公元399年,晋朝,法顯法師以六十五歲高齡發跡長安,涉流沙、逾蔥嶺,徒步數萬里,遍遊北印,廣參聖跡,學習梵文,抄錄經典,歷時多年,復泛海至獅子國今斯里蘭卡,經耶婆提今印度尼西亞而後返國。時年已八十歲,仍從事佛經翻譯。

公元515年 中國南北朝時代,梁武帝蕭衍極力提倡佛法,其聲望因而遠播於東南亞許多崇奉佛教的國家,狼牙脩亦是其中之一,依照《梁書》卷五十四的《狼牙脩國傳》中記載,在公元515年(天監14年),當時狼牙脩國的國王"婆加達多",派使者阿撤多出使南京,拜見梁武帝。並交給梁武帝國書。狼牙脩的使者阿撤多交給梁武帝國書全文記載在《粱書》。

627年正月,貞觀元年,玄奘一人西行五萬里,歷經艱辛到達印度佛教中心那爛陀寺取真經,前後十七年,遍學了當時大小乘各種學說,一共帶回佛舍利150粒、佛像7尊、經論657部,並長期從事翻譯佛經的工作。玄奘及其弟子翻譯出典75部(1335卷),譯典著作有《大般若經》《心經》《解深密經》《瑜伽師地論》《成唯識論》等。《大唐西域記》十二卷,記述他西遊親身經歷的110個國家及傳聞的28個國家的山川、地邑、物產、習俗等。《西遊記》即以玄奘取經事跡為原型。

公元671,唐朝咸亨二年,唐朝名僧義淨大師曾經由海路到印度取經。由廣州,取道海路,經室利弗逝(蘇門答臘巴鄰旁,Palembang)至印度,一一巡禮鷲峰、雞足山、鹿野苑、祇園精舍等佛教聖跡後,往那爛陀寺勤學十年,後又至蘇門答臘遊學七年。歷遊三十余國,返國時,攜梵本經論約四百部、舍利三百粒至洛陽,武后親至上東門外迎接,敕住佛授記寺。公元695年回國,期間極可能曾在同樣信奉佛教的狼牙脩(Langkasuka 吉打/泰南)停留。

1854
11月至1856年元月,華萊士在砂拉越大森林裡走過的探險之旅。


1855 在山都望政府渡假村做客的華萊士,花了三個晚上寫了一篇論文,提出聞名後世的“砂拉越定律”(Sarawak Law)。


2013 紀念華萊士逝世一百週年的特別年份。



照片说明:砂拉越華族與加央族百年前的的樟腦貿易

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Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 6, 2024 at 4:25am

However, the height of the relationship between the two civilizations, happened during the Ming
Dynasty in the 15th century that Liang Liji (1996: 12) stated, “this history should be recorded in gold
because of its achievement that is unparalleled in the history of both nations.” This is so because both civilization have reached a diplomatic relationship that is organized both in the politics or trade
relationship as well as culture. Malacca under the rule of King Parameswara (Sultan Iskandar Syah)
became the first destination for Emperor Ming Yongle (1403 – 1424) to come to Malay world in
1403. The history of diplomatic ties between China and Malacca written in Ming Shi Lu. This huge
electronic work of Ming Shi Lu can be accessed via Geoff Wade, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource. Singapore: Asia Research Institute and Singapore E-Press a href="http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/%3E" target="_blank">http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/>;.

Rapidity and closeness between the two civilizations is reflected in the fact of some important
and interesting facts. These include the sending of Admiral Zheng He or Sampo Kong (which in Malay history known as Admiral Cheng Ho) with a massive fleet for a goodwill visit to Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Asia, with the greatest ship can load goods weighing 2,500 tons and a total of 1,000 people. The total number of ships were 100 to 200 ships with the officials, crews and army reaching to 27,000 to 28,000 people on board. Zheng He was the epitome of excellence at world sailing expedition during the 15th century. He is a Muslim and a very well-known sailor, diplomat, a wise war hero, and a daring explorer. Zheng He created history by making seven sailing expedition from China to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and East Africa from 1405 to 1433 (Tan Ta Sen 2009: 155).

Another important factor was the visits made by the Malacca king to China. In 1411, Parameswara
(1344 – c. 1414), the ruler of Malacca along with 540 followers was escorted by Cheng Ho to meet
the third emperor of Ming Dynasty, Yung Lo. The delegation from Malacca was granted yellow
umbrella, a seal and a set of clothing as a sign of recognition from the Chinese kingdom towards the
Malay sultanate of Malacca. Later, envoys from Malacca was sent to China in 1412 and 1413 as a
sign to strengthen the friendship. During the reign of Sultan Mansor Shah (1459 – 1477 M), he also
forge a diplomatic tie with the Chinese kingdom. An envoy with gifts were sent to China. The Chinese Emperor bestowed Princess Hang Li Po upon Sultan Mansor Shah as a decision and acknowledgment of Sultan Mansor Shah as the ruler of Malacca Sultanate. Hence, the Sultan sent the Bendahara Tun Perpatih Putih to escort the award, Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca in 1458 along with 500 of her followers. Princess Hang Li Po was later married to Sultan Mansor Shah in 1459. This envoy and award showed that Malacca and China have entered another phase of long-term relationship between Malacca-China. This forged the relationship between the royal families of two kingdoms.

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 5, 2024 at 8:28pm

This historical marriage was commemorated with the building of Hang Li Po’s well. The well never went dry and was the only source of water during the dry season. The Dutch built a wall surrounding the well in 1677 to preserve it as a wishing well. Some said that by tossing coins, they will return to Malacca in the future (Kong Yuanzhi 2000: 68).


The forging of this tie gave an impact and encouragement when Malacca was no longer disturbed by foreign powers like the Siam and Majapahit. This situation has provided an opportunity for Malacca to grow rapidly into a world-class flourishing trading center. Melaka’s monopoly on the China’s commodity has attracted more and more traders to conduct trade in Melaka. Hence, Malacca became the focus of Muslim and non-Muslim traders developing Malacca not only in terms of economy but also socially. This condition allows Malacca to develop rapidly until it became a successful main An in-depth research on the borrowing of Chinese language in Malay Language was conducted by Kong (1993). According to Kamus Dewan (Dictionary of the Malay language, 1970), Kong (1993) concluded that there are 261 Chinese loan words in Malay language. A research by Mashudi and Yeong (1989) stated that there are 341 Chinese loan word in the Malay language. From the number of words, only 90 words are still used while another 251 words were outdated and no longer use. The trading centre (Tan Ta Sen 2009: 156).


LANGUAGE VERSATILITY, ETHNIC DIVERSITY


The friendship between Malacca and China has brought changes in the structure of society in Malaya when there are traders from the other country who migrated to Malacca and got married with the locals. The result of this mixed marriages have created a new group of society called the Peranakan Chinese or better known as Baba Nyonya. “Peranakan” came from the Malay language root word “anak” (child) which means “descendants of Chinese and of another race” or “generations of Chinese born in Malaya”. The name “Baba” is a reference for men while “Nyonya” is used to refer to the women. The existence of the “Peranakan” race linguistically have helped to increase the Malay language vocabulary which came from Hokkien. The process of communication between the two communities have demonstrated the phenomenon of vocabulary adaptation. In such case, the relationship between the Malay and Chinese society have caused the adaptation of Chinese language in Malay language. Some of the vocabulary adapted from Chinese language can be seen below:

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 5, 2024 at 1:30pm

Baba Nyonya society are fluent in Malay language. Although fluent in the Malay language, in the aspects of ideology and spiritually, they still follow their ancestral practices and beliefs. They practise a different lifestyle as a result from the convergence of two different cultures. Until now, they still exist in Malacca and maintain the lifestyle and tradition of their ancestors. The legacy of friendly relations between the Sultanate of Malacca with China also remains to this day. This can be seen in the names of places and the architectural influence which is related to China. The mosques had terraced roofs or pyramid shaped. Chinese pattern carvings are significant and can be seen on roof edges as well as the top of a mosque which can also be seen in Chinese temples. Mosques that have pyramidshaped roof is also in the habit resembling a pagoda tower (Ezrin Arbi 1971). The sino-electic mosque with three roofs were Kampung Hulu, the Tengkera Mosques and Kampung Keling Mosque. They are located in the town of Malacca. Therefore, the mosques have always been the focus of traders in view of its position in the strategic areas of the city.

The mosques are fenced with bricks and stones with an archaic entrance similar to a temple. According to history, the mosques were built by Chinese traders. Hence the Chinese elements and carvings in the architectures. Among the best example was the Kampung Keling mosques which has a pagoda shaped tower and an arched entrance. The mosque is decorated with intricate Chinese carvings in the prayer section and outside the mosque (Ezrin Arbi 1971).

In addition, in the course of close relationship between Malacca and China over a century, since1403 to 1521, it is apparent that there were mutual visits between the two sides, both of which involved kings or rulers with regard to the relation of political trade and culture. Ming Shi Zhong Lu’s record in the fourth edition, listed 57 diplomatic relation between Malacca and Ming Dynasty during that period. The relationship was based on loyalty and mutual respect between both kingdoms. Even though China is a big empire and powerful then, their visits to Malacca was only to show goodwill and for trade. China never planned to conquer or to colonize Malacca.

The relation between the Malay and the Chinese before the occupation of the West, took place inharmoniously and naturally without force. Of course, nothing was termed as a proto- maritime colonialist as it was once touted by Geoff Wade (2004: 10) to the Zheng He delegation to Nanyang.

It was entirely different from the arrival of Western powers to Malacca such as the Portuguese, Dutch and the British who tried to expand their power and influence to Southeast Asia with war and colonization. There lies the uniqueness of Malacca and China’s relationship. It is because the relationship was never to conquer and colonize as what the Western powers were doing in the 16th century. This relationship shows how both sides are interdependent on mutual interest in the political and economic aspects. Mutual respect and recognition of the dignity and sovereignty of each as well as to appreciate the culture and heritage of both sides.

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 4, 2024 at 2:06pm

Moreover, there was mutual desire and interest to appreciate the unique treasures of the local culture and civilization. It can be seen in the records by Ma Huan (c. 1380-1460) and Fei Xin (c. 1385-1436) about the situation in Malacca. Generally, Liang Liji (1996) summarized three important things which is a result of the relation and interaction of the two great civilization which can be simplified as such:

1 The establishment of friendship which was mutual in all things such as respect, understanding and appreciation to the extent that no conflicts can affect the friendly relation of both nation.

2 The existence of similar attitude in promoting peace and justice by revoking violence and hostility. This is different from the arrival of the Western fleet with the intent and mission to colonize.

3The existence of economic cooperation in the form of bilateral trade through three systems of that era; the trade between the ruler (in the form of tributes and reply in awards and various valuables), trade between the kingdoms based on the contract of sale of certain goods only to China with prices that favours Malacca and common trade among the general public.

Another benefit that is no less important in the context of civilization is the influence and the expansion of the use of the Malay language as the lingua franca of the Malacca Sultanate era. If during the Srivijaya era had already existed the Chinese Buddhist monk who learnt ancient Malay, hence, during the Malacca Sultanate, the Malay language was not only learnt by the religious ministers but also a language learnt and used to manage trades and livelihood by the Chinese especially among traders.


More important than that was the “royal attention” on the Ming Dynasty when the committee set up interpreters (Da Tong Shi) to meet the interests and needs of external relations. Tong Shi or interpreters who served in 18 sub-committees (Xiao Tong Shi) amounted to 60 people and two were dedicated to the Malay language; one for Malacca and the other for Sumatera. To train interpreters, in 1405, Emperor Ming Yongle established a language academy known as “Si Yi Guan” (Center of Foreign Languages) in the capital of Yingtian Fu (now Nanjing). There were eight departments in the rab, Malacca, Java and others). The foreign language academy lasted over 400 years and extended into the Qing Dynasty from the Ming although its name was changed in 1748 to Hui Tong Si Yi Guan. The role of the academy only stopped after the Opium War in 1840, after the Qing Dynasty faced political instability.


The importance of the Malay language as the language of communication across civilizations created an effort to compile a bilingual dictionary which was important for Chinese traders and others in the interaction in the Malay world. Initial efforts in compiling a bilingual dictionary was traced back as early as 14th century during the era of Emperor Ming Hongwu (1368 – 1399), the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty (Liang Liji 1996: 92).

Related:

海絲路·文化·軟實力

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 2, 2024 at 11:01pm

However, in the dictionary as a list of Chinese words - the word of foreign states (Hua Yi Yi Yu) is not clear if the Malay language is also embodied in it. However, it was found in the 15th century that a Chinese-Malay bilingual dictionary was made as was researched by western scholars such as E. D. Edwards and C. O. Blagden in the 1930s. The title of the dictionary in Chinese was Ma La Jia Guo Yi Yu (A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Words and Phrases, 滿剌加館譯語). The words collected in it are believed to include the vocabulary of the early days of the onset of the Ming Dynasty’s relationship with the Malacca Sultanate from 1403 until the fall of Malacca in the hands of the Portuguese in 1511. The dictionary consists of 482 entries of Chinese words which are considered important and categorized into 17 fields namely astronomy, geography, season and time, plants, birds and animals, houses and castles, behaviours, body, gold and jewels, society and history, color, counting and common words. Each entry is given a Malay translation written in Chinese (Liang Liji 1996: 92).

The dictionary was compiled with the needs of the Ming Dynasty to establish a relationship with Malacca. Until the end of the 16th century it was still a reference dictionary, including in the preparation of Chinese history books. Thus, the close and familiar relationship between the two civilizations have also left a large and important impact on the language as well, as evidenced by the widespread role of the Malay language.

The relationship and interaction between the two civilizations was later ended for a long period due to the change in the system in China and from the effects of colonization on Malacca and the Malay kingdom by the Western powers. Only in the 18th century an onwards, the relationship was reconnected however with a pattern that is much different, because the arrival of the Chinese was not sent by the Chinese government on diplomatic relations but rather an attempt by Western colonialists to meet the needs of its economy, with most of the migrants made workers in the tin mines and a number of others trying their luck in business. According to Blythe (1947: 66), 1850 was the date of commencement of a large-scale immigration from mainland China to Peninsular Malaysia. Mc Gee (1964: 70) has noted that the Chinese arrived by the largest numbers between 1880 and 1914. On the contrary, Tregonning (1962) stated that the number of Chinese migration increased from 50,000 in 1880 to 200,000 in 1990 and peaked to a record level of more than 360,000 in 1927. More than 6 million Chinese have signed into colonies and territories under British protection in Peninsular Malaysia (Tregonning, 1962).


History finally gives reference to the pattern of demographic and social system in the Federation of Malaya and then Malaysia when Chinese residents were granted citizenship at the time of the Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957. Now (2014), Chinese makes up 22.6 percent of Malaysian citizen and they contribute to the various cultures through their way of life in the areas of art, festivals, food, clothes, belief system and so on.

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on February 2, 2024 at 5:59pm

The longstanding relations between Malaysia and China was disconnected as a result of the Cold War and Western colonialism that do not want to have any relation with countries that practiced communism. However, a new hope in the relation between Malaysia and Republic of China emergesin the 1970s when the need to build a diplomatic relationship for mutual benefit arise. Malaysia’s foreign policy after the conclusion of the Indonesian confrontation that emphasizes efforts to maintain national security and interests through improved relations and cooperation with regional countries regardless of their view of life and professed political system, contributed to the success of

Malaysia establishing a diplomatic relation with the People’s Republic of China.

The relationship was accomplished due to the effort and confidnce of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak bin Hussein who dared to take risks when other countries do not want a relationship with China. The relationship actually begin with a letter written by Abdul Razak to China’s Prime Minister, Zhou En-Lai in 1971.

The letter was sent through the Chairman of the Table Tennis Association of Malaysia, who was alsosecretary-general of the Alliance Party (now Barisan Nasional), Tan Sri Michael Chen Wing Sum, when the country joined the table tennis tournament in Beijing in September, 1971. After reading the letter, Zhou En-Lai requested that the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ji Pengfei to meet with Chen. The brief meeting paved the way for a serious decision to establish diplomatic ties between the two countries.

Three years later, Tun Abdul Razak made a historic visit to China which not only formed a bond of

friendship between Malaysia and China, but also opened up new chapters in the two way relationship between both countries (Sin Chew Jit Poh 1974).

Tun Abdul Razak stated that, In our foreign policy, we have shown our commitment to the cause of peace by consistently pursuing a policy of nonalignment and regional co-operation and of extending our hand of friendship to all countries who wish to be friends with us irrespective of their political ideology or social system on the basic of mutual respect, non-interference and co-existence.(Jain 1984: 215).

Malaysia was the first Southeast Asian country to form diplomatic relations with the People’sRepublic of China in 1974. It was an important relationship for Malaysia as it helped to curbcommunist activities and to maintain the stability and peace in the Southeast Asian region. China’scommitment to communist movements in Malaysia made it easier for the latter to tackle communistproblems in the country. Following Malaysia’s initiative to form good ties with China, other ASEAN countries also developed similar relations with the republic. Philippines and Thailand were thefirst to do so in July 1975, followed by Singapore in 1990, and finally Brunei in 1991. Indonesia who suspended their diplomatic relationship with China in October 1967 also renewed their relations in July 1990. Thanks to Malaysia’s insistence, China was successfully accepted into the United Nations Organization in 1971. Tun Abdul Razak’s wise and bold decision resolved the Cold War which drovea wedge between China and The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. It also became the basis upon which Southeast Asian countries could boost their relations with the most powerful force in the region.

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 31, 2024 at 3:00pm

As both countries’ governments sealed a joint statement between Malaysia and the People’s Republic of China on 31st May 1974, various joint ventures were explored for the benefit of both parties. After over 50 years today, the ties and joint ventures between the two countries have grown stronger especially in the main sectors such as trade, tourism, culture, education, healthcare, and science and technology. Within this time period, leaders from both countries have exchanged visits in order to discuss arising issues and their solutions for the sake of both countries’ economic and social wellbeing. Malaysia and China’s understanding of and dependence on each other have slowly destroyed the dividing wall built by Western colonizers during the Cold War. In truth, the diplomatic ties were simply a political formality to a relationship which had been established way before. Since 1946, Malay (Indonesia) language had been taught at the Foreign Language Institute in Nanjing City, before being moved to Beijing in 1949 following the formation of the People’s Republic of China (Awang Sariyan 2014: 13).

Malaysia and China also nurtured special relations in the field of education and academia. Thiswas evident in the formation of Malaysia-People’s Republic of China Malay Studies Chair. The Malay Studies Chair is an honorary academic position created by both governments to recognise the role that Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU) had in establishing and expanding Malay Studies programs in the republic since 1961. The Malaysian government’s first Malay Studies Chair in China was Datuk Dr. Awang Sariyan who was elected to the chair in 2008. Among other responsibilities, the chair is responsible for introducing new fields to Malay Studies including language, literature, culture, and so on. The chair is also in charge of improving academic programs for degree and post graduate levels, conducting research and publications, organising seminars, and assisting the establishment and fortification of Malay studies or language programs in China’s higher education institutions.


Beijing city is the fourth foreign location to hold an academic chair with the Malaysian government after the University of Ohio in the United States of America, Leiden University in the Netherlands, and Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand.

The idea for the conception of the chair in Beijing , the Malay Language Teaching Centre was established in BFSU as an agreement between both governments to collaborate in the field of education; specifically the teaching of Malay language in China. (Daily Express 2014).

On 1st September 2005, the China School of Malay Studies was formed and officiated by the PrimeMinister of Malaysia, Dato’ Seri Mohd. Najib Tun Abdul Razak. With the Malay language teaching program being upgraded to Malay studies program, the China School of Malay Studies became the official base for all academic activities and efforts to expand the Malay language, literature and culture in the republic. It also helped to establish Malay Language and Studies Programs in other higher education institutions throughout the country. [Con't Below]

延續閱讀:

文化特區專綫

海絲路·文化·軟實力

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 29, 2024 at 4:33pm

Among the pioneers of the China School of Malay Studies was Professor Dr. Wu Zongyu (Awang
Sariyan 2014: 12). Malay studies continued to flourish in China with the addition of six universities which offered Malay Language courses. Apart from BFSU, Peking University and Communication University of China which are in Beijing, Malay Language course is also offered in Guangdong University of Foreign Studies during the 2008-2009 academic years, Guangxi University for Nationalities in Nanning, Yunnan Nationalities University in Kunming in 2008, as well as Luoyang Military Academy in Henan in 1988.

The Malay Language Section of the China Radio International (CRI) which broadcasted in Malay and
reported various topics pertaining to China and its relations with foreign countries in Malay, also helped to spread the Malay language, literature and culture in the country. This indirectly placed CRI as an agent for promoting Malay language and culture in China.

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka’s (DBP, Malay for the Institute of Language and Literature) publication,
Dewan Budaya magazine have published writings from China through the section ‘Bingkisan CRI’ in
order to introduce China’s culture and tradition to the Malaysian society (http://dwnbudaya.dbp.my/
wordpress/?cat=24). With both states working hand in hand on the matter, Malay studies continued to flourish in China.

DBP had launched an internationalization program in the People’s Republic of China as the centre for the expansion of Malay language and culture in the East Asian region. The long standing foundation is reinforced through current and updated programs which are concrete and matches the requirements of the times. Both countries proved they had a strong bond by learning each other’s official language. This was attested when Malaysian students taking up Mandarin studies at BFSU performed a dikir barat in Mandarin while Chinese students doing Malay studies sang a number of Malay songs and also performed a Malay dance during the delegation’s visit lead by Raja Muda of Perlis Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail in year 2014. There are roughly 200 students from Malaysia studying for their degree in the Mandarin language at BFSU, Beijing (The Star Online 2014).

In addition to the education sector, Malaysia and China also nurture good relations in the tourism
sector. Despite experiencing a 2.71 percent drop, specifically from 520,466 to 379,265, in the number of China tourists coming in to Malaysia following the disappearance of flight MH370 and the Sabah kidnapping case, China remains the third country with the most number of tourists to Malaysia.

Malaysia’s decision to provide visa exemption to China nationalities is expected to allow Malaysia
to explore the republic’s domestic tourism market potential. MCA’s president, Liow Tiong Lai (The
Sun Daily 2015), stated that the visa exemption will generate even more income from tourism activities coming in from China into Malaysia. In the recently announced modification to the 2016 Budget, Malaysia’s Prime Minister Dato’ Seri Mohd.  (Con't Below)

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 29, 2024 at 2:43pm

Najib Tun Abdul Razak (Sin Chew Jit Poh 2016) announced that as of 1st March until 31st December 2016, tourists from China do not need to obtain visas in order to visit Malaysia. The Prime Minister hoped that a comprehensive strategic relationship with China will be strengthened and thus not only become more productive but also more successful.

In the meantime, the Chinese government is also actively promoting the Muslim Tour Program
in China which is organised by China Radio International (CRI), in order to attract Malaysians
to visit the country. The Muslim tour package reassures Malaysians on the halal status of the food
provided by the organisers since China also has a large Muslim community of 22 million citizens.
Based on the 2015 China Religion Survey, Islam had the youngest followers whereby 22.4 percent
of them were under the age of 30 (The International Business Times 2015).

As the world’s economic giant, China has taken the initiative to revive the silk roads and maritime
routes through their ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. China plans to build and connect their railways
to East Asian countries and is working hard to encourage more neighbouring countries to improve
their port structures in order to proceed with their maritime Silk Road mission. From China, the route
is expected to span the entire globe to Europe, Africa, the Arab countries, and Southeast Asia. The
idea to develop one economic belt and road came from President Xi Jinping in 2013, who viewed
it as a symbol of trust, unity and cooperation to create a win-win situation for all parties. Malaysia,
along with other ASEAN countries, were of the view that many globalisation challenges had arisen
and will continue to affect the socioeconomic and sociocultural growth process in both countries. Its
impact will be felt in various aspects of two-way relationships, including in the ASEAN context.
However, Malaysia’s Deputy Prime Minister Zahid Hamidi is optimistic that Malaysia holds an important role as a gateway to ASEAN that can balance the global trade flow with China (The Malay
Mail Online 2016).

Therefore, China views Southeast Asian countries as viable gateways to this maritime route who will share in the benefits and economic prosperity resulting from the efforts they have in plan. The Secretary General of the China Foundation for Peace and Development (CFPD),Xu Zhensui, announced in his speech that China is offering Shenzhen as a future global trade window.

Comment by 美索 布達米亞 on January 29, 2024 at 12:33am

According to Xu, history has proven that China was a trade force and not a colonising force, and so more large cities should mirror Shenzhen. Following that, the President of The Asian Strategy & Leadership Institute (ASLI) Malaysia, Mirzan Mahathir, commented that China’s approach was a project to ‘Prosper the Neighbour’. He stated that, “In order to ensure the success of this aspiration, the plan must be understood by all of China’s neighbouring countries so that they too may share the same aspirations.” He also added that from the business point of view, participating countries must reap direct benefits through steps such as creating more work opportunities and reducing trade restrictions in order to ensure the viability of global free trade (Utusan Malaysia 2015).

Thailand’s former Prime Minister Dr. Bhokin Bhalakula on the other hand, suggested that this plan be included in discussions among ASEAN countries in order to create a sense of trust that could promote solidarity amongst member countries. He stated that only by doing so can China and ASEAN work on their own Free Trade Agreements framework as the plan involved a huge investment in order to develop transportation infrastructures, financial cooperation, risk management, and maritime collaboration (Utusan Malaysia 2015).


CONCLUSION


Malaysia’s history of friendship with China goes a long way back and was first founded over 600 years ago during the time of the Malacca Sultanate. The Sino-Malaysian cultural exchange was developed out of the trade between China and India on the route between these two ancient civilisations. It was during that time that the sultanate forged strong relations with China and eventually turned to China for protection against the kingdom of Siam and Majapahit. Hence, the diplomatic relation formed between the two countries after World War II in 1974 was in fact a continuation of the long standing relationship from hundreds of years before. This friendship was forged upon solidarity, understanding and respect from the highest of ranks down to the everyday folks. Tun Abdul Razak’s initiative to reestablish relations with China was then continued by subsequent Prime Ministers as a result of its success and benefits to Malaysia. Various issues and agreements in various sectors were formed in order to boost both countries’ economic growth. It is the hope of both countries that the ties that bind Malaysia and China will remain steadfast in the years to come and that many new collaborations will be formed for the economic wellbeing and prosperity of both countries. Perhaps the tragedy of MH370 will become a lesson that could increase the collaboration between Malaysia and China in the aviation, safety, and deep sea rescue sector.

(Ku Boon Dar, 2016, Preserving the Cultural Bond towards Strengthening Sino-Malaysian Friendship ,International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation [Iman] 4[3], 2016: 87 – 96 [http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/IMAN-2016-0403-09])

愛墾網 是文化創意人的窩;自2009年7月以來,一直在挺文化創意人和他們的創作、珍藏。As home to the cultural creative community, iconada.tv supports creators since July, 2009.

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