知不覺被自己的想法所捆綁,從而做出滑稽動作時,我們就會笑,同時也伴隨著思考。還有諸如呼蘭、孟川等創作能力非常強的脫口秀演員都是通過犀利的觀察去模仿生活中各種固執的人和他們的思想行為。這些脫口秀模仿恰恰帶來一種看見和矯正的可能。
小佳則是通過自己的創作和表演在解構社會對殘疾人的刻板印象,努力塑造一個真實的殘疾人,他很調皮和活潑,甚至很愛錢,和其他普通人並沒有什麼不同,不需要被罩上一個另類的光環。當這些刻板印象被脫口秀表演呈現出來時,同樣帶來了破除的希望。
脫口秀的未來:保護演員的創作能力
正是因為以上兩大魅力,脫口秀得到了很多觀眾的喜愛。而且在目前這個競爭激烈的高速運轉時代,尤其是網絡的出現加劇了不同人群之間的誤解和隔閡,脫口秀這種喜劇形式的出現是有相當積極意義的。它能夠讓我們有機會看到跟我們不一樣的人,當他們以詼諧和調侃的方式講述自己的生活時,我們反而更能夠與他們共情。而且每一個脫口秀演員就代表了一個社會議題、一個社會角色、一種價值觀的表達。不同的價值觀之間的相互看見和理性交流其實恰恰是社會自我治療和保持健康的一種有效方式。
但圍繞著目前脫口秀第五季的爭議和質疑,也需要我們去思考如何能夠更好地促進這個新喜劇形式的可持續發展。我覺得目前最重要的是,既要保護好現有脫口秀演員的創作能力,又通過有效機制吸納更多的創作新人加入其中。因為脫口秀是一個高度依賴創作的喜劇形式,脫口秀文本是這一喜劇形式的核心競爭力。高質量的脫口秀文本需要創作靈感、生活積累和演出打磨等多種因素的綜合,所以脫口秀演員必須有足夠的創作時間。但當脫口秀大會爆紅之後,目前這種高強度賽制和過度商業化的運作方式,會超額消耗脫口秀演員的創作能力,導致他們創作水平的下降。同時,當觀眾的欣賞水平被培養起來之後,脫口秀本身的創作能力能否跟上觀眾的創新要求就更加面臨考驗。這也是觀眾質疑目前脫口秀大會大量使用重復梗和老梗的原因所在。但是如果能夠以比較良性的市場運作解決以上難題,引導其朝著理性和開放的方向發展,脫口秀這一喜劇形式還是有著廣闊的發展前景的。(作者:桂琳,中國社會科學院大學文學院教授,2022-11-15 《文匯報》)
Jan 13, 2025
Zenkov
脫口秀回歸「新人」勢頭猛~~近期,由愛奇藝和騰訊視頻分別推出的《喜劇之王·單口季》和《脫口秀和TA的朋友們》同期「對決」,伴隨著「賽程」過半,脫口秀節目一直被詬病的人才危機似乎不復存在,新人層出不窮,甚至出現了實力碾壓「老人」的場面,曾經的脫口秀綜藝格局也就此改變。
■競爭
從一家獨大到兩家平台「對打」
脫口秀綜藝過去一直是以騰訊視頻一家獨大,以《脫口秀大會》為代表的脫口秀綜藝,多年來塑造並培養了一批觀眾耳熟能詳的脫口秀藝人,其中李雪琴、徐志勝、龐博等人更是走出了脫口秀的舒適區,廣泛出現在各類綜藝節目中。今年年初,龐博、楊笠、王建國等人陸續離開了當初的公司,《脫口秀大會》的幕後創作團隊也同期加入愛奇藝成立了工作室,由此才誕生了此次愛奇藝的《喜劇之王·單口季》。
看上去更有「傳承」的騰訊視頻推出的《脫口秀和TA的朋友們》,選擇了從內容和陣容上出招。嘉賓陣容請回了張雨綺、大張偉和張紹剛,演員陣容則保留了呼蘭、張博洋、徐志勝、何廣智、小佳等脫口秀「老人」。節目將首期內容的特色定位於「重聚」,不少演員的表演內容也聚焦在脫口秀節目的回歸上,打出了一手情懷牌。
從賽制來看,《喜劇之王·單口季》延續了《脫口秀大會》的核心理念,增加了「魔王」挑戰賽,更強調了新老對決的沖突感。與之相比,《脫口秀和TA的朋友們》在賽制上的創新也大同小異,比賽將選手分為三個賽區,同時延續了車輪戰和搶麥的賽制。
有趣的是,首播節目中兩檔節目的賽點都出現在「魔王」被挑戰成功的時刻,知名選手如小佳、哈瑞、繼業都意外在首輪落選,而當強大實力的線下選手「殺到」線上,久未被撼動的老選手和「魔王」們也終於感受到了一些危機。
兩檔節目不約而同地出現了「新人上桌」「老人慘敗」的局面,《喜劇之王·單口季》中原先的「四大魔王」在首輪挑戰賽中悉數落敗,第二賽段甚至直接被拿掉了比賽資格,轉而坐鎮嘉賓席。能夠「出圈」傳播的脫口秀片段也大多來自新人,如東北慢性子史妍的「結婚戀愛故事」,在社交網絡引起熱烈反響。與之相比,過去屹立在脫口秀舞台上的脫口秀「老人」則顯得普遍失去了斗志,包袱不響,抑或表達趨於保守而顯得平庸。
■破局
線下輸送新人緩解發展困境
自脫口秀節目在國內網絡綜藝市場誕生以來,過去一直圍繞該類型的困惑便是人才的接替。以《脫口秀大會》為 例,該節目最早於2017年首播,延續至第五季時已被批評為「江郎才盡」。重復的演員陣容、難堪大任的新人,在最近幾年已成為脫口秀綜藝的瓶頸。歷經一年的「停業整頓」,相對繁華的線下脫口秀市場,反而為綜藝節目輸送了不少新鮮血液。
在《喜劇之王·單口季》中,原本久經沙場的各位「魔王」先後被打敗,來自線下脫口秀市場實力雄厚的新人「來勢洶洶」。這一季節目強化了地方脫口秀廠牌(注:即演出團體)的概念,將脫口秀節目的選人標准擴大到全國范圍,比如一直為脫口秀節目輸送優秀選手的單立人喜劇,就帶來了已經通過喜劇類節目走紅的「劉暘教主」,而小鹿、黑燈、鑫仔等已在線下積累了足夠人氣和能力的實力派選手,成了這屆脫口秀節目「老人」們最直接的威脅。與此同時,來自貓頭鷹、喜番、來瘋等各種線下單口喜劇的寶藏級演員,借助綜藝節目從線下來到線上,已播出的節目中,付航的「passion脫口秀」、哈哈曹講述的「哈圈」那些事兒,都已成為今年脫口秀節目的高光時刻。
兩檔節目同時強調線下廠牌,背後也隱藏著綜藝節目未來,將打通線上線下聯動的可能。其中,《脫口秀和TA的朋友們》就已經和不同城市的俱樂部聯合開展線下點映活動,打通線上線下的營業空間。《脫口秀和Ta的朋友們》項目監制白洪羽表示:「脫口秀從小眾賽道到爆款節目,再到現在成為有一定代表性的青年流行文化,感謝大家的一路陪伴。」在他看來,資深的行業從業者一定都會為今天的「對打」感到高興,「隨著流行文化的推廣,如果一個賽道能逐漸被觀眾認可,並有許多後來者入局,反而佐證了我們的堅持是有意義的,大家都希望這個行業越來越好。」(北京晚報記者·李夏至;2024-09-09 来源:北京晚报 )
Jan 14, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:「藝術生產」與一般「生產活動」的關聯~~在馬克思的理論中,關於「藝術生產」與一般「生產活動」的關聯,可以從以下幾個核心著作中找到相關引文或思想線索:
在《1844年經濟學哲學手稿》中,馬克思明確將藝術與生產聯系起來,認為藝術是一種特殊的生產活動,同時反映了人類改造世界與自我創造的實踐。他寫道:
「動物僅僅按照所需要的尺度生產,而人卻知道如何按照任何一個物種的尺度生產,並且到處知道如何給對象以本身固有的尺度。因此,人還按照美的規律來建造。」 (《馬克思恩格斯全集》第42卷,第110頁)
這一段揭示了藝術生產不僅僅是滿足生存需求的工具性活動,而是一種具有「美的規律」的創造性實踐。它是人類生產力與精神力量的體現,是一種超越了動物性生產的普遍人類活動。
在《資本論》中,馬克思將藝術活動視為人類勞動的一種表現形式,與其他生產活動相聯系。他指出:
「勞動不僅生產出商品,而且生產出勞動本身作為商品,即生產出商品的生產者。」 (《馬克思恩格斯全集》第23卷,第512頁)
在這裡,藝術可以被視為一種「勞動」,但它的特殊性在於,它生產的不僅是物質商品,更是精神性的價值和意義。這種「精神生產」與物質生產之間並無本質的割裂,而是人類總體生產實踐的一部分。
馬克思在討論生產方式與社會關係時,也觸及藝術的生產性:
「生產不僅創造對象以滿足需要,而且創造滿足這些需要的方式;不僅是主觀的適應性,也包括整個感官的再造……藝術作為生產的結果和實現,也塑造了感官並使之變得具有社會性。」 (《馬克思恩格斯全集》第46卷,第36頁)
這一段論述強調了藝術作為一種生產活動,不僅滿足了感官的需求,還通過實踐改造了感官本身,使之具有社會屬性。藝術生產因此不僅是創造藝術品的過程,也是人類通過感性與精神活動塑造自我的過程。
在寫給拉薩爾的一封信中,馬克思提到了藝術和生產的關係:
「任何偉大的藝術,始終是在特定的生產方式及其相應社會關係的條件下產生的。」 (《馬克思恩格斯全集》第29卷,第256頁)
這表明,藝術生產是歷史性和社會性的,其本質與經濟生產、社會發展密切相關。藝術作為一種人類創造活動,受到生產力發展水平的制約,同時也反過來影響人類的思想和社會關係。
總結
馬克思在其哲學和經濟學著作中多次論述了藝術與生產的關係,形成了以下幾個要點:
這些思想為後來的「藝術生產」理論奠定了重要的哲學基礎,也揭示了藝術在人類生活中的普遍性和創造性意義。
Feb 1, 2025
Zenkov
可愛,這是沈從文先生小說的另一個特徵。他所有的人物全可愛。仿佛有意,其實無意,他要讀者拋下各自的煩惱,走進他理想的世界,一個肝膽相見的真情實意的世界。人世壞呢?不!還有好的,未曾被近代文明沾污的,看,這角落不是!——這些可愛的人物,各自有一個厚道然而簡單的靈魂,熟悉在田野晨陽的空氣。他們心口相應,行為思想一致。他們是壯實的、衝動的,然而有的是向上的感情,掙扎而且克服了私欲的情感。對於生活沒有過份的奢想。他們的心力全用在别人身上:成人之美。老船夫為了他的孫女,大佬為了的兄弟,然後倒過來看,孫女為他的祖父,兄弟為他的哥哥,無不先有人後一一無己。這些人都一顆偉大的心。父親聽見兒子死了,居然掟下心,捺住自己的痛苦,體貼到別人的不安:「船總順順像知道他的心中不安處,說:「伯伯,一切是天,算了吧。我這裡有大興場送來的好燒酒,你拿一點去喝吧。:一個伙計用竹筒上一筒酒,用新桐木葉蒙著筒口,交給了老船夫。」是的,這些人都認命,安於命。翠翠還痴心等著她呢,可憐的好孩子!」
沈先生描寫少女思春,最是天真爛漫。我們不妨參看他往年一篇《三三》的短篇小說。他好像生來具有一個少女的靈魂,觀察的不是識別人們,而是自己。這種內心現象的描寫是沈從文先生的另一個特徵。
我現在可以看出,這些人物屈於一個共同類型,不是個個分明,各具有一個深刻的獨立的存在。沈先生在畫畫,不在雕刻;他對於美的感覺叫他不忍心分析,因為他怕揭露人性的丑惡。
《邊城》便是這麼一幅Idyllic傑作,這裡一切是諧和,光和影的適度配置,什麼樣人生活在什麼樣空氣裡,一件藝術作品,正要叫人看不出是藝術的。一切凖乎自然,在這種自然的氣勢之下,藏著一個藝術家的心理。細致,然而絕不瑣碎;裝飾,然而絕不教訓;風韻,然而絕不弄姿;美麗,然而絕不做作。這不是一個大東西,然而這是一顆千古不磨的珠玉。在現代大都市病了的男女,我保險這是一副可口的良藥。
這一切,作者全叫讀者自己去感覺。他不直口道出,卻無微不入地寫出。他連讀者也放在作品所需要的一種空氣裡,在這裡讀者不僅用眼睛,而且五官一齊用——靈魂微微一顫,好像水面粼粼一動,於是讀者打進作品,成為一團團無間隔的諸和,或者,隨便你,一種吸引作用。
《八駿圖》具有同樣效果。沒有一篇海濱小說寫海寫得像這篇少了,也沒有像這篇寫得多了。海是青島唯一的特色,也是《八駿圖》汪洋的背景。作者的職志並不在海,卻在藉海增濃悲哀的分量。他在寫一個文人學者內心的情態,猶如在《邊城》之中,不是分析出來的,而是四面八方烘染出來的。他的巧妙全在利用過去反襯現時,而現時只為推陳出新,仿佛剝筍,直到最後,裸露一個無常的人性。「這世界沒有新」,新卻不遠而至。真是新的嗎?達士先生勿需往這裡想,因為他已經不是主子,而是自己的奴隸。利用外在烘染內在,是作者一種本領,《邊城》和《八駿圖》同樣得到完美的使用。
環境和命運在嘲笑達士先生,而作者也在捉弄這位知識階級人物。「這自以為醫治人類靈魂的醫生(他是一位小說家),以為自己心身健康」,「寫過了一種病(傳奇式的性的追求),就永遠不至於再傳染了!」就在他譏誚命運的時候,命運揭開他的瘢疤,讓他重新發現他的傷口——一個永久治愈不了的傷口,靈魂的傷口。這種藏在暗地啼弄的心情,主宰《八駿圖》整個的進行,卻不是《邊城》的主調。作者愛他《邊城》的人物,至於達士先生,不過同情而已。
如若有人問我,「你歡喜《邊城》,還是《八駿圖》,如若不得不選擇的時候?」我會脫口而出,同時把「歡喜」改做「愛」:「我愛《邊城》!」或許因為我是一個城市人,一個知識分子,然而實際上,《八駿圖》不如《邊城》豐盈,完整,更能透示作者怎樣用他藝術的心靈來體味一個更其真淳的生活。
——一九三五年八月七日
Mar 29, 2025
Zenkov
李健吾《咀華集》評沈從文的《邊城》
我不大相信批評是一種判斷。一個批評家,與其說是法庭的審判,不如說是一個科學的分析者。科學的,我是說公正的。分析者,我是說要獨具隻眼,一直鑿到創作者和作品的靈魂的深處。一個作者不是一個罪人,而他的作品更不是片罪供狀。把對手看作罪人,即使無辜,尊嚴的審判也必須收回他的同情,因為同情和法律是不相容的。歐陽修以為王法无非乎人情,實際上屬於一個常人的看法,不是一個真正法家的態度。但是,在文學上,在性靈的開花結果上,誰給我們一種絕對的權限,掌握無上的生死?因為,一個批評家,第一先得承認一切人性的存在,接受一切靈性生活的可能,所有人類最可貴的自由,然後方有完成一個批評家的使命的機會。
他永久在搜集材料,永久在證明或者修正自己的解釋。他要公正,同時一種富有人性的同情,時時潤澤他的智慧,不致公正陷於過分的乾枯。他不僅僅是印象的,因為他解釋的根據,是用自我存證別人一個更深更大的存在,所謂靈魂的冒險者是,他不僅僅在經驗,而且要綜合自己的所有的觀察和體會;來鑑定一部作品和作者隱然的關系。也不應當只用他自己來解釋,因為自己不是最可靠的尺度;最可靠的尺度,在比較人類已往所有的傑作,用作者來解釋他的出身。
所以,在我們沒有了解一個作者以前,我們往往流於偏見——一種自命正統然而頑固的議論。這些高談闊論和作者作品完全不甚關緊,因為作者創造他的作品,倘完全毀以赴之,往往不足為證那一種抽象的假定。一個批評家應當有理論(他會起淨問與人世而思維的結果),但是理論,是一種強有力的佐證,而不是唯一無二的標准:一個批評家應當從幽中的人性追求高,不應把公法空架高,把一個不相干的同類摹杜上去。普通如是,最壞而且相反的倒行,把一個作者由較高的地方抬下來了,撒到批評者自己的狹泥坑裡。他不善議,也不妄計。在批評上,尤其基於在財務上,他更明自人我之分。
這就是為什麼,稍不加意,一個批評者反而批評的是自己,指摘的是自己,暴露的是自己,一切不過是絆了自己的腳,丟了自己的醜,返本還原而已。有人問他朋友:「我最大的奸細是誰?」朋友答道:「最大的奸細是你自己。」
我不得不在正文以前唱兩句外音,唯其眼前論列的不僅是一個小說家,而且是一個藝術家。在今日小說獨尊的時代,小說家其多如聊的現代,我們不得不稍示區別,表示各個作家的旨趨。這不是好壞的問題,而是性質的不同。例如巴爾扎克(Balzac)是個小說家,偉大的小說家,然而嚴格而言,不是一個藝術家,更遑論宇偉大的藝術家。為了便起見,我們甚至於可以說巴爾扎克是人的小說家,然而福樓拜,卻是藝術家的小說家。前者是天真的,後者是自覺的。 同是小說家,然而屬於不同的來源。他們的性格當然不同,而一切完成這種性的也各各不同。
沈從文先生便是這樣一個漸漸走向自覺的藝術的小小說家。有些人的作品叫我們看,想,了解;然而沈從文先生一類的小說,是叫我們感覺,想,回味;想是不可避免的步驟。龐宏先生的小說似乎可以歸入後者,然而他根本上就和沈從文先生不一樣。龐宏先生仿佛一個修士,一切是向內的;他追求一種超脫的意境,意境的本身,一種交織在文字上的思維者的美化的境界,而不是著目前色身。沈從文先生不是一個修士。他熱情地崇拜美。在他的藝術的制作裡,他表現一段具體的生命,而這生命是作者的,經過他的熱情再現。大多數人可以感覺的作品,因為他們所謂的理解,是人人可以接受,融化在各自的生命裡的。但是沈從文先生的作品,一種具體化的抽象的意境,僅僅限於少數的敏感的讀者。雖然少,卻是有了福的(耶穌對他們說這樣說)。
他知道怎樣調理他需要的分量。他能把醜惡的材料提煉成功一篇無瑕的玉石。他有美的感覺,可以從亂石堆發見可能的美麗。這也就是為什麼,他的小說具有一種特殊的空氣,現今中國任何作家所缺乏的一種舒適的呼吸。
在《邊城》的開端,他把湘西一個叫做茶峒的地方寫給我們,自然輕盈,那樣富有中世紀而現代化,那樣富有清中葉的傳奇小說而又風物化的開展。他不分析;他畫畫,這裡是山水,是小縣,是商業,是種種人,是風俗是歷史而又是背景。在這真純的地方,請問,能有一個壞人嗎?在這光明的性格,請問,能留一絲陰影嗎?「由於邊地的風俗淳朴,便是作妓女,也永遠那麼深厚……」我必須邀請讀者自己看下去,沒有再比那樣的生活和描寫可愛了。
沈從文先生從來不分析。一個認真的熱情人,有了過多的同情給他所要創造的人物是難以冷眼觀世的。他曉得怎樣揶揄,猶如在《邊城》裡他揶揄赤子之心的老船夫,或者在《八駿圖》裡,他摹摹他自主人公達士先生: 在這裡,揶揄不是一種客觀的游戲,而是一種造化小兒的轉變(命運)。司湯達(Stendhal)是個熱情人,然而,他的智慧(狡猾)懂得怎樣撒誑,甚至於嘲笑自己。喬治桑是個熱情人,然而博愛為懷,不唯抒情,而且說教。沈從文是個熱情人,然而他不說教,是抒情的,然而更是詩的。(沈從文先生文章的情趣和細致不管寫到怎樣粗野的生活。能夠有力量叫你信服他那玲瓏無比的靈魂!)《邊城》是一首詩,是二老唱給翠翠的情歌。《八駿圖》是一首絕句,猶如那女教員留在沙灘上的神秘的絕句。然而與其說是詩人,作者才更是藝術家,因為說實話,在他制作之中,藝術家的自覺心是那真正的統治者。詩意來自材料或者作者的本質而調理材料的,不是詩人,卻是藝術家。
Apr 1, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:經濟地思考~~奧地利物理學家、心理學家、科學史學家與哲學家恩斯特·馬赫(Ernst Mach;1838年—1916),在《感覺的分析》(Die Analyse der Empfindungen, 1886)一書中,其中提到科學家的任務包括「經濟地思考」(英文:to think economically),其德文原文、英文翻譯與中文翻譯對照如下——
德文原文: "Die Aufgabe der Wissenschaft ist es, ökonomisch zu denken."
英文翻譯: "The task of science is to think economically."
中文翻譯:「科學的任務是經濟地思考。」
馬赫在他的哲學與科學觀點中談到「經濟地思考(to think economically)」,並不是指財務或金錢方面的經濟,而是指以最有效率、最簡潔、最少資源投入的方式來組織與理解經驗與知識。
具體來說,「經濟地思考」在馬赫的脈絡中有以下幾層意義:
馬赫認為,科學理論的目的不是去發現一種「絕對真理」,而是幫助我們整理感官經驗、做出預測。因此,理論應該盡可能地簡潔、有效地描述現象,去除不必要的假設與概念。這種做法就是「經濟地」處理知識。
馬赫認為人的感官與心智資源是有限的,因此好的科學思維或理論應該要節省心智負擔,幫助我們更快速、直觀地理解與掌握現象。這種對認知資源的節省,也是「經濟地思考」的一種表現。
在馬赫看來,理論只是工具,不是對世界「真相」的鏡像反映。所以,一個理論有用與否,取決於它是否經濟有效地整理了經驗並指引未來的實驗或應用。他強調科學理論的價值是實用性與效率,而非是否對應某種形上學的實體。
馬赫所說的「經濟地思考」可理解為:以最少的概念、最簡練的邏輯、最有效的方式來組織與應用我們的經驗,使得理解世界變得更容易且高效。
例如,我們鼓勵墾友們以星系碰撞来類比詩性,就是一個最好的說明。
Apr 21, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:回應李彦宏25.4.2025對DeepSeek的談話~~中國百度創建人李彦宏的評論反映了當前人工智慧領域的一個普遍現象:各家技術都有自己的專長與不足。以下從幾個角度進行評議:
速度與效能:在追求高準確度的同時,如何平衡系統的反應速度仍是一大挑戰。這牽涉到後端架構、硬件資源以及模型優化等多方面因素。
1.功能範圍的局限
李彥宏提到 DeepSeek 主要處理文本,尚無法解析聲音、圖片或影片等多媒體內容。這一點體現出現階段許多專注於語言模型的系統都有類似的局限:
專注度與專業化:許多模型在最初的發展階段往往會先集中於某一領域,進而累積技術優勢。在文本處理領域達到較高水準之後,再考慮擴展到多模態處理。
應用範疇:例如,ChatGPT 和 DeepSeek 在文本應用上可能都有獨特的優勢,但當用戶需求涉及語音識別、視覺辨識等時,這類純文本模型就無法滿足需求。因此,多模態處理成為未來發展的必然方向。
2.面臨的痛點
評論中提到 DeepSeek 的痛點主要包括“幻覺多、速度慢、成本高”,這也是目前許多前沿 AI 系統常見的挑戰:
幻覺(Hallucination)問題:語言模型在生成文本時可能會產生不準確甚至虛構的信息,這不僅影響用戶信任,也為真實應用帶來風險。如何降低這類現象、提高答案的真實性是大家共同努力的目標。
高成本挑戰:訓練和部署大規模模型通常需要巨量算力,這意味著運行成本和能源消耗都不容忽視。這也引起了業界對於更高效模型和更優化算法的需求,既要保持競爭力,又要考慮經濟與環保成本。
3.技術競爭與發展前景
從這段話可以看出,DeepSeek 與 ChatGPT 等領先技術的競爭,其實是一場技術與資源、成本與創新之間的博弈。幾個值得關注的方向包括:
多模態能力的拓展:未來能否成功整合語言、視覺、聽覺等多模態信息,將決定一個 AI 系統的實用範圍和市場接受度。
技術穩定性與實用性:降低幻覺問題、提升運行效率是普遍挑戰,這也關乎用戶體驗和廣泛應用的推進。
技術經濟性:在資源有限的情況下找到成本效益最高的解決方案,對於大規模部署和商業化都十分關鍵。
結論: 李彥宏的評論在一定程度上提醒業界和用戶,沒有一個 AI 系統能夠全面覆蓋所有應用需求,每一款產品都有其專注點與改進空間。DeepSeek 目前所面臨的技術瓶頸和市場挑戰,其實也是整個人工智慧領域正在努力解決的共同問題。隨著技術的不斷進步,未來這些系統無論是專注文本還是跨模態,都可能逐步克服目前的局限,真正做到多元而穩定的智能應用。
Apr 27, 2025
Zenkov
七個著名的AI幻覺個案
下面列出實際發生過且引發討論的七個案例:
1. ChatGPT編造虛假的法律案例(Mata v. Avianca案,2023年)
紐約一名律師使用ChatGPT輔助撰寫訴訟文件。ChatGPT提供了虛構的6個法律案例作為引用依據,這些案例根本不存在。法官要求核對後,確認這些案例全是假造的,該律師遭到法院紀律處分。詳細新聞:[BBC報導]
2.Meta的Galactica模型虛構科學文獻(2022年)
Meta(Facebook母公司)發佈了科學文獻生成AI「Galactica」。公開測試時,Galactica寫出格式正確但科學內容虛假的論文,如虛構物理理論與假冒數據。因為幻覺太多,Meta被迫48小時內下架Galactica。詳細新聞:[The Verge報導]
3. Google Bard發佈錯誤天文資訊(2023年)
Google Bard在產品發表會中被問到「詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡的發現」。Bard回答:「該望遠鏡拍下了第一張系外行星的照片」,事實上那是歐洲南方天文台(ESO)在2004年拍的。因回應錯誤導致Google母公司股價一度暴跌7%。詳細新聞:[Reuters報導]
4.Bing Chat捏造餐廳評論(2023年)
微軟新版Bing AI(基於GPT-4)在推薦餐廳時,生成了不存在的評論文字與用戶心得。有記者查證後發現,Bing列出的好評全是自己虛構的,而非來源於真實顧客評論。詳細新聞:[The New York Times報導]
5. CNET網站使用AI寫財經文章爆出錯誤(2023年)
CNET新聞網站秘密使用AI寫了數十篇財經知識文章。
外界發現這些文章中,有大量基本財務計算錯誤(如錯算年化利率、誤解負債與資產概念)。最後CNET被迫撤下多篇文章,並對外道歉。詳細新聞:[The Verge報導]
6. AI生成的「不存在的學術引文」(多次案例)
學界中多次出現研究者或學生用ChatGPT尋找參考文獻,結果收到根本不存在的學術論文、虛假的期刊文章。比如,查找「社會心理學中的情動轉折理論」時,GPT-3會杜撰出聽起來學術正確但根本沒出版過的文獻。詳細說明:[Nature文章]
7.AI誤判醫療資訊(2023年多起)
在醫療應用中,當要求AI提供病症診斷建議時,出現了:編造不存在的藥物療法、建議過時或已被禁止的治療手段。如,有一次AI建議使用已被FDA禁用的某種減肥藥物,導致嚴重誤導問題。詳細報導:[STAT News分析]
幻覺(Hallucination)不是小失誤,而是AI系統內建結構性風險。在開發和應用AI(尤其是生成式AI)時,必須認識到:
「生成語言」不等於「生成事實」;AI看似有邏輯,實則只是「湧現概率的語言流」;需設置強大的「驗證、追溯、標記幻覺」機制來保障使用安全。
目前,有些「防幻覺技術」正在開發,比如 Retrieval Augmented Generation, Hallucination Detectors 等。
(延續閱讀)
Apr 28, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:AI「幻覺現象(Hallucination)」
在人工智能(尤其是大型語言模型,如ChatGPT、Bard、Claude)中,「幻覺(hallucination)」指的是:
AI生成了表面看起來合理、語法正確,但實際上虛構、不正確、甚至不存在的內容。
這種虛構內容可能涉及虛構的文獻、錯誤的事實、杜撰的人名、編造的案例、捏造的數據等。
簡單說,就是AI「一本正經地胡說八道」。
這種情況產生的原因包括:
模型是基於概率預測下一個最可能的詞或句子,而非真正理解。
訓練數據中的矛盾資訊或資料不完整。
使用者輸入模糊或暗示性的提示,迫使模型「補齊」答案。
可以理解成:AI的本質是善於「模仿」語言,但它自己不具備「驗證真實性」的能力。
參考資料:
[Anthropic on AI Hallucinations]
[OpenAI Technical Report on GPT-4 Limitations]
(延續閱讀)
Apr 28, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:《梨泰院Class》的文創影响~~影劇《梨泰院Class》對韓國青少年產生了一定程度的文化與心理影響,主要體現在以下幾個層面:
1.激勵青少年追求夢想與正義
劇中主角朴世路不依靠背景、學歷或關係,靠著堅持信念與努力創業成功,這一形象成為許多青少年的榜樣。影響:激發年輕人挑戰階級結構、相信努力可以改變命運。尤其是在高壓競爭的韓國社會中,這類「逆轉勝」的故事提供了一種希望。
2.引起對社會不公與階級固化的思考
該劇聚焦於財閥壟斷、教育不平等、就業困境等現實議題。透過劇情呈現的壓迫與抗爭,讓許多青少年更具社會意識。影響:促使年輕世代關注社會議題,強化對「公義」與「制度改革」的期待。

3.多元文化與包容性觀念的推廣
劇中包含跨國族(如黑人韓國人金東熙)、性少數(跨性別主廚馬賽兒)等角色,呈現出多元與包容的價值觀。影響:對韓國青少年而言,這是少見的正面呈現多樣身分的主流劇集,有助於培養更開放的世界觀與性別意識。
4.對“成功”定義的反思
主角並非從菁英學歷或傳統成功路線出發,而是憑著誠信與堅持走出自己的一條路。影響:給予壓力巨大的韓國學生一種非主流但正當的成就感參照,有助於舒緩“升學至上”壓力。
學術觀點補充:根據韓國的研究(如韓國文化內容振興院報告),該劇的「反主流菁英」敘事風格對MZ世代(Millennials與Z世代)具有高度共鳴,特別是他們對「個體價值」與「社會變革」的重視。
May 8, 2025
Zenkov
泰德·庫瑟的詩:瓷器畫工
他們備好了有刮擦凹痕
並濺有粉紅和藍色的點跡的
黑色馬口鐵盒子;
還有那茜素紅、鉻綠、
鋅白、天青藍的
捲起並乾了的顏料軟管;
盛了金粉的半滿的小瓶;
以及蠟筆頭;
柄上有咬痕的磨損的畫筆;
以時尚優雅的方式
把漂浮的雲、繁茂的玫瑰
水仙、三色堇、藍花耬斗,
細細描繪在茶壺、巧克力罐、
碟子、杯子上,這些優質的哈維蘭牌餐具
盛開猶如一座花園
會擺放於白色蕾絲的主日台布
好像他們的靈魂是蜜蜂
而世界只是花朵。
May 26, 2025
Zenkov
抒情主體與風格
精神內涵與文化象徵
風(國風):表現人間情感與倫理秩序,如孝道、愛情、婚姻、社會矛盾。雖出自民間,但承載儒家理想,是「詩教」的一部分。
騷(楚辭):抒發忠臣被讒、理想破滅的哀愁,融合浪漫主義與愛國情懷。屈原的《離騷》象徵知識分子與權力之間的矛盾。
曲(神曲):但丁以第一人稱穿越三界,象徵靈魂的淨化與真理的追尋。寓宗教救贖、哲學探討與歷史批判於一體,是中古歐洲人文精神的總結。
文學功能與時代精神
相通之處
抒情與精神追尋:無論是《風》中樸實的鄉土情懷、《離騷》中忠誠的哀歌,還是《神曲》中靈魂的探尋,都展現了人對價值、真理與美的追求。
象徵與形式創新:三者都運用了當時最創新的詩歌形式與象徵手法,開創了各自語境下的詩歌傳統。
文化與時代的代表:「風」代表周代民間與士人文化;「騷」是戰國士人的政治抒懷;「曲」則是中古基督教文化與理性哲學的結合體。結語
總結來說,《詩經》之「風」、楚辭之「騷」、但丁《神曲》之「曲」,雖文化背景大不相同,但都代表了某一文化體系中詩歌從集體到個人、從現實到精神、從倫理到形而上的演進。它們不僅是詩的形式,更是時代與民族靈魂的象徵
May 27, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:風·骚·曲~~中國《詩經》的「風」、楚辭的「騷」,與意大利但丁《神曲》的「曲」,雖然出身於不同時空與文化,但若從文學類型、抒情方式與文化象徵意義來看,三者之間可見一些頗具啟發性的對應與聯系。以下從幾個層面進行解析:
基本背景與定義
May 27, 2025
Zenkov
我們常以「熱度」來解釋當代社會或知識場域中的過度競爭與表演性——話題要夠火、言論要夠辣、文章要夠吸睛。但陳明發提醒我們:「溫泡掌握不好熱度,玻璃瓶破了。」熱度不是問題的核心,容器的脆弱才是。
這引出我們今天要探討的問題:在過度包裝與過度輸出的知識社群裡,真性情是否只能以破碎的形式存在?又有誰願意停下腳步,低頭拾起那些碎片?
二、你不是不會寫,而是學會了錯誤的表現法
Larry McEnerney 指出,專業寫作者最常犯的錯誤,是誤把寫作當作表達自己的工具,而忽略了讀者需求。「你不是不會寫,而是學會了錯誤的寫法。」在〈濾思場〉271中,陳明發提供的不是對情境的描述,而是一種「設計了不穩定世界」的語言方式——從「雅人敬酒」到「瓶破情碎」,從形式到失衡,從完整到破損。
讀者被迫意識到這不是一場詩意的聚會,而是一場真誠崩解的儀式。這種設計,正好呼應 McEnerney 所說的:好寫作不是告訴讀者你怎麼想,而是引發他們對一個問題的感知與焦慮。
三、玻璃瓶破了,誰在乎?
好文章的核心不是清楚或說服力,而是「對讀者有價值」。那麼,這則短語對誰有價值?它並非提供新知識,而是指出一個現象:在高度儀式化的知識交換中,情感與誠意如玻璃般易碎,且無人願意拾起。
這一點與 McEnerney 對「價值」的界定完全契合。他強調:一段文字的價值由讀者社群認定,必須幫助理解、推進或修正原有的知識圖像。
那麼,若我們將〈濾思場〉271視為知識社群內部的隱喻,它的價值正在於:指出知識生產過程中被忽略的代價——人性與真情的損毀與冷卻。
四、「真性情」如何成為「碎片」?
McEnerney 強調:「不要開場講自己有什麼問題。」優秀寫作應設計一個「不穩定的世界」。在這則短文中,「真性情」不再是一種可貴的特質,而是一種無法承受熱度的材料。它不像鐵,也不像陶,而是玻璃。
這種「脆裂的隱喻」本身就是一種不穩定性:它既說明了情感的存在,也說明了它的脆弱與代價。而更殘酷的是,在場的所有人都「不願意嚐碎片」,也就是說,沒有人願意承接失控後的情緒與真實。
這呼應 Larry 所強調的第二層寫作關鍵:「代價與效益」。當我們不處理這樣的問題時,代價是什麼?答案顯然是:誠實在公共對話中消失、信任感逐漸崩解、知識空間淪為空轉的儀式。
五、這不是一首詩,而是一面鏡子
若依照 McEnerney 對文獻探討的重新定義:不應只是排列事實,而要創造矛盾與張力。那麼〈濾思場〉271 所採用的不是詩意文字,而是一種「知識語言的鏡像裝置」——它讓讀者看到自己與社群在面對誠實與情感時的逃避與冷漠。
而詩句中最關鍵的詞彙,正是那些 McEnerney 鼓勵辨識的「價值構詞」:如「破了」、「不願意」、「碎片」等,皆為動態張力的詞,顯示現況的不可持續與急需介入。
六、我們可以怎麼做?
對學術、專業、社群創作者而言,這則短文並非批評個人,而是質疑結構:當知識生產機制要求我們持續輸出「清楚、有說服力、格式完美」的內容時,我們是否也摧毀了那個原初讓我們投入這個領域的熱情與誠意?
Larry McEnerney 給出的答案是:改變寫作習慣,從「我要說什麼」轉向「讀者需要什麼」。而陳明發則用短句提醒我們:如果我們不主動改變語言與行動模式,那麼「玻璃瓶破了」的後果將由整個社群承擔。
七、結語:從詩意轉向知識價值的再建構
陳明發的〈濾思場〉271雖短,卻不單是一則哲思短句,而是一種隱微的社會批評與價值呈現。它用詩性的語言設計了一個不穩定世界,並指出其中的破碎與代價。而這正是 Larry McEnerney 反覆強調的專業寫作核心——不是語言技巧,而是「你是否讓讀者意識到一個必須解決的問題」。
這也是我們今天重新閱讀詩意與學術的交會點:讓寫作不只是表達,而是重新建構一個有價值的公共對話空間
Jun 23, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:以 Larry McEnerney 優管演講〈The Craft of Writing Effectively〉的七個觀念為基礎,討論陳明發的《濾思場》271短語篇如下~~
原文:
誰願意嚐碎片?——從陳明發〈濾思場〉271 看現代知識場域中的價值與真性情的破碎
一、問題不是熱度,而是玻璃瓶
在陳明發第271則《濾思場》中,他以極簡的句法揭示了一場看似優雅卻隱含張力的社交場景:「一群雅人忙敬酒,詩句全浸酒」。這不僅是表層的文人聚會,更暗示了一個在知識社群中反覆上演的情節——語言、真誠、情感與價值,在一種過熱的氛圍中被摧毀殆盡。
Jun 24, 2025
Zenkov
評論家威廉斯(Raymond Williams)曾提出「情感結構」(Structures of feeling)的概念,認為每個世代皆會對其身處的環境保有思想與感受的可動性,並且將之反映在共有的情感結構裡。
就此觀點而言,四位參展的年輕創作者陳鈺婷、賴恩慈、朱曼禎及許美智,在主題上、材質上抑或是造型表現上皆各自不同,卻仍然在彼此作品之間共構出一些近似的關注,這些異與同一方面陳述了創作者個人,一方面也將溶解於社會狀態下的世代情感清淡地陳述出來。
陳鈺婷經由炭筆在陶版上描繪的形象模糊而不確切,人物、風景、室內的角落,圖像被框限在略略扭曲甚至些微破碎的邊緣之中,油料混合碳粉緩慢滲透到陶板的表面,將形體帶往曖昧不明的邊界,在記憶的海岸邊被日復一日的潮浪沖刷,像是那些在創作者心中留下痕跡的人事物,最終留下的淺淺印記。
同樣關注記憶與情緒的賴恩慈,則是捏塑出尺寸不一的小巧寶盒,將對過往生活的感知與逝去的片段化為物件,珍而重之地收藏進去。相對於陳鈺婷被潮濕空氣所覆蓋的記憶景色,賴恩慈則賦予了這些箱盒劇場般的性格,以及連帶產生的敘事效果。這些被捏塑出來的人形與物件,除了本身的造型表現力,更是具有「敘事引導」(Diegesis)的功能在,不同於電影中有聲的配樂與對白,作品有如啞語與默劇,經由形象的姿態、色彩與彼此之間的關係,將刻記於創作者腦海中的記憶情感編導成一幕幕的舞台劇,悄而無聲地上演。
李維史陀(Claude Levi-Strauss)以結構主義者的角度,對「神話」(Myth)敘事提出了看法,他採取二元對立式的觀點來描述人類狀態,善﹣惡、文明﹣粗野、現世﹣來生,雖然這樣的敘事系統提供了社會進行價值判斷的基準,甚至能進一步解決某些難以斷處的困境,但卻也有導向獨斷的「單音獨鳴」(Monoglossia)的危險,就如同巴赫汀在文學中對史詩文本的批評。也因此,視覺符號上非對立式的矛盾與背反,也成為當代藝術創作者消解單一意識形態的普遍手法。在朱曼禎小尺幅的油畫裡,甜美的色調、活潑靈動的形象、小而細膩的筆觸與肌理,共同構成了一幅幅美好的小世界,然而這些有如從中世紀手抄本或是童話故事中出走的角色,卻暗藏了暴力與不安的因子。創作者不停嘗試在顏料與油料間轉換比例,以達成預想的繪畫效果。或是朝向一致的方向,或是相互衝撞交疊,或是留下油料暈染滴流的痕跡,表現性的繪畫元素擔負起塑造敘事與氣氛的關鍵角色,童話的甜美在此成為焦心的預言,似乎也暗示了創作者對於自身穩定狀態的質疑與拒斥。許美智的現成物同樣漂浮著兩面性的衝突,容忍與壓抑、守護與囚禁、愛與束縛。陳舊的箱盒裡陳列著情感與記憶的身體,照片被撕碎再重新拼合,鑰匙在玻璃的表面留了下一圈帶著鏽的斑駁,像是已經離開的人沒帶走的行李,又像是被眼淚沖刷後的悲傷那無可奈何的痕跡。
在喧嚷吵雜的四週圍,創作者靜心撿拾起來自於原生家庭的蛛絲馬跡,片刻不放鬆的凝視化為細密的線繩一圈一圈圍繞著她,既感覺到溫暖安心卻又沉重窒息。當親密的網張開無所不至的經緯線時,或許更接近一種名正言順的暴力。
在當代,「單音獨鳴」已經成為片面且威權的象徵,然而它或許已經披上某種政治正確的外衣,堂而皇之地出現在我們眼前。今日的藝術以其多元性的身體與表情,呼應了巴赫汀的「眾聲喧嘩」理論,同如他藉由小說的文體暗示出一個更具有開放性、更兼容並蓄的文化環境。「眾聲喧嘩」並不是一種鮮明的立場,而更像是坦承的觀察,它提醒我們不斷檢視當前穩定社會結構下的種種和諧與合理,政治的、文化的、歷史的、美學的。透過展覽與作品,創作者不僅表現出看待自身的角度,同時也提供了我們分析這些角度的社會與文化條件,各種聲音的並呈建構出多核心的價值觀,或許也從而稀釋了樹立藝術威權的可能性,即使這只是一個微乎其微的嘗試。(摘自:段存真·眾聲喧嘩,文|策展人,段存真(東海大學美術系助理教授),2022年8月)
Jul 20, 2025
Zenkov
段存真·眾聲喧嘩~~或是如鼓吹喧闐之聲不絕於耳,或是喃喃細語般鴉默雀靜,慷慨激昂、低緩抒情、自言自語。藝術看似有形而無聲,其中包裹的卻是創作者心心念念但欲言又止的複雜思緒,藝術家用最獨特的音頻,陳述自身並構築與這個世界的對話關係。
「眾聲喧嘩」(Heteroglossia)是俄國理論家巴赫汀(Mikhail Bakhtin)於1920-30年提出來的觀點,這個字詞在希臘文中有「其他語言」之意,在巴赫汀的理論架構中被定義為多元與差異的共存,容許來自不同地方的視角與聲音,如同音樂與文學中的「複調」(Polyphony),它追求的並不是協調後的統一,而是尊重各自獨立且未融合的行動與意識。「眾聲喧嘩」作為此次策展的核心理念,雖沒有把「歧異」(Differend)視作為必然的前提,卻也並未刻意從中尋找相似之處,不去同化差異,甚至製造衝突,並且將之體現為一種表現活力與可動性的正面價值。如同羅蘭巴特(Roland Barthes)所說,在追尋結構時重要的不是穿透而是延展,要在每個點和每個層次上「奔走運行」。展覽邀請了七位藝術家,年齡層涵蓋二十歲至四十歲代,不論是造型語言、藝術形式、材質皆不盡相同,然而當作品並置展出時卻能各自鮮明地交織在一起,就如同人與人的交流,在不斷的分化、溝通以及本質性的矛盾中,藝術被構築成一片欣欣向榮的景觀,反映出創作者本人眼中的世代風景,也清晰地看到他們如何將自身縫合進其中,成為了彼此不可分割的一部分。
或許我們可以將藝術中「眾聲喧嘩」的基礎認作來自個人情感的表述,一個極易理解的概念便是,在藝術中出於理智的各執一詞,最終也只會以尊重彼此的方式收場,而不會有令人動容的相互理解。感性的認知帶來坦誠詮釋自身以及相互聆聽的可能,因為它所呈現的是創作者直接而衝動的表現,這樣的開放性提供了與其他群體或是世代接合(Articulation)的可能,不受到既有意識形態的控管,同時又能保持與客觀領域的彈性連結,將差異轉化為多元文化的價值,而不是刻意去證明彼此之間終有達成一致的時刻。在此檔以「感性創作」為基礎的展覽裡,創作者讓自我感知馳乘於一切之上,他們誠實觀看自己,對生活視微知著,即使那只是一段段破碎的片刻,卻能夠如馬克思主義哲學家昂希﹒列婓伏爾(Henri Lefebvre)所認為的,「可賦予某種現呈(presence)和完滿感受的瞬間或插曲。」
一直以來,王董碩都將創作視為自我的坦誠實踐,日常生活平淡無奇,而情緒卻總似不受歡迎的遠房親戚不請自來,用或多或少、或輕或重的聲響敲擊自我沉靜的家門。這些無法分類,混雜著種種成分的思緒被攤放在桌上,大部分的時間他只是靜靜地望著,然而當桌面堆積到不得不去清理的狀態時,它們便會化為創作者的藝術言語,經由疊加、塗畫、勾勒的重複程序,逐漸顯現出它該有的樣態。王董碩的繪畫處理的是純粹的自我意識,看似單純的畫面是不斷疊加的繪畫動作所得到的結果,在抽象之中包含著坦率而細膩的真實。近年在用色上變得明亮大膽的邱掇,同樣選擇抽象語言來陳述心緒感受,即便在繪畫性的表現上兩位藝術家截然不同,但是將生活的厚度視為時間堆疊的產物,這樣的看法卻並無二致。粉調的色面像是分割又像是拼組,當面與面靠近時又像是相互擠壓,若有似無的炭筆線條勾勒出色面的邊緣,像是為曖昧不明的圖像提供了最低限定義的可能。我們無法從邱掇的繪畫中看到「感觸」的確切身體,然而濃度極高的「氣氛」卻無疑佔據了整個畫面,藝術家藉由濃郁鮮豔的色彩與厚厚堆疊的油料抒發壓抑的情感,那是他無法說出口的話語與思念。相較於王董碩與邱掇流動的感性陳述,張文堅的創作則是源自於堅固穩定的日常,作為一位與冷硬金屬相處搏鬥的雕塑家,他眼中的世界似乎也是處在一種清楚分明的結構裡。切割、焊接、組裝,創作的流程清晰而確切,揮舞手臂將堅硬的鐵材不斷敲打出形貌,一如他所面對毫無妥協的真實日常,那不僅是關乎立體藝術的造型問題,更是藝術家感受生活的喻物。張文堅選擇將自我感性包裹在冰冷的金屬外衣裡,也是他與生活搏鬥時唯一能夠採取的姿勢。
文|策展人,段存真(東海大學美術系助理教授),2022年8月
Jul 20, 2025
Zenkov
Aug 1, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:退休學者的心理學與學術倫理——以〈學術殿堂叙事〉個案為省思
一、前言
在〈學術殿堂叙事〉中,作者以極具批判性的語調評論部分退休學者「退而不休」的行徑,強調「學術需與時俱進」、「過去的榮耀不足以為當下學術背書」,甚至認為「不讀新書」等於「學術淘汰」。這段敘事表面上是對學術品質的堅持,實則蘊含了複雜的心理動機與倫理價值判斷,值得深入探討。
本文將從心理學與學術倫理兩大面向剖析此案例,進一步探問:退休學者在學術場域中,應扮演何種角色?學術貢獻與參與的標準,是否真能以「更新速度」與「產出新知」為唯一指標?
二、心理學角度分析
根據Erikson的心理社會發展理論,老年期的心理任務在於「自我整合」──即整合一生經歷,達成內在的和諧與意義感。〈學術殿堂叙事〉中的敘事者,看似已接受自己「不再研究、不再發聲」的退休狀態,並視「自知之明」為晚年學者的最高品德。
但言語中不乏對仍活躍者的貶低,可能顯示其實未完全放下學術認同,反而透過貶低他人選擇來強化自己的道德優勢與自尊。這種心態可解釋為一種自我防衛機制──例如合理化(rationalization)或投射(projection):將個人的學術退出視為唯一正當、道德的抉擇,以抵銷潛在的失落感與懷疑。
此虚構案例中對「退休學者」的描述,帶有明顯的年齡偏見(ageism):他們「重複觀點」、「無研究能力」、「靠名氣混飯吃」等說法,忽略了許多年長學者在理論整合、跨領域對話或歷史回顧上的深厚貢獻。
心理學研究指出,創造力與年齡的關係並非單向下降,而是呈現不同型態的轉換(如從創新性轉向深度與整合性)。貶抑他人可能反映出敘事者內在的焦慮:若他人仍有貢獻,是否意味自己退出得太早?
敘事者強調「有心就該去爭取資源」「申請經費買書是學術的基本」,展現了明顯的內控傾向(internal locus of control):相信成功來自於個人努力。然而,這樣的觀點也可能隱藏一種對失控的恐懼:當退休後失去話語權與制度資源掌控時,轉而貶低仍在場者的貢獻,或許正是他對失去學術掌控感的心理回應。
三、學術倫理角度評議
此案敘事者主張,學者若無法掌握新知,便應退出學界。這看似高標準,實則忽視了學術貢獻的多元形式。許多退休學者在其生命歷程的後期轉向理論統整、歷史回顧、教學指導、跨世代合作等,這些同樣構成寶貴的知識資產,與「學術退場」之命題不能畫上等號。
「不買新書就落伍」「新資料可推翻你所有論文」等言論反映了學界常見的新穎性偏誤(novelty bias)。這種過度重視新知產出的價值觀,容易忽略知識的累積性、持續性與反思性。許多經典理論與研究之所以歷久彌新,恰恰因其具備深刻的結構與意義,而非取決於出版年份。
學術倫理應保障多元參與而非設限。將「退休等於退出學術」當作道德準則,事實上限制了學術自由與知識傳承的可能。一個健康的學術社群應容納不同生命階段與角色貢獻者──有些人擅長開疆闢土,有些人擅長回顧整合,有些人擅長教學與提攜後進──這些都是不可或缺的知識生態元素。
敘事者強調「申請經費→買書→做研究」的行動邏輯,卻忽略制度分配的不對等。私校教師、兼任教師、非正職學者常面臨資源匱乏,非出於「不努力」,而是「無從努力」。當資源集中於少數頂尖機構與現職人員手中,是否能憑一己之力「爭取到一切」,本身就是倫理上的模糊點。
四、結論與展望
〈學術殿堂叙事〉呈現了一位已退學者的「憤世嫉俗」式自述,蘊含豐富的心理掙扎與倫理判斷。其對學術「純度」的捍衛固然值得敬重,但若因此排拒他人的存在價值,則可能反映出一種轉型焦慮與控制慾的投射。
學術倫理不應只看「新」與「快」,而應更重視知識的多樣性、參與的正義性與世代間的尊重與協作。學術不是競爭場,更應是共創場——唯有這樣,才能真正體現「殿堂」二字所承載的開放與包容。
Aug 6, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾APP:Erik Erikson是德裔美國心理學家,他的《心理社會發展理論》(Psychosocial Development Theory)是理解人類一生心理發展過程的重要框架之一。此理論主張:人在一生中會經歷八個發展階段,每個階段都涉及一個核心的「心理社會衝突」,其解決方式將深刻影響個體的心理健康與人格特質。
第八階段:老年期(約 65 歲以上)
核心衝突:自我整合(Integrity) vs. 絕望(Despair)
這個階段是 Erikson 理論的最終章,重點是個體在回顧一生後,如何看待自己的人生歷程與存在價值。
若老年人能夠接納自己的過去,包括成功與失敗,並認同自己的生命選擇,他們將發展出:
滿足與平靜:覺得人生雖有遺憾,但整體而言有價值、有意義。
接受死亡:不再畏懼死亡,因為人生「已經完成」。
智慧(Wisdom):這是 Erikson 所說的老年期主要美德,是一種超越自我、面向人類經驗的理解與包容。
如果個體回顧一生時感到失望,認為自己未完成應做之事,或懊悔曾經的選擇而無法釋懷,則可能陷入:
懊悔與痛苦:對過去懷有深深的悔意,無法原諒自己。
焦慮與憤怒:對衰老與死亡產生強烈恐懼與拒絕。
孤立與憤世嫉俗:可能對年輕人、現代社會產生敵意,因為感覺自己被遺忘或取代。
舉例對照:
一位學者退休後,若能從過去的研究、教學與人際互動中看到其正面價值,即使不再參與第一線研究,也會感到安然,並樂於轉向顧問、寫回憶錄、指導後進等「智慧傳遞」的角色,這就是自我整合。
相反地,若某人因年老無法持續參與學術活動而感到無力、憤懣,甚至貶低其他持續參與者以抬高自身退出的選擇,則可能是絕望感的投射,是一種為內在失落找外部替罪羊的心理防衛。
這階段的核心挑戰總結為:
「我這一生有價值嗎?」
能誠實回答「有」,即是整合;若回答「沒有」,則傾向絕望。
根據心理學家 Erik H. Erikson 的心理社會發展理論,人類在生命晚期(約 65 歲以後)面臨的核心心理任務,是在「自我整合」(ego integrity)與「絕望」(despair)之間取得平衡。成功整合的人,能坦然面對自己的人生歷程,即使有遺憾,也能接受生命的有限性,發展出一種智慧與超越感。反之,若無法肯定過去的選擇與貢獻,則可能陷入後悔、焦慮與否定,最終走向絕望。這一階段的挑戰不只是個人的心理課題,也常在公共語言中投射為對他人選擇的評價與批判。
註腳格式(適用於學術文章、報導、報告底部註解)
Erik H. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1982).
延續閱讀:
我沒有退場
〈學術殿堂叙事(虚構個案)〉
Aug 7, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾學術:身份的焦慮
在《身份的焦慮》(Status Anxiety,2004)中,阿蘭·德波頓(Alain de Botton)深入探討了現代人如何在尋求社會地位與他人認可的過程中,感受到焦慮與不安。這與我們在社群媒體上對留言、讚數、關注者數目的過度關注密切相關。德波頓的分析和建議提供了一些有力的視角,幫助我們面對這種「為虛幻的認可而受傷」的現象。
以下是他書中核心觀點與應對建議的整理:
1.現代社會中的地位焦慮本質
德波頓指出,地位焦慮(status anxiety)是現代人普遍的心理現象,因為我們所處的社會高度競爭、強調個人成就且缺乏固定階級制度,使每個人都認為自己可以「成功」,但也意味著失敗是「自己的錯」。
在社群媒體上,我們看到別人的成功、漂亮的生活照、事業成就,這些都可能觸發比較與焦慮,讓我們感覺自己不夠好或被忽視。
2.認可的來源與其幻象
德波頓指出,許多人的痛苦源於對「他人眼光」的依賴——我們渴望被重視、被喜歡。但這種認可是短暫的、變動的,而且往往來自我們根本不熟識或不了解的人(如社群媒體上的陌生人)。
建議:嘗試質疑這些認可的價值和來源。不是所有人的看法都值得我們在乎,尤其是那些不了解我們的人。
3.建立內在的價值標準
德波頓強調,要對抗地位焦慮,我們需要建立自己的價值系統,不再單靠外界的指標來衡量自我價值。哲學、藝術與宗教等傳統常被他引用為對抗社會價值壓力的方式。
建議:透過閱讀、反思與對話,發展一套屬於自己的「成功定義」和「價值指標」。問問自己:「我真正在乎的是什麼?」而不是:「大家都在乎什麼?」
4.學會幽默與自我解嘲
德波頓建議,我們可以用一種更幽默、距離感較強的方式來看待自己與這世界的荒謬性。他認為,幽默是一種智慧的防衛機制,能幫助我們不那麼嚴肅地看待社會評價。
建議:對於一些負面留言或失落時刻,不妨用幽默的方式看待它,提醒自己:這不代表全部的你。
5.仰望更深層的意義,而非膚淺的地位
德波頓在書中提醒我們,人生的意義並不等同於他人的認可。我們可以透過服務他人、創造美好事物、培養關係,來找到更深的滿足感。
建議:與其追逐即時的「讚」與「回應」,不如投入於更持久的創作、人際關係或內在成長中。
結語:面對社群媒體帶來的心理衝擊,阿蘭·德波頓的《身份的焦慮》提供了一個重要提醒:我們的價值不應建立在瞬間的掌聲上,而應來自深層的自我理解與內在信念。
如果你感到社群媒體對自我認同造成壓力,不妨停下來問自己:
「我是為了什麼而在發表、回應與比較?」
「我可以用什麼樣的態度,重掌自己對價值的定義權?」
這本書的核心訊息或許是:社會不會停止評價我們,但我們可以選擇不再完全依賴這些評價來定義自己。
Sep 2, 2025
Zenkov
三、台灣:生活化與文創化的「日常和平」
台灣的紀念方式,顯著不同於大陸的莊嚴或香港的折衷。這裡的「和平80週年」更傾向於文化生活化的表達。
公共藝術與城市展覽:台北市公共汽車站設置「終戰80週年」攝影展,將歷史照片帶進日常空間。台北國際會議中心舉辦紀念音樂會,信義區舉行嘉年華,將戰爭記憶轉化為市民參與的文化盛事。
品牌文創的融入:知名零食品牌「乖乖」推出限量包裝,設計結合戰爭符號,讓消費者在生活用品中「遇見」歷史。其他團隊則推出紀念T恤、桌遊與插畫展,把嚴肅的歷史轉化為青年易於接受的文化符號。
歷史論述的差異:值得注意的是,台灣官方多使用「終戰」而非「抗戰勝利」。這種用詞差異,顯示出台灣在歷史記憶上的特殊處境:既承繼中華民國的歷史,又與大陸的民族敘事拉開距離。
台灣的「和平」是一種日常的和平,它不強調勝利或抗爭,而是以生活化、文創化的方式來紀念。
四、和平之下的張力:同聲異曲的奧妙
語言的差異:大陸強調「抗戰勝利」,凸顯民族奮起;
台灣偏向「終戰」,突顯戰爭結束與和平到來;
香港則遊走於兩者之間,既呼應「民族勝利」,又強調「地方經驗」。
同一場戰爭,三種詞彙,反映出不同的身份政治與記憶重點。
政治修辭的差異:大陸用「硬實力」展示和平(閱兵、外交倡議);台灣用「軟文化」詮釋和平(文創、嘉年華);香港則以「雙重身份」協調和平(國家聯展 + 地方記憶)。和平是一個共同的口號,但卻帶有三種不同的政治修辭。
文化策略的差異:大陸:莊嚴而宏大;香港:折衷而協調;台灣:輕盈而生活化。這些差異,讓「和平」成為一種多義的文化符號。
結語:記憶的差異,共同的啟示
「和平80週年」紀念活動,表面上是共通的歷史時間點,實際上卻映射出兩岸三地各自的文化政治與身份認同。
大陸將和平視為國家力量與民族復興的保障;香港則在國家記憶與地方經驗之間尋求協調;台灣則透過文創與生活化實踐,將和平轉化為日常文化。
這些差異並不只是分歧,更是一種奧妙:它顯示記憶不是靜態的,而是隨著社會與政治環境持續被再造。和平既是凝聚的契機,也是差異的鏡子。
當我們在八十年後回望那段戰爭,不同的語言或許會彼此拉扯,但共同的啟示依然清晰:只有持續反思歷史,和平才不會淪為口號,而能成為真正的文化力量。
Sep 4, 2025
Zenkov
同聲異曲的和平:兩岸三地「太平洋戰爭結束80週年」紀念活動的文化張力
前言:共同的時間節點,不同的語言
2025年,太平洋戰爭結束暨世界反法西斯戰爭勝利滿八十週年。這一歷史節點,不僅是全球共同紀念的時刻,更對中國大陸、香港與台灣而言,承載著複雜的歷史記憶與文化政治。在這個「和平80週年」的名義之下,三地紛紛舉行各種紀念與文創活動,看似共享同一主題,實則各自展現不同的語言與姿態。
從宏大的閱兵,到地方化的展覽,再到品牌聯名的紀念商品,這些活動不僅是文化表演,更是一種歷史敘事的再生產。更有意思的是,它們之間所呈現的,並非單純的共鳴,而是一種張力:彼此呼應,又彼此分歧。
一、大陸:宏大敘事中的「國家和平」
在中國大陸,紀念「抗戰勝利80週年」是國家級的重大事件。北京天安門廣場的大型紀念大會與閱兵式,展現了軍事現代化的成果,也凸顯中國在國際舞台上的角色。
大陸將「抗日戰爭」視為民族存亡的轉捩點,也是中國共產黨領導正當性的歷史基礎。紀念活動中,領導人重申「中國人民在世界反法西斯戰爭中的貢獻」,同時呼籲維護世界和平,實則是在當下國際局勢中強化自身的話語權。
中國人民抗日戰爭紀念館推出沉浸式展覽,觀眾可透過數位技術「走進」戰火場景。影視與遊戲產業也推出相關作品,以大眾娛樂形式重現戰爭歷史。這是一種將「宏大敘事」轉化為「全民記憶」的文化策略。
在大陸的語境裡,「和平」並非單純的結束戰爭,而是一種由國家力量保障的秩序。
二、香港:雙重身份下的「協調和平」
作為中西文化交匯之地,香港的紀念活動展現了「雙重身份」的特質:既承接國家敘事,又不忘地方經驗。
香港歷史博物館與中國國家博物館合作推出「聯合抗戰展」,展出逾180件展品,其中不少為國家一級文物首次來港。這不僅是文化交流,更是一種政治符號,象徵香港在國家記憶版圖中的一環。
展覽同時保留了香港自身的歷史經驗,如淪陷時期的日常生活與僑胞的抗爭故事。這些在地細節,讓觀眾感受到戰爭不只是宏觀的民族事件,也滲透到普通人的生命之中。
香港的「和平」敘事是一種協調的和平:在國家與地方之間尋找平衡,在宏大歷史與個體經驗之間搭橋。
Sep 6, 2025
Zenkov
愛墾的梗:開AI玩笑
提詢者:你是不是很謙虛?
AI:還好還好。
提詢者:那你是不是很驕傲?
AI:還好還好。
提詢者:你这算什麽答案?
AI:我原来是給政客開發的系统
愛墾評註:
只要我們還能開AI玩笑,
就不怕AI勝過我們;
有一天AI倒回来開人類玩笑,
就當真要憂慮了。
Sep 10, 2025
Zenkov
電影經典台詞:心靈捕手(Good Will Hunting)
《心靈捕手》(Good Will Hunting)是一部由格斯范桑特(Gus Van Sant)於1997年導演的電影,取景地點是馬薩諸塞州的波士頓。影片講述了一個名叫威爾杭汀 (Will Hunting,Matt Damon飾演)的麻省理工學院的清潔工的故事。威爾在數學方面有著過人天賦,卻是個叛逆的問題少年,在教授辛馬奎爾(William Robin飾演)和朋友查克(Ben Alfred)的幫助下,威爾最終把心靈打開,消除了人際隔閡,並找回了自我和愛情(女主角Minnie Driver)。
在《心靈捕手》(Good Will Hunting, 1997)中,辛恩·馬奎爾(Sean Maguire,由羅賓·威廉斯 Robin Williams 飾演)是威爾的心理治療師,他的對白常常帶著溫柔的犀利與人生智慧,除了你引用的那段極為著名的長篇獨白外,電影裡他還有一些非常值得一提的經典名句──以下整理幾句核心精華(中文翻譯為意譯):
1.「這不是你的錯。」
It's not your fault.
這句是全片最觸動人心的一幕,辛恩一再重複對威爾說「這不是你的錯」,直到威爾情緒潰堤痛哭。這代表辛恩要他放下對自己出身的自責與憤怒,學會原諒自己,接受別人的愛。
2.「你不完美,她也不完美,但你們很適合彼此。」
You're not perfect, and let me save you the suspense: this girl you've met isn't perfect either. The question is whether you're perfect for each other.
辛恩談起自己亡妻的趣事,用來教威爾:愛情不是尋找完美的人,而是接受彼此的缺點,並願意相互扶持。
3.「小事才是最棒的回憶。」
People call these things imperfections, but they’re not. That’s the good stuff.
他說起妻子一些看似「缺陷」的小習慣(像會放響屁,有一回甚至在睡夢裏吵醒她自己),但那些才是他最懷念的細節──提醒威爾:真正的親密來自於接受與珍惜這些不完美。
4.「真正的親密,是把自己交給一個人。」
You’re not perfect, and you let someone into your life anyway.
這是辛恩對愛的定義──願意脆弱地敞開自己,才算真的在愛。
5.「你的人生不是預先寫好的劇本。」
You’re not your job. You’re not what you do for a living.
他提醒威爾不要被社會對「成功」的定義綁死,而要尋找自己真正想要的人生。
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Although this is sometimes the case with ordinary photoshoots as well, it is usually much more present in bodypainting due to the greater difference. This becomes particularly clear when the painted model represents something non-human or even abstract.
"It feels like I can be anything, literally anything. "(Leonie).
"When I look at the pictures, I can barely recognise my body, yet I feel a strong connection to the photograph, as important and vivid memories are linked to it. "(Laura) [57]
Bodypainting has become a second-level work of art through photography: the painting is an artwork already, and together with the photographic process, it becomes yet another kind of art also.
Almost all models confirm that they experience it as an uplifting feeling to perceive themselves as art. Photography manages to detach the painting from its context and make it durable.
Furthermore, the resulting picture hides a lot: photographs are taken in front of a background paper or in a set, maybe even lights are mounted - in most cases, however, the result shows something that does not fully correspond to the memory of the shoot. This is already the case because one cannot perceive oneself "in real life "from the outside, but it is reinforced by the fact that the photographic result is based on staging and is probably retouched.
This way, the model has the chance to merge into the painting and the resulting photograph and leave her body behind, to identify with something that at first glance has a lot to do with her body.
Still, at second glance, it makes the actual body secondary. She can enjoy the artwork without necessarily relating it to her body, but understanding it as teamwork between herself – her physical and psychological qualities – the painter, and the photograph: the body as canvas as picture as art.
The Body as Canvas as Picture: Body painting and Its Implications for The Model by Maja Tabea Jerrentrup, Ajeenkya DY Patil University of Pune, Pune, India & University of Trier, Trier, Germany. In: International Journal of Cultural and Art Studies (IJCAS) Vol. 04, No. 1, 2020 | 9 – 23
[57] M. DeMello, Inked. Tattoos and Body Art around the World. Volume 1: A-L. Santa Barbara, Denver and Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2014, 63.
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6.A Canvas in a Photograph
A two-dimensional image becomes something three-dimensional on the body and then, through photography, again, something two-dimensional. In the process, the living canvases "change the contextual interpretations of the original painted images in integral ways" [56] and so does the photograph. In addition to bodypainting, photography also offers a new experience of oneself, comparable to the mirror experience.
"It gives me the opportunity to see myself from an outside perspective without judgment, which often appears whilst looking into the mirror "(Lucy)
"I am in the photo, but somehow it's not myself. "(Alisa)
Due to the lack of similarity, it is easier to appreciate the pictures as works without immediately bringing one's person into play, to look at them detached from oneself. When looking at the process, there is an absolute dichotomy, as, on the one hand, the body is in focus, on the other hand, it is overcome in two ways: to become a "living canvas ", the model has to endure the process of getting painted – this can be emotionally and physically challenging. In addition, the model is transformed into something else. The painting "transforms the wearer into a (temporary) work of art "[57].
[56] E. K. Katic, “The Living Canvas: Bodies that Serve and Simulate art, “ The American Journal of Semiotics, vol. 25, no. 1/2, pp. 77-101,2009, 77.
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The intention to photograph or to have the painting photographed already influences its creation. If the photoshoot is the main reason for the painting, the paintings are often created differently than for competitions. It is less about showing mastery and thus optimally using flat surfaces such as the back, but rather about designing the body as good as possible for the camera. Posing options and light settings are also considered: if the model is to be photographed from the front, elaborate back paintings make no sense. If the light is to be set from high up or to the side, shadow casts must be considered. "Even as a painter, you have to learn to understand the possibilities of photography in order to create paintings that can be photographed well. "(Peter)
When bodypaintings are photographed, a staging takes place, just like in a normal fashion or portrait shoot. The photographic stage in the narrower sense sees the two-dimensional picture as the "defined objective "[49]. However, my experience and other studies [50] have shown that for many people, the image result is not the most or the only important goal of photography: Mindfulness plays a role when taking pictures [51], as does the joyful feeling of being active and being truly involved in something, which has been characterized as "flow" [52]. The opportunity to collect new experiences through photography also plays a role, as does the expression of creativity, which is associated with empowerment and personal development [53] and can lead to pride, self-esteem, and mental health [54].
Just as the painting situation, the photography situation is characterized by communication, the model and the painter must articulate their ideas. Personal information is often communicated here – not surprising, since portraiture is considered to be closely interwoven with the person portrayed [55]. As with bodypainting, there is also a close connection to identity. Through bodypainting, the person has become something else and poses as such in front of the camera. The posings and movements are adapted to this new being. "When I'm fully painted, I am different, I behave differently. Funnily enough, this seems natural to me." (Jenny) So bodypainting and photography enter into a symbiosis and resemble each other in some aspects with regard to the model. Consequently, the assumption is that the effects can be intensified.
[47] H. Morphy, “Moving the body painting into the art gallery – knowing about and appreciating works of Aboriginal art,” Journal of Art Historiography, vol. 4, pp. 1-20, 2011, 17.
[48] M. DeMello, Inked. Tattoos and Body Art around the World. Volume 1: A-L. Santa Barbara, Denver and Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2014, 67.
[49] M. Weiss, “Was ist ‚inszenierte Fotografie‘? Eine Begriffsbestimmung.“ In: Lars Blunk: Die Fotografische Wirklichkeit. Inszenierung. Fiktion. Narration. Bielefeld: Transcript, pp. 37–52, 2010, 50.
[50] M.T. Jerrentrup, “Kein Fokus auf das Foto. Fotografieren als Aktivität“,kommunikation@ gesellschaft 21, 2020.
[51] Eberle, Thomas, Fotografie und Gesellschaft. Phänomenologische und
wissenssoziologische Perspektiven. Bielefeld: transcript, pp. 11-72, 2017.
[52] Fischer and Wiswede, Grundlagen der Sozialpsychologie. München: Oldenbourg, 2009, 100
[53] C. Mundt, “Neurobiologische Aspekte kreativer Therapie“, in: R. Hampe, P. Martius, D. Ritschl, F. von Spreti and P. B. Stadler: KunstReiz. Neurobiologische Aspekte künstlerischer
Therapien. Berlin: Frank & Timme, pp. 91–104, 2009, 97.
[54] M. Schuster, Alltagskreativität. Wiesbaden. Springer, 2015, 50.
[55] R. Barthes, Die helle Kammer. Bemerkungen zur Photographie. Stuttgart: Suhrkamp. 1989, 89.
Sep 17, 2025
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5 The Photography Situation
As a non-permanent art form bodypainting presents the team members with the problem that their works cannot be stored, traded, or presented over a longer period of time. Unlike paintings, onecannot sell or exhibit bodypaintings. They only exist in the context of the situation for which they were created. Yet, the fact that art cannot have its effect without a certain context is easy to overlook: "However it would be a great mistake to move from that position to one in which it is argued that the only way art can be appreciated is on the basis of form alone untrammeled by art history or free from the knowledge and expertise of the creator […] Except in certain experimental situations, curatorial experience about the works and their significance has always been vital "[47].
No matter for which purpose it is painted, taking pictures is almost always an integral part of the painting. At festivals, "once complete, the model poses for photos or, if he or she is acting in a film, will complete their scene "[48]. Commonly, extra sets and lamps are installed so that the paintings can be photographed in the best possible way. Photo tickets at the World Bodypainting Festival, therefore, cost extra. Photographing the works also plays a central role outside of festivals: painters who practice can record their progress and create a chronicle of their paintings. Often bodypaintings are explicitly done for the camera, as it offers exciting and diverse motifs to people who are into staged photography.
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Identity can be understood as a self-understanding, understanding who you are, what your plans are, etc. [44].
"One general line of consensus in […] recent social theory is that – in conditions of intensive globalization – individuals are increasingly required or called upon, to become the 'architects of their own lives', to engage in continual do-it-yourself identity revisions and to plot and re-plot individualized solutions to wider systemic social problems "[45].
In this general situation "the body becomes a guarantee for unity and individuality, a bastion of autonomy and self-determination. This is also an inheritance of the Enlightenment: Because the awareness of permanent change has become part of the modern attitude towards life and the construction of identity par excellence, the idea or hope remains of physical continuity (such as stopping aging processes) as one of the few stability refugees "[46].
"It is great to witness the transformation of the own body. "(Elli)
"It seems like anything can be done! Its amazing to be a living painting myself. "(Analía)
With bodypainting, the model slips into a new skin, so to speak, and can become not just someone, but even something completely different – a non-human creature or just a concept. Consequently, a particular tension arises: The model is not "costumed ", but also not recognizable and not "herself. "
Identity has been discussed for a long time in a multitude of disciplines. For our context, identity must concern the "self-image as a coherent being with certain characteristics and a history "[43].
Identity can be understood as a self-understanding, understanding who you are, what your plans are, etc. [44]. "One general line of consensus in […] recent social theory is that – in conditions of intensive globalization – individuals are increasingly required or called upon, to become the 'architects of their own lives', to engage in continual do-it-yourself identity revisions and to plot and re-plot individualized solutions to wider systemic social problems "[45]. In this general situation "the body becomes a guarantee for unity and individuality, a bastion of autonomy and self-determination. This is also an inheritance of the Enlightenment: Because the awareness of permanent change has become part of the modern attitude towards life and the construction of identity par excellence, the idea or hope remains of physical continuity (such as stopping aging processes) as one of the few stability refugees "[46].
"It is great to witness the transformation of the own body. "(Elli)
"It seems like anything can be done! Its amazing to be a living painting myself. "(Analía)
With bodypainting, the model slips into a new skin, so to speak, and can become not just someone, but even something completely different – a non-human creature or just a concept. Consequently, a particular tension arises: The model is not "costumed ", but also not recognizable and not "herself. "
[44]T. Henning, “Personale Identität und personale Identitäten – Ein Problemfeld der Philosophie“, In H. G. Petzold, Identität. Ein Kernthema moderner Psychotherapie – Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, pp. 19-38, 2012, 21.
[45] A. Elliott, Identity Troubles: An introduction. New York: Routledge, 2016, 17.
[46] N. Degele, Sich schön machen. Zur Soziologie von Geschlecht und Schönheitsidealen.Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2004, 16.
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Bodypainting's okay for me because it's like a different skin. But I don't like nudes. "(Lou)
Astonishingly, many models are not confident about their bodies, yet get naked to be painted and pose without clothes once the painting is done.
"I never liked my body. However, both body painting and photography have given me a new outlook, to understand my body as raw material which can be designed. It's a freeing feeling. "(Katharina)
A mutual adjustment of painter and model is necessary during the painting process. The painting idea is usually coordinated with the model beforehand, possibly also (further) developed by both.
This is mostly done via the internet, i.e., without real-life meetings. When painting, the idea must be adapted to the model's body, its bumps, strengths, and weaknesses. The posing or acting skills of the model also matter, as does her persistence and patience. Painted images are "copies of
natural forms that have been reinterpreted in new 'living 'forms, as they are painted onto and in relation to a living body "[38]. The painting process itself was sometimes described as a kind of sensual relationship and thus resembles descriptions of hairdressing [39].
"I love the feeling of the brushes on my skin "(Lucy)
However, this should not hide the fact that standing still for a long time is tiring and that the wet color on the skin often feels cold, that being painted can be exhausting. For both the model and the painter, bodypainting also includes flexibility, as it contains uncontrollable factors - not only
because the painter may not know the model's body or the model cannot assess how persistent she is, but also due to the time pressure: with a bodypainting one cannot – quite literally – postpone the work until tomorrow. There is often a special time pressure at festivals, and the clock also ticks for paintings that are done for photoshoots:
"Bodypainting demands talent from the artist and patience from the model. A full body piece can take up to 14 hours to complete, time that the model must spend entirely still and, usually, completely nude "[40]. For the model, being
painted is in the area of tension between tactile enjoyment and emotional and physical effort.
"Interaction in photography accepts the power of the photographer's status. That status always has the edge over that of the subject" [41]. Is this comparable to bodypainting? First of all, from a photographic point of view, I would not support Beloff's statement. Depending on the topic of the photoshoot, the team composition, and the daily form, different power structures can arise. For the artist, the model's body is used as an inspiration [42], but it is also important that the model agrees to the painting, especially because the models are almost never paid (well), so they must be driven by intrinsic motivation. At this point, the question of the model's identity gets in focus:
Why doesn't she just want to enjoy a painting, but rather experience it on her own body, in a way become the art?
Bibliography
Sep 22, 2025
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However, a symbol having a strong meaning seems to be devalued by people sharing it for a completely different purpose. The discussion gets more sensitive if styles or inspiration is taken from another cultural context that has been or continues to be oppressed.
However, if one looks at the bodypaintings of the scene, there are seldom clear similarities to the traditional paintings of indigenous groups.
In the "western" context, bodypainting was carried out by the Hippies of the 1960s and 1970s in order to demonstrate their closeness to nature, as well as their imagined closeness to tribal cultures. Also, "New York's East Village punks paint their bodies in multicolors, and European Goths paint their bodies white and their lips and eyes black "[33]. So bodypainting appears as an expression of specific cultural scenes, not of society as a whole.
In most cultures, bodypainting is an element but not the central part. This aspect distinguishes the bodypainting scene from other contexts in which it occurs. The scene gathers in internet groups and meets for workshops or festivals. The first festival was held in Austria in 1998, so we look at a relatively recent trend. In Europe, the art enjoyed more public appreciation than in the US [35]. But there are now also other significant festivals, e.g., a festival has been taking place in Daegu in Korea since 2009.
4.The Bodypainting Situation
Bodypainting starts with the naked body - this implies that the model either must be somewhat exhibitionistic or that she has to build up a special relationship of trust to the painter. Here, bodypainting is similar to photography: When a (hobby)model takes off her clothing, often a process begins in which she also undresses emotionally, and it quickly leads to very personal communication [35]. Here, this may be enhanced by two aspects: the painter and the model are physically closer than the photographer and his model, and bodypainting can take a lot of time.
The silence is usually filled with small talk, and soon, personal topics emerge. A kind of reflection is conceivable: if one is already naked, one is already exposed in front of the painter, one can also take off the social mask and undress emotionally. In return, the painter answers in an emotional, trusting way that reminds of talk therapy. Even for anatomical bodypainting, Nanjundaiah and Chowdapurkar found out that it encourages communication, that "the students felt that the bodypainting method was fun and that lots of peer learning happened "[36]. Physical interaction also seems to facilitate verbal communication.
Yet, being naked in front of strangers may feel strange: "When we dress, we do so to make our bodies acceptable to a social situation "[37]. There are certain social situations where nudity becomes the norm – in the sauna, on the nudist beach – but being the only person to be undressed is an unusual situation. However, many interviewees emphasized that they did not feel naked when painted or at least once the painting was in process.
"I actually never feel I'm naked. "(Analía)
"Once some paint is put on, it does not feel like being naked. "(Daniela)
As it seems, a layer of paint helps to feel no longer undressed. This corresponds to the fact that numerous (hobby)models are happily available for bodypainting but exclude the photo genre "fine art nude" - which may be surprising at first glance. Perhaps one reason is that the models feel less recognizable and therefore feel less "themselves."
Identity has been discussed for a long time in a multitude of disciplines. For our context, identity must concern the "self-image as a coherent being with certain characteristics and a history "[43].
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3.3 A short look at bodypainting in different cultures
An examination of bodypainting would not be appropriate if one did not briefly consider some historical aspects of bodypainting and its relevance in different cultures.
Bodypainting "has been practiced worldwide as evidence from Paleolithic burial sites has revealed "[20].
Hence, it can be considered as one of their prime means of artistic expression [21]. Also, bodypainting appears in numerous different cultures, e.g., among the Rapa Nui on Easter Island [22], among the indigenous people of Australia, Polynesia, Melanesia, and parts of Africa, and many Native American tribes once practiced it as well [23]. In India, it is typical for Sadhus, who cover their bodies in ashes, but also for dance performances such as the Kathakali dance theatre from Kerala [24].
Today, bodypainting traditions are continued in some cultural contexts: "Bodypainting is a common form of self-expression in many indigenous cultures. Nuba men of Sudan paint their bodies white on one side and black on the other. In New Guinea, the women paint their faces red, blue and white, while young Trobrianders use black and white vegetable dyes to paint designs on their faces and rub charmed coconut oil into their skin to make it shine in an attempt to appear more attractive tot he opposite sex "[25].
The Surma, the Mun/Mursi, and the Bumi have a long tradition of bodypainting and regard their skin as a meáns to express personal meanings. There are also patterns using warriors in order to frighten enemies and decorations into attracting the opposite sex. To make paint, local plants and fruits are used [26]. Mun clay bodypainting is described as a "unique way of engaging with the environment, for the Mun have an earth-centered habitus "[27]. Matike et al. looked at the Xhosa bodypainting practice and found out that there are certain minerals in the clay that can be beneficial [28].
Often, bodypainting signifies major events or stages in life [29], "it is commonly used in rites of passage, such as initiation rituals marking the passage of boyhood to manhood "[30]. Although this is not explicit in the bodypainting scene, several interview statements indicate that receiving a bodypainting can be a significant moment.
"For me, bodypainting initiated a process to accept my body. "(Sarah)
"[It feels] great! Quite liberating. "(Hannah).
In various cultural contexts, bodypaintings can communicate mythologies, values, and beliefs [31]. This leads to the question of whether cultural appropriation comes into play: "There may be instances […] where ritual face or bodypainting or tattoos are used out of context by outsiders in a cruel way "[32]. In general, cultural appropriation has always occurred in history; consequently, it is nothing new or extraordinary. In the process of inspiration and appropriation, often, new meanings arise.
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Let us take a closer look at the canvas: In recent decades, the body has been exposed to increased social science interest. While in critical theory, the body was ridiculed as something inferior, and at the same time, desired as something forbidden or alienated, "the body seems to be increasingly staged and presented in the transition from modernity to reflective modernity. Phenomena such as bodybuilding, body shaping, body painting, body piercing, wellness and beauty, jogging and walking, but also the spread of Asian relaxation and martial arts clearly speak for increased body awareness" [13]. The body is understood as malleable, and some scholars even claim that there is an imperative to control and change it [14].
There is also an increased focus on physical aspects during leisure activities [15]. As a foundation of this article, I distance myself from dualistic categories such as mind versus body or self versus body. "The body is not viewed as an object, entity, or vessel for the self, but as an active and mutating form that permits and restricts particular modes of being-in-the-world "[16].
The body is situated in structures of power, and some of them can be shaped, infiltrated, accepted or ignored by its owner. Just as Joanne Entwistle sees the dress as both a social and personal experience [17], bodypainting may seem like something superficial at first glance. Still, for the model, it is ultimately an embodied experience.
3.2 The back, the chest, etc. While figurative paintings mostly shape the body respectively accentuate its shape, this is not necessarily the case with conceptual illustrations. Conceptual paintings sometimes only become understandable when the recipient learns the title or the subject of the painting. Bodypainting competitions are often about implementing abstract themes in an original way.
Camouflage describes a fourth type: bodies are painted in a way that they become invisible in a certain setting. This can be thought of as a funny effect, but sometimes, a message of integration is intended: camouflage paintings in nature, for example, are often meant to communicate that humans are part of their natural environment [19].
Action bodypainting describes a technique than a result preferably: The models, which are mostly naked or primed with a monochrome paint, are sprayed with color so that there are splashes on the skin. This often takes place as a performance.
These categories show different relationships of the paintings to the body and its staging. The painting in which clothes are painted on is still quite close to the body, while the other types change the appearance of the body considerably. In monochrome and camouflage paintings, the stagings play a more integral role than in conceptual paintings. Monochrome and camouflage paintings do not unfold their effects so much on their own but require a certain pose or a corresponding location.
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3.The Body as Canvas
An expression that almost always pops up when it comes to bodypainting is "the body as a canvas". A classical artistic touch is introduced with the term "canvas". The bodypainting scene is fighting for recognition as a "real" art form, which is also evident in expressions such as "bodypainting is an art", which was chosen as the name of a Facebook group.
The expression also means that something three-dimensional, dynamic and lively is compared to a two-dimensional, rigid material. This already points to one of the challenges that bodypainting poses. The association "blank paper "is close to the term "canvas": The body appears as a blank paper, which must be designed. However, the painting also has to be adapted not only to the model's body but also to the person and her character, e.g. how well she can endure the process.
Creativity finds its limits with regard to reality – a fact that makes invention actually relevant: the creative product has to be made, the idea has to be transformed into reality.
This is called the problem-solving ability of creativity compared to unlimited creativity that cannot relate to everyday life [9].
3.1Defining bodypainting concerning the scene
The first thing to consider is the extent to which bodypainting is a fundamentally different quality than clothing. "Dress is a basic fact of social life, and this […] is true of all human cultures that we know about: all cultures' dress 'the body in some way, be it through clothing, tattooing, cosmetics or other forms of bodypainting "[10].
Entwistle gives examples of how differently dress is understood depending on the culture or on the situation: A bikini might be enough to ensure that a woman is decently dressed on a beach, but not in the boardroom. In the broad definition of "dress," bodypainting therefore certainly falls into this category. More narrowly defined, the color applied to the body is an important criterion. Therefore, it can be concluded that bodypainting is both the process of applying paint on the skin and the result of a non-permanent painting that goes beyond typical make-up. "It is similar to tattooing in that it colors the wearer's skin, but it's very different […] in that bodypainting is intended to temporarily transform the wearer into a different person, animal, or even spirit. Tattooing, on the other hand, is generally used to mark a permanent or semipermanent status or identity onto the body "[11].
Different than make-up, bodypainting affects the entire body or more extensive parts of it. Also, it is usually not used to move the body towards an ideal of beauty. Nevertheless, the term "bodypainting "can also be used to include make-up for special occasions. The art of mehendi or henna can also be understood as a kind of bodypainting. However, it lasts a bit longer and is at its decorative peak of saturation on the day after its application [12].
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2.Methods
My research is based on a long-term participant observation both in the bodypainting and the photography scene (for the term "scene" see [4]). To a certain extent, both scenes are delocalized and the internet plays an integral role in connecting, discussing, and planning.
Body painters need photographers to capture their art, and photographers find an exciting subject in bodypainting. Moreover, the models, mostly amateurs, are often the same within both scenes.
I have repeatedly carried out bodypainting shoots, was a jury member at festivals, got painted myself, and assisted body painters which enables me an emic perspective. To give the models engaged in bodypainting a voice, 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted by the Australian body painter Wing Sum Diana Chan and by myself.
The sample consists of women between 18 and 38 years and two men, ages 26 and 32, mostly from Europe and Australia. The number may not be high, but, considering the very similar answers, clear tendencies can be seen. Most of the interviewees also model in other genres such as fashion or fantasy. Five of the bodypainting models are also body painters themselves.
Concerning ethical aspects, I got the impression that the interviewees themselves are interested in research—nobody attached importance to anonymity.
"I hope my interview helps other people to discover bodypainting as a source of inspiration to experience bodypainting themselves. "(Katharina)
The answers given were clustered with the help of content analysis, "a method for identifying and analysing patterns of meaning in a dataset" [5], which suits the topic as it not tied to a particular theory and serves as a useful tool to highlight the process of social construction (see [6].
Various patterns of meanings could be identified by the use of similar words and expressions. When drawing such categories, it is undeniable that – being at the same time being a participant observer [7]– there were some preconceived assumptions but also a general openness to new information. Thus, the method matches David Altheide's "ethnographic content analysis", which "consists of reflexive movement between concept development, sampling, data collection […] and interpretation. […] Although categories and 'variables' initially guide the study, others are allowed and expected to emerge throughout the study" [8]. The focus was placed on the qualitative side rather than on the quantity, as the research question is qualitative.
Sep 28, 2025
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The Body as Canvas as Picture: Body painting and Its Implications for The Model by Maja Tabea Jerrentrup
About the Author: Professor (Associate) at Ajeenkya DY Patil University Ajeenkya DY Patil University of Pune, Pune, India & University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
Abstract. Body painting turns the body into a canvas. This frequently used phrase illustrates the challenge that body painting faces: It uses a three-dimensional surface and has to cope with its irregularities, but also with the model's abilities, likes, and dislikes. After giving an introduction to the art and categorising its various types and contexts, the article focuses on the European body painting scene and on the role of the model within the scene.
Although body painting can be very challenging for her – she has to expose her body and to stand still for a long time while getting transformed – models report that they enjoy the process and the result, even if they are not confident about their bodies.
A reason is that the "double staging "– becoming a three-dimensional work of art and then being staged for a photograph – remotes the body from the model and gives her the chance to see her painted body detached from herself. On the one hand, body painting closely relates to the body; on the other hand, it can help to overcome the body.
Keyword: Body Painting, Identity, Model, Participant Observation, Well-Being
1.Introduction
Bodypainting is a form of design or art that is neglected in many respects: If you are looking for articles on the subject of bodypainting, you will mostly find them in the medical section, where it is used as a tool for teaching clinical anatomy [1, 2, 3], or works that treat bodypainting along with make-up, tattoos, hairstyles, etc. Further, as it is difficult to exhibit, it also does not easily find its way into museums or galleries. Thus it seems like a marginalized kind of art. Yet, there is a very vivid scene purely devoted to bodypainting with events such as the World Bodypainting Festival, with workshops, courses, blogs, and Facebook groups. An estimation based on the experience of former world champion Peter Tronser is that alone in Europe, far more than 100 000 people have either practiced it already or a strong interest to do so.
People take on different roles in the scene, as painters, models, workshop leaders, and photographers – and most of them do so not to earn money, but as it increases their well-being.
In this article, I want to highlight the role of the model that is particularly interesting because it undergoes atransformation through both painting and photography and wants to find out why models characterise bodypainting as a psychologically beneficial activity.
Sep 29, 2025
Zenkov
白洲正子: 有情調的庭院,適合散步——「對於人生,比起結果,抵達終點前的道路更有魅力」,白洲正子一生都在踐行自己的信念。1998年,她與世長辭,日本人一直沒有忘記這位迷人的女性,拍攝講述她生平的紀錄片、故事片,舉辦紀念展。「武相莊」如今出現在「東京旅游官方網站」推薦景點中,可以看到他們夫婦珍藏的古董、服飾、器物、各種語言的書籍,宅邸內還有一個頗有情調的庭院,適合散步。
(本文來自澎湃新聞)
武相莊:這座傳統農舍是白洲次郎的宅邸,他是一位企業家,任職於第二次世界大戰後的日本首屆民選政府。幾乎所有日本人都知道白洲次郎是代表昭和天皇致贈麥克阿瑟將軍禮物的人物。麥克阿瑟將軍叫他將禮物放在地上,他遂而提出異議,他因此事而廣為人知。這件插曲也曾於熱門電視節目中重現。這裡是白洲次郎和身為散文家的夫人正子共同生活度過晚年的居所。此為木造住宅,可以了解郊外典型的日常起居。還能在悉心整理的庭園中散步。(Photo Credit: Buaiso)
Dec 20, 2025